{"title":"Growth-stage adaptive ventilation strategy for compact cultivation systems based on airflow simulation","authors":"Jung-Sun Gloria Kim, Jiwon Yang, Soo Chung","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <p>Airflow design in compact cultivation systems is often overlooked despite its importance for microclimate and crop performance. This study aimed to determine whether growth-stage-aware ventilation strategies are necessary for effective airflow in small chambers. Using graphics processing unit accelerated, computer-based airflow simulations, we evaluated five fan configurations across four growth stages in a compact platform. Airflow performance was assessed by pixel-based segmentation of velocity fields and point-based diagnostics under plant-present conditions represented by simplified cylindrical models. Results showed that no single fan configuration satisfied airflow requirements across all stages. Case 1 (top-inlet/bottom-outlet) consistently maintained more than 85% active airflow regions across all planes (86.29%–92.90%), effectively minimizing stagnant zones. In contrast, Case 3 (lateral fans) increased mid-canopy airflow activity to over 90% during mid-growth, enhancing canopy penetration. Integrating both analyses, we identified a stage-adaptive sequence (Case 1 → Case 1 → Case 3 → Case 1) that ensured physiologically relevant airflow throughout development. These findings provide actionable design guidance for growth-stage-adaptive ventilation strategies in compact cultivation systems, with relevance for closed-loop and extraterrestrial agriculture.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Core Ideas</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Stage-adaptive ventilation enhances airflow in compact cultivation systems.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Computational fluid dynamics identified Case 1 → Case 1 → Case 3 → Case 1 as optimal growth sequence.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>No single fan layout was optimal; airflow needs change across growth stages.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Findings support urban, laboratory, and extraterrestrial agriculture design.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146680540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Falin Sun, Wenying Li, Joshua M. Duke, Joshua M. McGrath, Vaughn Reed
{"title":"Why raw yield data are better than relative yield in informing agronomic and economic decisions","authors":"Falin Sun, Wenying Li, Joshua M. Duke, Joshua M. McGrath, Vaughn Reed","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While relative yield is widely used for its comparability, normalization can cause significant information loss. This study reframes yield metric selection as a model evaluation problem to determine the most accurate representation of crop response. We evaluated seven yield metrics with three agronomic models, comparing estimates of a critical soil phosphorus (P) threshold for robustness and plausibility against a regional guideline of 30 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>. Models using raw yield consistently provided the best fit, with threshold estimates (28.9–34.6 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>) closely aligning with the benchmark. Conversely, normalized metrics like relative yield performed poorly, generating highly variable and biased estimates. These findings establish that raw yield is the most statistically robust and economically relevant metric for quantifying crop response, holding important implications for nutrient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146680456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A dual tank precision sprayer to overcome antagonism of mixing dicamba and clethodim for control of volunteer corn in soybean","authors":"Adam Leise, Mandeep Singh, Amit J. Jhala","doi":"10.1002/ael2.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mixing of clethodim and dicamba in the same tank could lead to reduced grass weed control, suggesting antagonism. Recently commercialized precision dual tank sprayers can apply two herbicides simultaneously through different boom systems, which may reduce potential herbicide antagonism for effective grass weed control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of dicamba and clethodim applied through tank mixing or using the dual tank/boom system for control of glyphosate-/glufosinate-resistant volunteer corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) in dicamba-resistant soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.]. Mixing clethodim at the two rates of 54 and 76 g active ingredient (ai) ha<sup>−1</sup> with dicamba in the same tank resulted in 21% and 28% volunteer corn control, respectively, 28 days after application. Clethodim and dicamba applied in a dual tank/boom provided similar control (97%–99%) as clethodim applied alone. The dual tank application of clethodim at 76 g ai ha<sup>−1</sup> and dicamba had a similar volunteer corn density and soybean yield to that of clethodim alone. The results suggest that the dual tank/boom system of a sprayer was helpful in reducing antagonism of mixing clethodim and dicamba in the same tank to control volunteer corn in dicamba-resistant soybean.</p>","PeriodicalId":48502,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Environmental Letters","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ael2.70061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146680323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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