Journal of Experimental Social Psychology最新文献_第9页

From ostracized to pleased: How fair and unfair social exclusion activates schadenfreude 从排斥到高兴：公平和不公平的社会排斥如何激发幸灾乐祸

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104786

Sarah Mohammadi, Andrew H. Hales

{"title":"From ostracized to pleased: How fair and unfair social exclusion activates schadenfreude","authors":"Sarah Mohammadi, Andrew H. Hales","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People sometimes derive pleasure from the misfortune of others. Here, we investigate social ostracism as a multifaceted trigger of this complex emotion: <em>schadenfreude.</em> Building on the theories of fairness perception, ostracism, and justice-based schadenfreude, we propose that both experiencing and merely observing ostracism can elicit schadenfreude toward an ostracizer. This response is primarily driven by two factors: (1) the (un)fairness of the ostracism itself and (2) the perceived deservingness of an ostracizer to face negative consequences. Four preregistered experiments support these predictions. People who are ostracized (Study 1; <em>N</em> = 338) experience schadenfreude specifically toward their excluders but not toward uninvolved individuals, indicating that this response is directed rather than generalized. Not just targets but also third-party observers (Study 2; <em>N</em> = 82) report schadenfreude toward the ostracizer. Supporting the justice-based account, among both targets and observers (Study 3; <em>N</em> = 624), ostracism-induced schadenfreude is statistically accounted for by the perceived <em>deservingness</em> of the ostracizer to experience negative outcomes. Finally, providing direct causal evidence, ostracism elicited schadenfreude, but only when experimentally manipulated to be unfair (Study 4; <em>N</em> = 479): excluders who unfairly ostracized well-behaved individuals elicited greater schadenfreude than those who fairly ostracized provocative norm-violators. This indicates the fairness of exclusion influences perceptions of how much an ostracizer deserves misfortune, and thus the subsequent schadenfreude. Together, findings document a previously unexplored consequence of ostracism: the emergence of schadenfreude as a moral emotion in response to unfair exclusion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 104786"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Power as a moral magnifier: Moral outrage is amplified when the powerful transgress 权力作为道德放大镜：当权贵越轨时，道德义愤会被放大

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104813

Rachel C. Forbes, Robb Willer, Jennifer E. Stellar

{"title":"Power as a moral magnifier: Moral outrage is amplified when the powerful transgress","authors":"Rachel C. Forbes, Robb Willer, Jennifer E. Stellar","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104813","url":null,"abstract":"Moral outrage in response to scandals involving powerful figures has become commonplace in modern life. These instances suggest that moral outrage may be disproportionately directed upward toward those with power over others. However, it remains unclear whether this tendency simply reflects the greater incidence and prominence of immoral acts committed by individuals with power or whether it indicates a deeper tendency for powerful perpetrators to elicit greater outrage in observers. In a series of studies, we investigated whether observers' moral outrage was influenced by a perpetrator's power within a social hierarchy. Participants read hypothetical scenarios (Study 1; <ce:italic>N</ce:italic> = 481), recalled actual transgressions (Study 2; <ce:italic>N</ce:italic> = 351), witnessed selfish economic behaviour (Study 3; <ce:italic>N</ce:italic> = 1012), and observed bullying in person (Study 4; <ce:italic>N</ce:italic> = 177) committed by either more or less powerful perpetrators. Participants consistently experienced greater moral outrage and delivered more severe (anonymous) punishment to powerful perpetrators. Greater reactivity to powerful perpetrators was confined to the domain of morality and specific to the transgressor’s power, rather than their status. This work highlights the importance of social contextual factors like a perpetrators power within a hierarchy when studying moral judgment.","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maybe don't say “maybe”: How and why invitees fail to realize that they should not respond to invitations with a “maybe” 也许不要说“也许”：被邀请的人如何以及为什么没有意识到他们不应该用“也许”来回应邀请。

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104814

Julian Givi, Colleen P. Kirk, Daniel M. Grossman, Constantine Sedikides

{"title":"Maybe don't say “maybe”: How and why invitees fail to realize that they should not respond to invitations with a “maybe”","authors":"Julian Givi, Colleen P. Kirk, Daniel M. Grossman, Constantine Sedikides","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104814","url":null,"abstract":"People often invite others to join them for social activities. Upon receiving an invitation, an invitee might respond to the inviter with a tentative “maybe.” We examine whether invitees accurately gauge an inviter's preferences when they contemplate replying with a “maybe” (vs. “no”). Across six experiments (five preregistered), we show that invitees often overestimate the likelihood that an inviter would prefer a “maybe” response over a direct “no,” because they underestimate how much more disrespected an inviter feels upon receiving a “maybe” (vs. “no”). We also demonstrate that these mispredictions arise, in part, due to motivated reasoning. Invitees think that replying with a “maybe” (vs. “no”) aligns with what an inviter would find desirable, in part because a “maybe” response serves the invitee's own interests more than a direct decline does. Finally, we illustrate that partly due to their flawed predictions, invitees are more likely to respond with a “maybe” (vs. “no”) even though an inviter would prefer greater decisiveness. The findings contribute to the emerging social psychology of invitations.","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"104814"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144898290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Closets breed suspicion: Environments that stigmatize concealable identities cast doubt on claims to non-stigmatized identities 衣橱滋生怀疑：让可隐藏的身份蒙羞的环境会让人怀疑那些没有蒙羞的身份

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104736

Harrison Oakes , Richard P. Eibach, Hilary B. Bergsieker

{"title":"Closets breed suspicion: Environments that stigmatize concealable identities cast doubt on claims to non-stigmatized identities","authors":"Harrison Oakes , Richard P. Eibach, Hilary B. Bergsieker","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social environments that stigmatize concealable identities increase observers' suspicion that an individual's claimed identity is not their “true” identity. Identity-stigmatizing environments incentivize “closeting” (i.e., concealing) targeted identities, rendering claims to contrasting non-stigmatized identities ambiguous (e.g., self-protective? self-expressive?). Such ambiguity fosters <em>identity suspicion</em>. In three experimental studies with nine adult American samples (<em>N</em> = 3148), participants expressed more suspicion about an individual's claim to a non-stigmatized concealable identity within an environment that stigmatized (vs. affirmed) the contrasting concealable sexual (<em>d</em> = 0.40) or religious (<em>d</em> = 0.70) identity. Identity suspicion was strongest for individuals with attributes stereotypically associated with the stigmatized identity but persisted even for individuals with attributes stereotypically associated with the <em>non-stigmatized</em> identity (Study 2). Observers' perceived likelihood of identity suspicion predicted their perceived incentive for individuals to conceal attributes stereotypically associated with the stigmatized identity, even to the point of incurring personal costs (Study 1f).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 104736"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Population base rates as anchors in social categorization under uncertainty1 不确定条件下社会分类的人口基数锚点研究

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104760

Antonio G. Viera, Robert J. Rydell, Kurt Hugenberg, Edward R. Hirt

{"title":"Population base rates as anchors in social categorization under uncertainty1","authors":"Antonio G. Viera, Robert J. Rydell, Kurt Hugenberg, Edward R. Hirt","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People often underutilize the numerical minority group when determining category membership of individuals into perceptually ambiguous social categories (i.e., groups whose members are relatively difficult to accurately identify based on visual information). We find that perceived population base rates can underlie this bias and influence social categorization even when stimulus set base rates are equated. We also provide evidence for an anchoring account to explain this bias. In Experiments 1 and 2, lower experimenter-provided population base rates of the minority group led to reduced utilization of the minority group, while higher base rates increased utilization. In Experiment 3, self-generated population base rates produced the same result and mediated the effect of anchors on categorization. An additional study suggests that anchoring on population base rates is unintentional, and that people insufficiently adjust toward stimulus set base rates. These findings highlight the importance of population base rates in categorizing members of perceptually ambiguous social groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 104760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the gender-portion association in stereotypes, cognition, and treatment 探讨性别在刻板印象、认知和治疗中的关联

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104755

Elisabeth Irvine, William Li, Jordan Axt

引用次数: 0

Beyond the motherhood penalty: Evidence of a (potentially race-based) parenthood boost in workplace evaluations 在做母亲的惩罚之外：职场评估中（可能基于种族的）为人父母的提升的证据

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104753

Christopher D. Petsko , Rebecca Ponce de Leon , Ashleigh Shelby Rosette

{"title":"Beyond the motherhood penalty: Evidence of a (potentially race-based) parenthood boost in workplace evaluations","authors":"Christopher D. Petsko , Rebecca Ponce de Leon , Ashleigh Shelby Rosette","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>According to previous research, people more readily question the competence of, and express greater discrimination against, women (vs. men) who are described as parents in the workplace. In the present manuscript, we sought to examine whether the magnitude of this bias, which is referred to as the motherhood penalty, would be moderated by whether the women and men in question are Black rather than White. To explore this possibility, we conducted four large-scale replication attempts of well-known studies on the motherhood penalty (three of <span><span>Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2004</span></span>, reported in-text; one of <span><span>Heilman & Okimoto, 2008</span></span>, reported in the online supplement). Across replication attempts, we manipulated not just target employees' parenthood statuses and gender groups, but also their racial groups. To our surprise, results from these replication attempts—as well as those from an internal meta-analysis (<em>N</em> = 4742)—revealed no evidence of a motherhood penalty. Instead, we found evidence of a <em>parenthood boost</em>: a tendency for people to more positively evaluate employees who are described as parents than employees who are not. Moreover, while parenthood-boost magnitudes did not vary by employees' gender groups, there was some evidence that they varied by employees' racial groups, with White parents receiving larger boosts than Black parents. Overall, these findings suggest that the motherhood penalty may no longer emerge in single-shot evaluative contexts. Indeed, there may be contexts in which parenthood now conveys evaluative advantages to both women and men in the workplace, with potential racial differences in the magnitude of those advantages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 104753"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143858877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On rewarded actions and punishment-avoidant inactions: The action–valence asymmetry in face perception 关于受奖励的行动和逃避惩罚的不行动：人脸感知中行动与价值的不对称

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104754

Tjits van Lent , Gijsbert Bijlstra , Rob W. Holland , Erik Bijleveld , Harm Veling

{"title":"On rewarded actions and punishment-avoidant inactions: The action–valence asymmetry in face perception","authors":"Tjits van Lent , Gijsbert Bijlstra , Rob W. Holland , Erik Bijleveld , Harm Veling","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although social interactions are ubiquitous, people often choose <em>not</em> to interact with others—for example, people may choose to not greet a stranger, to not talk to a colleague at work, or to ignore a text message from a friend. Here, we systematically investigate how people's actions, inactions, and their consequences (rewards and punishments) affect impressions. In four preregistered experiments (<em>N</em> = 240), we used a reinforcement learning go/no-go task, in which people learned to act or not act to images of fractals/faces to obtain rewards or avoid punishments. Findings replicated the action–valence asymmetry in learning (Experiments 1–4): People more easily learned to act when acting led to the attainment of rewards (vs. the avoidance of punishments), while people learned inactions more easily when these inactions led to the avoidance of punishments (vs. the attainment of rewards). Our experiments demonstrate that these action–valence asymmetries extend to social stimuli (Experiment 2 ingroup faces; Experiment 3 outgroup faces; Experiment 4 ingroup and outgroup faces) and that they affect subsequent impressions. That is, people evaluated faces most positively when acting had previously led to the attainment of rewards; people evaluated faces most negatively when <em>not</em> acting had previously led to the avoidance of punishment. We discuss our findings in light of the approach–avoidance literature. This work has implications for our understanding of the role of inactions in social contexts: It shows evidence that inactions lead to less positive impressions than actions, over and above the effect of punishment signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 104754"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Secrets lurking in the background: Investigating the underlying effects of secrets in everyday life 隐藏在背景中的秘密：调查秘密在日常生活中的潜在影响

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104766

Alisa Bedrov, Shelly L. Gable

{"title":"Secrets lurking in the background: Investigating the underlying effects of secrets in everyday life","authors":"Alisa Bedrov, Shelly L. Gable","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Keeping secrets can have negative consequences for well-being, yet most research relies on artificially prompting participants to reflect on their secrets prior to assessing key outcomes. The current research addresses this methodological limitation by having participants (<em>N</em> = 114) report on significant social interactions with five people for 10 days of experience sampling, with the extent of secrecy from each person only assessed after those 10 days. Results show that keeping more secrets from an interaction partner (and secrets of greater importance) was associated with higher burden in daily interactions (i.e., more stress, distractedness, distance, inauthenticity) and lower relationship quality. These results provide compelling evidence that keeping secrets may be negatively associated with daily interactions and relationships even when secret-keepers are not necessarily dwelling more on their secrets. Altogether, this research suggests that the implications of secrecy can be pervasive, subtle, and variable depending on each unique relationship with one's secrecy targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 104766"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of just-world beliefs, victim identifiability, and the salience of an alternative target for victim blaming 公正世界信念的作用，受害者的可识别性，以及受害者指责的另一个目标的突出性

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104721

Mathias Twardawski , Moritz Fischer , Philipp Agostini , Johannes Schwabe , Mario Gollwitzer

{"title":"The role of just-world beliefs, victim identifiability, and the salience of an alternative target for victim blaming","authors":"Mathias Twardawski , Moritz Fischer , Philipp Agostini , Johannes Schwabe , Mario Gollwitzer","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Victim blaming—the tendency to attribute responsibility and blame to innocent victims—is associated with people's belief that the world is a just place where everybody gets what they deserve and deserves what they get. In the present research, we examine the extent to which the relationship between just-world beliefs and victim blaming depends on (a) whether or not the victim is identifiable and (b) whether or not another involved person is salient (e.g., an offender). Results from a pre-registered pilot experiment (Study 1; <em>N</em> = 363) suggest that, in the absence of a salient offender, identifying information about the victim (vs. no information) increased the relationship between just-world beliefs and victim blaming. In contrast, when there was a salient offender, identifying information about the victim (vs. no information) decreased this relationship. We attempted to replicate these findings in a pre-registered experiment (Study 2; <em>N</em> = 1143), implementing several changes to the design to address some limitations of Study 1. Here, we only found main effects of just-world beliefs and the salience of a second person, but none of the hypothesized interaction effects. Possible explanations and implications are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 104721"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0