Cognition最新文献_第8页

The latent scope bias: Robust and replicable 潜在范围偏差：稳健且可复制

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105872

Sangeet Khemlani , Samuel G.B. Johnson , Daniel M. Oppenheimer , Abigail B. Sussman

引用次数: 0

The existence of manual mode increases human blame for AI mistakes 手动模式的存在增加了人类对人工智能错误的指责

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105931

Mads N. Arnestad , Samuel Meyers , Kurt Gray , Yochanan E. Bigman

{"title":"The existence of manual mode increases human blame for AI mistakes","authors":"Mads N. Arnestad , Samuel Meyers , Kurt Gray , Yochanan E. Bigman","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>People are offloading many tasks to artificial intelligence (AI)—including driving, investing decisions, and medical choices—but it is human nature to want to maintain ultimate control. So even when using autonomous machines, people want a “manual mode”, an option that shifts control back to themselves. Unfortunately, the mere existence of manual mode leads to more human blame when AI makes mistakes. When observers know that a human agent theoretically had the option to take control, the humans are assigned more responsibility, even when agents lack the time or ability to actually exert control, as with self-driving car crashes. Four experiments reveal that though people prefer having a manual mode, even if the AI mode is more efficient and adding the manual mode is more expensive (Study 1), the existence of a manual mode increases human blame (Studies 2a-3c). We examine two mediators for this effect: increased perceptions of causation and counterfactual cognition (Study 4). The results suggest that the human thirst for illusory control comes with real costs. Implications of AI decision-making are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 105931"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142087804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does music training improve inhibition control in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis 音乐训练能提高儿童的抑制控制能力吗？系统回顾和荟萃分析

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105913

Kevin Jamey , Nicholas E.V. Foster , Krista L. Hyde , Simone Dalla Bella

{"title":"Does music training improve inhibition control in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Kevin Jamey , Nicholas E.V. Foster , Krista L. Hyde , Simone Dalla Bella","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Inhibition control is an essential executive function during children's development, underpinning self-regulation and the acquisition of social and language abilities. This executive function is intensely engaged in music training while learning an instrument, a complex multisensory task requiring monitoring motor performance and auditory stream prioritization. This novel meta-analysis examined music-based training on inhibition control in children. Records from 1980 to 2023 yielded 22 longitudinal studies with controls (<em>N</em> = 1734), including 8 RCTs and 14 others. A random-effects meta-analysis showed that music training improved inhibition control (moderate-to-large effect size) in the RCTs and the superset of twenty-two longitudinal studies (small-to-moderate effect size). Music training plays a privileged role compared to other activities (sports, visual arts, drama) in improving children's executive functioning, with a particular effect on inhibition control. We recommend music training for complementing education and as a clinical tool focusing on inhibition control remediation (e.g., in autism and ADHD).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 105913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142077273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ambivalence by design: A computational account of loopholes 设计的矛盾性：漏洞的计算方法

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105914

Peng Qian , Sophie Bridgers , Maya Taliaferro , Kiera Parece , Tomer D. Ullman

{"title":"Ambivalence by design: A computational account of loopholes","authors":"Peng Qian , Sophie Bridgers , Maya Taliaferro , Kiera Parece , Tomer D. Ullman","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Loopholes offer an opening. Rather than comply or directly refuse, people can subvert an intended request by an intentional misunderstanding. Such behaviors exploit ambiguity and under-specification in language. Using loopholes is commonplace and intuitive in everyday social interaction, both familiar and consequential. Loopholes are also of concern in the law, and increasingly in artificial intelligence. However, the computational and cognitive underpinnings of loopholes are not well understood. Here, we propose a utility-theoretic recursive social reasoning model that formalizes and accounts for loophole behavior. The model captures the decision process of a loophole-aware listener, who trades off their own utility with that of the speaker, and considers an expected social penalty for non-cooperative behavior. The social penalty is computed through the listener’s recursive reasoning about a virtual naive observer’s inference of a naive listener’s social intent. Our model captures qualitative patterns in previous data, and also generates new quantitative predictions consistent with novel studies (N <span><math><mo>=</mo></math></span> 265). We consider the broader implications of our model for other aspects of social reasoning, including plausible deniability and humor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 105914"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142040455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Moral preference reversals: Violations of procedure invariance in moral judgments of sacrificial dilemmas 道德偏好逆转：牺牲困境道德判断中的程序不变性违规行为

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105919

Justin F. Landy, Benjamin A. Lemli, Pritika Shah, Alexander D. Perry, Rebekah Sager

{"title":"Moral preference reversals: Violations of procedure invariance in moral judgments of sacrificial dilemmas","authors":"Justin F. Landy, Benjamin A. Lemli, Pritika Shah, Alexander D. Perry, Rebekah Sager","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this research, we examine whether moral judgments sometimes violate the normative principle of procedure invariance – that is, whether normatively equivalent elicitation tasks can result in different judgment patterns. Specifically, we show that the relative morality of two actions can reverse across evaluation modes and elicitation tasks, mirroring preference reversals in consumer behavior. Across six studies (five preregistered, total <em>N</em> = 719), we provide evidence of three reversals of moral judgments of sacrificial dilemmas. First, directly killing one person to save many others was rated as morally worse than indirectly killing one person via an intervening mechanism in order to save a few others in separate evaluation, but this difference reversed in joint evaluation, in both between-subjects (Studies 1a and 1b) and within-subjects (Study 2) designs. Next, directly killing one person to save many others was judged as morally better than indirectly killing one person to save a few others more often in matching than in choice (Study 3) and rating (Study 4), between-subjects. Lastly, we replicate the results of Studies 3 and 4 within-subjects and show that susceptibility to these moral preference reversals is correlated with Faith in Intuition (Study 5). The present research introduces a new methodological approach to moral psychology, demonstrates that moral judgments can fully reverse across tasks, and supports an emerging view that moral judgments, like consumer preferences, are at least sometimes constructed in the moment, relative to the context and task at hand.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 105919"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142011493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Manipulating and measuring variation in deep neural network (DNN) representations of objects 操纵和测量深度神经网络 (DNN) 对物体表征的变化

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105920

Jason K. Chow, Thomas J. Palmeri

{"title":"Manipulating and measuring variation in deep neural network (DNN) representations of objects","authors":"Jason K. Chow, Thomas J. Palmeri","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We explore how DNNs can be used to develop a computational understanding of individual differences in high-level visual cognition given their ability to generate rich meaningful object representations informed by their architecture, experience, and training protocols. As a first step to quantifying individual differences in DNN representations, we systematically explored the robustness of a variety of representational similarity measures: Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA), Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA), and Projection-Weighted Canonical Correlation Analysis (PWCCA), with an eye to how these measures are used in cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience, and vision science. To manipulate object representations, we next created a large set of models varying in random initial weights and random training image order, training image frequencies, training category frequencies, and model size and architecture and measured the representational variation caused by each manipulation. We examined both small (All-CNN-C) and commonly-used large (VGG and ResNet) DNN architectures. To provide a comparison for the magnitude of representational differences, we established a baseline based on the representational variation caused by image-augmentation techniques used to train those DNNs. We found that variation in model randomization and model size never exceeded baseline. By contrast, differences in training image frequency and training category frequencies caused representational variation that exceeded baseline, with training category frequency manipulations exceeding baseline earlier in the networks. These findings provide insights into the magnitude of representational variations that can be expected with a range of manipulations and provide a springboard for further exploration of systematic model variations aimed at modeling individual differences in high-level visual cognition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 105920"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027724002063/pdfft?md5=fa9f42239bab83abff819969b99050b1&pid=1-s2.0-S0010027724002063-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142007142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Continuous and discrete proportion elicit different cognitive strategies 连续比例和离散比例引发不同的认知策略

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105918

Michelle A. Hurst , Steven T. Piantadosi

{"title":"Continuous and discrete proportion elicit different cognitive strategies","authors":"Michelle A. Hurst , Steven T. Piantadosi","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite proportional information being ubiquitous, there is not a standard account of proportional reasoning. Part of the difficulty is that there are several apparent contradictions: in some contexts, proportion is easy and privileged, while in others it is difficult and ignored. One possibility is that although we see similarities across tasks requiring proportional reasoning, people approach them with different strategies. We test this hypothesis by implementing strategies computationally and quantitatively comparing them with Bayesian tools, using data from continuous (e.g., pie chart) and discrete (e.g., dots) stimuli and preschoolers, 2nd and 5th graders, and adults. Overall, people's comparisons of highly regular and continuous proportion are better fit by proportion strategy models, but comparisons of discrete proportion are better fit by a numerator comparison model. These systematic differences in strategies suggest that there is not a single, simple explanation for behavior in terms of success or failure, but rather a variety of possible strategies that may be chosen in different contexts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 105918"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001002772400204X/pdfft?md5=abfa3c614660be43f41398c0fad28dd7&pid=1-s2.0-S001002772400204X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141992715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The influence of working memory mechanisms on false memories in immediate and delayed tests 工作记忆机制对即时和延迟测试中错误记忆的影响

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105901

Marlène Abadie , Christelle Guette , Amélie Troubat , Valérie Camos

{"title":"The influence of working memory mechanisms on false memories in immediate and delayed tests","authors":"Marlène Abadie , Christelle Guette , Amélie Troubat , Valérie Camos","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is growing evidence that false memories can occur in working memory (WM) tasks with only a few semantically related words and seconds between study and test. Abadie and Camos (2019) proposed a new model to explain the formation of false memories by describing the role of articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing, the two main mechanisms for actively maintaining information in WM. However, this model has only been tested in recognition tasks. In the present study, we report four experiments testing the model in recall tasks in which the active maintenance of information in WM plays a more important role for retrieval. Short lists of semantically related items were held for a short retention interval filled with a concurrent task that either impaired or not the use of each of the WM maintenance mechanisms. Participants were asked to recall the items immediately after the concurrent task (immediate test) or later, at the end of a block of several trials (delayed test). In the immediate test, semantic errors were more frequent when WM maintenance was impaired. Specifically, rehearsal prevented the occurrence of semantic errors in the immediate test, while refreshing had no effect on their occurrence in this test, but increased semantic errors produced only in the delayed test. These results support Abadie and Camos (2019) model and go further by demonstrating the role of active information maintenance in WM in the emergence of false memories. The implications of these findings for understanding WM-LTM relationships are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 105901"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027724001872/pdfft?md5=c15de62ac11c11ebacd31c18a40a0cbf&pid=1-s2.0-S0010027724001872-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141990515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Subjective Probability Increases Across Communication Chains: Introducing the Probability Escalation Effect. 跨传播链的主观概率增加：引入概率升级效应。

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105915

Adam J.L. Harris, Shi-Hui Kau, Alice Liefgreen

{"title":"Subjective Probability Increases Across Communication Chains: Introducing the Probability Escalation Effect.","authors":"Adam J.L. Harris, Shi-Hui Kau, Alice Liefgreen","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A severity effect has previously been documented, whereby numerical translations of verbal probability expressions are higher for severe outcomes than for non-severe outcomes. Recent work has additionally shown the same effect in the opposite direction (translating numerical probabilities into words). Here, we aimed to test whether these effects lead to an escalation of subjective probabilities across a communication chain. In four ‘communication chain’ studies, participants at each communication stage either translated a verbal probability expression into a number, or a number into a verbal expression (where the probability to be translated was yoked to a previous participant). Across these four studies, we found a general Probability Escalation Effect, whereby subjective probabilities increased with subsequent communications for severe, non-severe and positive events. Having ruled out some alternative explanations, we propose that the most likely explanation is in terms of communications directing attention towards an event's occurrence. Probability estimates of focal outcomes increase across communication stages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 105915"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027724002014/pdfft?md5=cd55031d507f805ddf0b3ceaadc549c5&pid=1-s2.0-S0010027724002014-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141990514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improving the diagnostic value of lineup rejections 提高排队拒绝的诊断价值。

IF 2.8 1区心理学

Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105917

Travis M. Seale-Carlisle

{"title":"Improving the diagnostic value of lineup rejections","authors":"Travis M. Seale-Carlisle","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Erroneous eyewitness identification evidence is likely the leading cause of wrongful convictions. To minimize this error, scientists recommend collecting confidence. Research shows that eyewitness confidence and accuracy are strongly related when an eyewitness identifies someone from an initial and properly administered lineup. However, confidence is far less informative of accuracy when an eyewitness identifies no one and rejects the lineup instead. In this study, I aimed to improve the confidence-accuracy relationship for lineup rejections in two ways. First, I aimed to find the lineup that yields the strongest confidence-accuracy relationship for lineup rejections by comparing the standard, simultaneous procedure used by police worldwide to the novel “reveal” procedure designed by scientists to boost accuracy. Second, I aimed to find the best method for collecting confidence. To achieve this secondary aim, I made use of machine-learning techniques to compare confidence expressed in words to numeric confidence ratings. First, I find a significantly stronger confidence-accuracy relationship for lineup rejections in the reveal than in the standard procedure regardless of the method used to collect confidence. Second, I find that confidence expressed in words captures unique diagnostic information about the likely accuracy of a lineup rejection separate from the diagnostic information captured by numeric confidence ratings. These results inform models of recognition memory and may improve the criminal-legal system by increasing the diagnostic value of a lineup rejection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 105917"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027724002038/pdfft?md5=20ba466c73103ea7697bc07e302f13e9&pid=1-s2.0-S0010027724002038-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141989168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0