Cognition最新文献

{"title":"Why might there be lexical-prelexical feedback in speech recognition?","authors":"Dennis Norris ,&nbsp;James M. McQueen","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In reply to Magnuson, Crinnion, Luthra, Gaston, and Grubb (2023), we challenge their conclusion that on-line activation feedback improves word recognition. This type of feedback is instantiated in the TRACE model (McClelland &amp; Elman, 1986) as top-down spread of activation from lexical to phoneme nodes. We give two main reasons why Magnuson et al.'s demonstration that activation feedback speeds up word recognition in TRACE is not informative about whether activation feedback helps humans recognize words. First, the same speed-up could be achieved by changing other parameters in TRACE. Second, more fundamentally, there is room for improvement in TRACE's performance only because the model, unlike Bayesian models, is suboptimal. We also challenge Magnuson et al.'s claim that the available empirical data support activation feedback. The data they base this claim on are open to alternative explanations and there are data against activation feedback that they do not discuss. We argue, therefore, that there are no computational or empirical grounds to conclude that activation feedback benefits human spoken-word recognition and indeed no theoretical grounds why activation feedback would exist. Other types of feedback, for example feedback to support perceptual learning, likely do exist, precisely because they can help listeners recognize words.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 106025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142757346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refreshing the conversation about adaptation and perceived numerosity: A reply to Yousif, Clarke and Brannon","authors":"Frank H. Durgin","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span>Yousif et al. (2024)</span></span> have raised a number of pertinent objections to the idea that number adaptation is a straightforward account of the readily-observable aftereffects that affect perceived numerosity. Their criticisms appear well-motivated, but their particular version of the old-news proposal, involving specific dots, may be insufficiently abstract given that adaptation accumulates. Two new experiments are presented that are meant to buttress their critique by (1) confirming their predictions concerning neutral adaptation, and (2) re-evaluating related claims concerning number vs. density comparisons that have been widely accepted. Present behavioral evidence dissociating effects of adapter size, adapter number and adapter density, supports the idea that density adaptation is implicated as a primary source of most phenomenologically-compelling aftereffects of perceived numerosity.</div><div>Experiment 2 was preregistered on <span><span>AsPredicted.org</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>. The pre-registration is available at the following link: <span><span>https://aspredicted.org/PC7_2ZB</span><svg><path></path></svg></span></div><div>The full raw data sets for the two experiments reported her are available on OSF at the following links:</div><div>Experiment 1: <span><span>https://osf.io/b9qwy/?view_only=73beb62d9c2046c3aa08cdeb96cd5cca</span><svg><path></path></svg></span></div><div>Experiment 2: <span><span>https://osf.io/6ax5j/?view_only=723ceb0b44da47dba99e56db12db02a9</span><svg><path></path></svg></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 105883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The holistic forgetting of events and the (sometimes) fragmented forgetting of objects","authors":"Nora Andermane ,&nbsp;Arianna Moccia ,&nbsp;Chong Zhai ,&nbsp;Lisa M. Henderson ,&nbsp;Aidan J. Horner","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Episodic events are typically retrieved and forgotten holistically. If you recall one element (e.g., a person), you are more likely to recall other elements from the same event (e.g., the location), a pattern that is retained over time in the presence of forgetting. In contrast, representations of individual items, such as objects, may be less coherently bound, such that object features are forgotten at different rates and retrieval dependency decreases across delay. To test the theoretical prediction that forgetting qualitatively differs across levels in a representational hierarchy, we investigated the potential dissociation between event and item memory across five experiments. Participants encoded three-element events comprising images of famous people, locations, and objects. We measured retrieval accuracy and the dependency between the retrieval of event associations and object features, immediately after encoding and after various delays (5 h to 3 days). Across experiments, retrieval accuracy decreased for both events and objects over time, revealing forgetting. Retrieval dependency for event elements (i.e., people, locations, and objects) did not change over time, suggesting the holistic forgetting of events. Retrieval dependency for object features (i.e., state and colour) was more variable. Depending on encoding and delay conditions across the experiments, we observed both fragmentation and holistic forgetting of object features. Our results suggest that event representations remain coherent over time, whereas object representations can, but do not always, fragment. This provides support for our representational hierarchy framework of forgetting, however there are (still to be determined) boundary conditions in relation to the fragmentation of object representations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 106017"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction-based false memory: Unconfirmed prediction can result in robust false memories","authors":"Olya Bulatova ,&nbsp;Keisuke Fukuda","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A growing body of literature suggests a powerful role of predictions on memory through prediction violation and prediction confirmation. Violation appears to enhance memory for the event violating the prediction, meanwhile, confirmation boosts memory for the predicted event instead. Crucially, however, the effect of prediction by itself has not been identified as it has typically been studied with its violation or confirmation. Here, we demonstrate the power of explicit predictions on memory by isolating it from its direct violation and confirmation. In a series of experiments, participants were presented with a real-world object along with three characters and they predicted which character the object belonged to. Upon prediction, participants received either visual confirmation (predicted character showing the item), visual rebuttal (another character showing the item) or no feedback (none of the characters showing the item) with regard to their prediction. When their memory was tested, participants were more likely to falsely remember that their predicted character showed them the item than the other characters did, even when no feedback was provided. This false memory was not eliminated by visual rebuttal and it was not weakened when participants had a strong item memory. Experiments 2–4 eliminated action (selecting a predicted character) as an alternative explanation and demonstrated that this prediction-based false memory could be modulated through indirect prediction confirmation and rebuttal. Taken together, our findings show that explicit predictions can be sufficient to induce false memory of predicted events that are robust enough to withstand its direct rebuttal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 106013"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How wise is the crowd: Can we infer people are accurate and competent merely because they agree with each other?","authors":"Jan Pfänder,&nbsp;Benoît De Courson,&nbsp;Hugo Mercier","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Are people who agree on something more likely to be right and competent? Evidence suggests that people tend to make this inference. However, standard wisdom of crowds approaches only provide limited normative grounds. Using simulations and analytical arguments, we argue that when individuals make independent and unbiased estimates, under a wide range of parameters, individuals whose answers converge with each other tend to have more accurate answers and to be more competent. In 6 experiments (UK participants, total N = 1197), we show that participants infer that informants who agree have more accurate answers and are more competent, even when they have no priors, and that these inferences are weakened when the informants were systematically biased. In conclusion, we speculate that inferences from convergence to accuracy and competence might help explain why people deem scientists competent, even if they have little understanding of science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 106005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attention-aware semantic relevance predicting Chinese sentence reading","authors":"Kun Sun ,&nbsp;Haitao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, several influential computational models and metrics have been proposed to predict how humans comprehend and process sentence. One particularly promising approach is contextual semantic similarity. Inspired by the attention algorithm in Transformer and human memory mechanisms, this study proposes an “attention-aware” approach for computing contextual semantic relevance. This new approach takes into account the different contributions of contextual parts and the expectation effect, allowing it to incorporate contextual information fully. The attention-aware approach also facilitates the simulation of existing reading models and their evaluation. The resulting “attention-aware” metrics of semantic relevance can more accurately predict fixation durations in Chinese reading tasks recorded in an eye-tracking corpus than those calculated by existing approaches. The study’s findings further provide strong support for the presence of semantic preview benefits in Chinese naturalistic reading. Furthermore, the attention-aware metrics of semantic relevance, being memory-based, possess high interpretability from both linguistic and cognitive standpoints, making them a valuable computational tool for modeling eye-movements in reading and further gaining insight into the process of language comprehension. Our approach emphasizes the potential of these metrics to advance our understanding of how humans comprehend and process language.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 105991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of exceptions in children's and adults' judgments about generic statements","authors":"Ella Simmons,&nbsp;Susan A. Gelman","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generic statements (e.g., “Ducks lay eggs”) provide generalizations about kinds that can be judged as true, even in the face of exceptions. Although past research has focused on the positive evidence that justifies a generic, little work has explored the role of evidence that does not match the generic claim (e.g., ducks that do not lay eggs). The current studies aim to understand how different types of exceptions may differentially undermine generic claims. In Studies 1 and 2, adults (<em>n</em> = 560) and children ages 5–11 (<em>n</em> = 141) were asked to judge the truth of generic statements about fictitious animal kinds (e.g., Wugs have blue horns). Accompanying each statement was a set of 6 kind members, some of which displayed the target property (e.g., blue horns), and others of which displayed either an alternative property (e.g., red horns), or an absence of the property (e.g., no horns). Study 1 found that adults were less likely to endorse generic statements when non-matching examples displayed an alternative property than when they displayed an absence of the property. Study 2 indicated that children as well as adults were less likely to endorse generic statements when presented with alternative evidence, regardless of the salience of the alternative. Study 3 replicated these findings with a more sensitive task in which adults (<em>n =</em> 120) and children (<em>n</em> = 97) were asked to choose between sets with either alternative or absence evidence. These studies provide the first evidence that children and adults attend to non-matching evidence when making judgments about generic statements, interpret alternative evidence to be stronger counterevidence than absence evidence, and do not use the salience of alternative properties to determine the strength of alternative evidence. We discuss the implications of this work for problematic generic claims in language and thought.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 106016"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partisan language in a polarized world: In-group language provides reputational benefits to speakers while polarizing audiences","authors":"Alexander C. Walker ,&nbsp;Jonathan A. Fugelsang ,&nbsp;Derek J. Koehler","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the impact of partisan language (i.e., language that describes events in a manner that supports a political agenda), both with regard to peoples' perceptions of the speakers who use it and their evaluations of the events it is used to describe. In two experiments, we recruited 1121 Democrats and Republicans from the United States. Using a set of liberal-biased (e.g., <em>expand voting rights</em>) and conservative-biased (e.g., <em>reduce election security</em>) terms, we find that partisans judge speakers describing polarizing events using ideologically-congruent language as more trustworthy than those describing events in a non-partisan way (e.g., <em>expand mail-in voting</em>). However, when presented to rival partisans, ideologically-biased language promoted negative evaluations of opposing partisans, with speakers attributed out-group language being viewed as far less trustworthy than non-partisan speakers. Furthermore, presenting Democrats and Republicans with ideologically-congruent descriptions of political events polarized their attitudes towards the events described. Overall, the present investigation reveals how partisan language, while praised by co-partisans, can damage trust and amplify disagreement across political divides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106012"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What's left of the leftward bias in scene viewing? Lateral asymmetries in information processing during early search guidance","authors":"Sara Spotorno ,&nbsp;Benjamin W. Tatler","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how early scene viewing is guided can reveal fundamental brain mechanisms for quickly making sense of our surroundings. Viewing is often initiated from the left side. Across two experiments, we focused on search initiation for lateralised targets within real-world scenes, investigating the role of the cerebral hemispheres in guiding the first saccade. We aimed to disentangle hemispheric contribution from the effects of reading habits and distinguish between an overall dominance of the right hemisphere for visuospatial processing and finer hemispheric specialisation for the type of target template representation (from pictorial versus verbal cues), spatial scale (global versus local), and timescale (short versus longer). We replicated the tendency to initiate search leftward in both experiments. However, we found no evidence supporting a significant impact of left-to-right reading habits, either as a purely motor or attentional bias to the left. A general visuospatial dominance of the right hemisphere could not account for the results either. In Experiment 1, we found a greater probability of directing the first saccade toward targets in the left visual field but only after a verbal target cue, with no lateral differences after a pictorial cue. This suggested a contribution of the right hemisphere specialisation in perceptually simulating words' referents. Lengthening the Inter-Stimulus Interval between the cue and the scene (from 100 to 900 ms) resulted in reduced first saccade gain in the left visual field, suggesting a decreased ability of the the right hemisphere to use the target template to guide gaze close to the target object, which primarily depends on local information processing. Experiment 2, using visual versus auditory verbal cues, replicated and extended the findings for both first saccade direction and gain. Overall, our study shows that the multidetermined functional specialisation of the cerebral hemispheres is a key driver of early scene search and must be incorporated into theories and models to advance understanding of the mechanisms that guide viewing behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Language enables the acquisition of distinct sensorimotor memories for speech","authors":"Daniel R. Lametti ,&nbsp;Emma D. Wheeler ,&nbsp;Samantha Palatinus ,&nbsp;Imane Hocine ,&nbsp;Douglas M. Shiller","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interactions between the context in which a sensorimotor skill is learned and the recall of that memory have been primarily studied in limb movements, but speech production requires movement, and many aspects of speech processing are influenced by task-relevant contextual information. Here, in ecologically valid speech (read sentences), we test whether English-French bilinguals can use the language of production to acquire and recall distinct motor plans for similar speech sounds spanning the production workspace. Participants experienced real-time alterations of auditory feedback while producing interleaved English and French sentences. The alterations were equal in magnitude but <em>opposite</em> in direction between languages. Over three experiments (<em>n</em> = 15 in each), we observed language-specific sensorimotor learning in speech that countered the alterations and persisted after the alterations were removed. The effects were not observed in a fourth experiment (<em>n</em> = 15) when the feedback alterations were tied to a non-linguistic cue. In a fifth experiment (n = 15), we provide further confirmation that the observed language-specific changes in speech production were confined to sentence production, the linguistic level at which they were learned. The results contrast with recent work and theories of second language learning that predict broad interference between L1 and L2 phonetic representations. When faced with contrasting sensorimotor demands between languages, bilinguals readily acquire and recall highly specific motor representations for speech.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106010"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}