Underground Space最新文献

{"title":"Experimental study on rock damage and failure induced by multi-source dynamic disturbances","authors":"Han-Yi Liu,&nbsp;Ben-Guo He,&nbsp;Jia-Hua Guan,&nbsp;Hong-Yuan Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research into the mechanical behaviour of rock surrounding the deep-buried tunnel under multi-source dynamic disturbance is key to the safety of underground engineering operations. Based on a dynamic true-triaxial testing apparatus, the present study examined the mechanical behaviours and fracture mechanisms of deep granite under the coupled effects of intermediate-frequency dynamic disturbance (<em>f</em> = 300 Hz) and low-frequency dynamic disturbance (<em>f</em> = 5–20 Hz). Intermediate-frequency dynamic disturbance markedly initiates the genesis of tensile micro-cracks within rock, while low-frequency dynamic disturbance exacerbates the propagation and interconnection of cracks, ultimately leading to the formation of a tensile-shear mixed failure mode. The severity of the influence of intermediate-frequency disturbance on the peak strength of rock is the initial crack compaction <em>σ</em>_cc (decreased by 8.1%), the damage stress <em>σ</em>_cd (decreased by 6.4%), and the crack initiation stress <em>σ</em>_ci (decreased by 4.7%) under different disturbance timings. This changes the characteristic stress of the rock and significantly decreases its brittleness index. Meanwhile, the low-frequency <em>f</em> of weak disturbance significantly affects the failure mode and peak strength of the rock. The peak strength <em>σ</em>_p exhibits U-shaped variation, with the maximum decrease reaching 15 MPa, which indicates the presence of a resonance effect between the external disturbance and the natural frequency of the rock. The timing of intermediate-frequency disturbance alters the natural frequency of the rock. Analysis of the fracture surface shows that cracks induced by intermediate-frequency disturbance primarily propagate along the <em>σ</em>₁-direction, while low-frequency disturbance promotes propagation of shearing cracks along the <em>σ</em>₃-direction. Brittle failure occurs due to the through-going shearing cracks. The results further reveal the synergistic mechanism of action of multi-source dynamic disturbance on rock failure, indicating that the coupled effects of multi-source dynamic disturbances significantly increase the risk of brittle failure in the rock mass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 364-386"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thrust-vectoring automatic shield tunneling technology: Method, verification and application","authors":"Yeting Zhu ,&nbsp;Di Wu ,&nbsp;Zhihua Wang ,&nbsp;Zixin Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuaifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Huang ,&nbsp;Yuan Qin ,&nbsp;Yanfei Zhu ,&nbsp;Fan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recognizing the formidable challenge of achieving millimeter-level precision in controlling shield machine attitudes amidst thrust forces exceeding thousands of tons on a global scale, a thrust-vectoring automatic shield tunneling technology was introduced to effectively mitigate potential inaccuracies stemming from human intervention. Initially, a load-thrust “dual-vector” motion control mechanism was adopted, grounded in defining the shield thrust vector and establishing the interactive correlation between shield attitude deviation points and thrust action points in both horizontal and vertical orientations through comprehensive data assessments. Subsequently, a parallel proportional-integral-derivative control law was devised for stability control of shield machines, delineating the functional link between alterations in shield attitudes and displacements of thrust action points, with initial validation conducted via full-scale model trials. A motion trajectory for correcting shield attitudes was devised, and a thrust vector control approach was formulated by amalgamating feedforward calculations with feedback adjustments. The application of this thrust-vectoring automatic tunneling technology in a large-diameter shield tunneling endeavor yielded the subsequent key findings: a consistent deviation of approximately 2.5% was upheld between target and actual thrust forces, with actual shield velocity managed within a –1 to +1 mm/min range from the target value. To ensure robust steering capability of the shield machine, target thrust moments in both horizontal and vertical directions marginally exceeded actual values, with satisfactory execution. The interplay between shield attitudes and thrust action points in both horizontal and vertical dimensions exhibited a characteristic akin to “sugar-coated haws on a stick”. Despite notable “kowtow” occurrences during segment assembly, statistical analysis indicated that deviations in shield attitude in horizontal and vertical planes were ultimately contained within –20 to +5 mm and –45 to –28 mm ranges, respectively, markedly surpassing average manual control standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 126-151"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response law of rock-cutterhead interaction in intact sandstone through TBM tunnelling test","authors":"Weiqiang Xie ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Liu ,&nbsp;Caifeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiong Zhou ,&nbsp;Jian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unclear response law of rock-cutterhead interaction seriously limits the tunnel boring machine (TBM) efficiency. Various influencing factors make it difficult to illustrate the law using the TBM tunnelling results in the field. In the present study, we develop a novel TBM tunnelling test platform (DGTBM-A) to analyze rock-cutterhead interaction. The components and functions of the platform are introduced. The cubic sandstone specimens (500 mm <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> 500 mm <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> 500 mm) with three distinct uniaxial compressive strengths (low (24.94 MPa), medium (61.22 MPa), and high (95.04 MPa) are used for TBM tunnelling test. The effects of cutterhead thrust, rotational speed and rock strength on the rock-cutterhead interaction are examined. Key tunnelling parameters, TBM performance indices, and rock muck characteristics are analyzed to reflect their effects. The findings revealed significant impacts of cutterhead thrust, rotational speed and rock strength on torque, advance rate, penetration rate, specific energy, and field penetration index. Additionally, the characteristics of the produced rock muck varied with the applied tunnelling parameters, providing insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of rock breaking. Correlations between the TBM performance indices and the influencing factors are established. The results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanics involved in TBM tunnelling in sandstone, aiding in optimizing operational parameters for improved performance and cost-efficiency in engineering practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 152-174"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of roughness on the mechanical response of rock-like specimens with nonpersistent joints under uniaxial compression based on joint deformation analysis","authors":"Hong Yin ,&nbsp;Zehui Gao ,&nbsp;Yulong Shao ,&nbsp;Shuhong Wang ,&nbsp;Jae-Joon Song ,&nbsp;Ye Wang ,&nbsp;Jineon Kim ,&nbsp;Shan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Joint deformation is a key factor controlling the mechanical behavior of discontinuous rock strata under changing stress conditions, including dominating the elastic deformation in near-surface excavations and serving as a major component of settlement under higher stress. This study, focusing on joint deformation behavior, investigates the effect of joint roughness on the peak stress and failure modes of specimens under uniaxial compression. Rock-like specimens with two layers of parallel, nonpersistent joints, one rough, were fabricated using 3D printing technology. Digital image correlation was used to capture real-time surface displacement fields, and a joint deformation analysis method was developed. The results show that joints exhibit staged, non-uniform closure and slip behavior, influenced by joint roughness, distribution of primary and secondary joints, and layered arrangement. Rough joints accelerate closure but hinder slip coordination, resulting in a three-stage loading process. In stage I, primary closure and layer-coordinated slip occur, accompanied by crack initiation, joint coalescence, and steady stress growth. Stage II involves secondary closure and overall coordinated slip, leading to localized failure and stress stabilization. Stage III is characterized by complete closure, uncoordinated slip, intensified crack propagation, and specimen failure, accompanied by stress hardening. The study reveals that joint deformation serves as a bridge linking roughness and peak strength. The average joint closure level and slip coordination are linearly negatively correlated with roughness but nonlinearly positively correlated with peak strength. Roughness restricts slip coordination, limiting crack propagation and delaying failure, which slows stress growth. Redistribution of joint aperture during slip reduces joint closure, weakens wall contact, and diminishes stress hardening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 197-219"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary risk assessment of metro lines subjected to adjacent disturbance with time-series InSAR","authors":"Zhiwen Xu ,&nbsp;Suhua Zhou ,&nbsp;Qingshan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiuchang Zhang ,&nbsp;Chuting Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The urban metro system is a crucial infrastructure for sustainable urban development. However, ground engineering disturbances, such as foundation pit excavations and overloading, can cause damage to the metro structure, including cracks and water leakage. By integrating small baseline subset synthetic aperture radar interferometry (SBAS-InSAR) technology, this study develops a preliminary risk assessment methodology for metro lines that are subjected to ground engineering disturbances. A relevant case from Changsha was proposed, spanning from January 2017 to July 2023, using a dataset of 147 Sentinel satellite images. Key findings include: (1) InSAR technology effectively monitors ground settlement, the areas with significant construction activities, the average annual settlement rate typically exceeds −6 mm/yr, with some regions reaching up to −10 mm/yr. In contrast, most areas without ground disturbance usually experience surface settlement not exceeding −2 mm/yr. (2) Satellite imagery analysis of metro areas with settlement differences greater than 20 mm revealed that most of these regions are influenced by foundation pit excavation, and some regions may be influenced by soil consolidation. (3) Overall, metro lines in Changsha have a low risk level, with certain areas classified as “high risk”. In the high-risk sections, Line 2 and Line 6 account for 32.7% and 20%, respectively, and regular inspections are required. This study would be beneficial to sustainable urban transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 341-363"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Excavation-induced fracturing mechanisms in deep hard rock: A hierarchical block model","authors":"Shili Qiu ,&nbsp;Shirui Zhang ,&nbsp;Quan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yuheng Fang ,&nbsp;Ping Li ,&nbsp;Shaojun Li ,&nbsp;Yaxun Xiao ,&nbsp;Dingping Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fracture characteristics of the excavation damage zones (EDZs) of deeply buried tunnels are closely related to energy evolution, and they are highly valuable for support design. Advanced numerical simulation techniques have shown the potential for evaluating the EDZ properties. On the basis of the finite-discrete element method (FDEM) and Poisson’s random block generation technique, the virtual block model (VBM) is proposed to characterize the intact rock masses surrounding tunnels. Moreover, a virtual block upscale principle (VB-UP) is proposed to determine the geometric and meso-mechanical parameters. The Canadian Underground Research Laboratory (URL) and China Jinping Underground Laboratory Phase II (CJPL-II) project excavations are simulated, and the excavation-induced fracture characteristics of the surrounding rock masses are analyzed in detail. The VBM captures the tensile, shear, and mixed fracture properties under excavation-induced confining pressure evolution. Then, the thicknesses of the spalling rock slabs in Lab #7 of the CJPL-II project are evaluated via the Otsu method. Combined with onsite monitoring data, the validity and advancement of the VBM are verified. This study expands the applicability of the FDEM and provides a new method for assessing the EDZs of surrounding rocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145594643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on heat transfer and thermo-mechanical behaviour of energy geostructures","authors":"Duofeng Cen ,&nbsp;Caichu Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy geostructures represent a novel building energy-saving technology derived from ground source heat pump technology. Heat transfer and thermo-mechanical response characteristics stand out as pivotal issues in the investigation and design of such energy geostructures. This paper provides an overview of the research on heat transfer models, factors influencing heat exchange performance, and thermo-mechanical behaviour concerning energy piles, energy walls, and energy tunnels. The future perspectives were also presented. Four types consisting of ten basic heat transfer models for energy piles were summarized, and their advantages, limitations, and applicable scenarios were comprehensively discussed from multiple aspects. The heat transfer models for energy walls and energy tunnels are scarce, and only one model was introduced for each of them. The influences of some controllable design parameters on the thermal performance of energy geostructures and the thermal-induced mechanical behaviour were summarized. The key conclusions are that the fluid flow rate should not be too high or too low, which is generally considered sufficient to ensure that the flow state is turbulent; and properly intermittent operation is beneficial to the recovery of geothermy, thereby improving the heat exchange performance. Due to the differing conditions considered, it is not possible to draw a definitive conclusion regarding whether heating can increase or decrease the shaft resistance or bearing capacity of energy piles. Generally, thermal effects within energy walls are unlikely to cause severe damage to structural stability. The issues related to thermal-induced ground deformation are considered more critical than those concerning the energy tunnel structure deformation. This paper highlights the aspects that require further research and the new aspects worth exploring in the future. Energy geostructures are not limited to new construction projects, and combining with other renewable energy utilization methods and integrating into district energy networks are the future development trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 36-81"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of mechanical properties of shield tunnels induced by water-soil gushing","authors":"Xiao-Chuang Xie ,&nbsp;Dong-Mei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ming-Liang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water and soil gushing in shield tunnels pose a significant risk to tunnel structure safety. However, it is challenging to fully capture the evolution of the mechanical response of tunnel structures due to the limitations of conventional numerical methods in simulating large soil deformations around the tunnel due to gushing. This paper developed a coupled material point method (MPM) and finite element method (FEM) approach for water and soil gushing, where MPM was for modelling the soil deformation and FEM was for modelling the tunnel response. The developed approach was utilized to conduct the gushing-induced large deformation analyses and generate the varying soil and water pressures acting on the tunnel lining. Meanwhile, structural internal forces and joint deformations were identified based on the load-structure method. The findings suggest that the gushing process can be categorized into three stages: initial developing, rapid developing, and stable developing stages. The soil and water pressures around the gushing point decreased abruptly during the “rapid developing stage”, but the soil pressures on the tunnel crown and tunnel invert increase, causing a sharp rise in the bending moment of the lining and severe joint deformations, particularly at joints No. 2 and No. 3. Finally, the parametric analyses show that a lower gushing location, deeper tunnel depth, and higher soil shear strength will all exacerbate the influence of water-soil gushing on tunnel structural response, due to variations in the soil and water pressures acting on the tunnel lining throughout the whole process of gushing. These findings underscore the importance of revealing the evolution of tunnel responses to water-soil gushing for maintaining tunnel safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 82-105"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating smart computer vision and in-drilling information into rock quality evaluation via incomplete data-driven Bayesian networks","authors":"Chen Wu ,&nbsp;Minglun Tan ,&nbsp;Yue Tong ,&nbsp;Hongwei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunnelling is a challenging task due to a lack of full understanding of the surrounding rock quality. This study proposes a solution driven by a refined computer vision (CV) method, complemented by rock mass drilling tests and Bayesian networks, to address this issue through a multi-source heterogeneous data approach. Initially, improvements are made to the popular Swin Transformer to improve the recognition and segmentation of intricate rock features. Notably, refined smart CV, owing to its U-shaped architecture and smart window self-attention computation, exhibits segmentation performance superior to that of conventional CV methods such as Swin Transformer, Deeplab V3+, and UNet. Building upon the segmentation outcomes of the refined CV, a parameter set comprising apparent rock parameters is established. Then, two datasets encompassing rock internal drilling parameters and mechanics, as well as design parameters, are curated. The combination of the aforementioned parameter sets is referred to as the rock quality comprehensive evaluation dataset. However, analysis reveals data incompleteness issues within these datasets. To mitigate this problem, a novel tree-augmented Bayesian network is designed, and a prediction accuracy of 91% is realized, surpassing popular decision trees, ensemble learning, and deep learning methods. Furthermore, evaluation services are provided in mountain and submarine tunnels, suggesting that drilling parameters significantly enhance the evaluation performance. Moreover, employing two sensitivity analysis metrics underscores the prominent influence of rotating pressure and drilling speed parameters. This study endeavor presents diverse solutions for achieving precise and expeditious predictions of rock quality through various parameter sets, tailored to cater to diverse requirements of tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 321-340"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic seismic response analysis of tunnel linings considering coupled rock mass property and earthquake excitation uncertainties","authors":"Xiancheng Mei ,&nbsp;Jiajun Wu ,&nbsp;Baiyi Li ,&nbsp;Zhen Cui ,&nbsp;Chong Yu ,&nbsp;Qian Sheng ,&nbsp;Jian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunnel lining seismic performance is significantly influenced by the spatial variability of geological parameters and the uncertainty of earthquake excitation factors, which are conventionally treated in isolation. This study proposes a novel probabilistic framework that integrates random field theory with an enhanced Clough–Penzien spectrum to concurrently model both uncertainty sources. The approach offers a more realistic and integrated assessment of seismic risk for tunnels under complex geological and loading conditions. The case analysis of a railway project reveals that considering both spatial variability of rock mass and uncertainty in seismic excitation leads to significant increases in internal forces and their variability, with mean values rising up to 278.9% and coefficients of variation (COV) up to 262.8%, compared to single-factor random analyses. The non-normal distribution of responses under seismic uncertainty, combined with the broader dispersion from rock variability, necessitates integrating both random factors for reliable seismic performance assessment of tunnels. Parametric studies demonstrate spectral parameters, including initial circular frequency (<em>ω</em>₀), equivalent damping ratio (<em>ξ</em>₀), and peak acceleration (<em>a</em>_max), significantly influence results: increasing <em>ω</em>₀ and <em>ξ</em>₀ markedly reduces both the mean and COV of lining mechanical response-by up to 83.5% and 82.5%, respectively-potentially underestimating failure risk and underscoring the need to adopt lower-bound values in design for enhanced safety. Meanwhile, <em>a</em>_max positively correlates with mean structural response, while variability in internal forces follows distinct trajectories; moreover, the interaction between rock spatial variability and seismic uncertainty raises failure probabilities by 3%–38%, emphasizing the necessity of integrating both randomness sources, especially in high-intensity seismic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 175-196"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}