Journal of Experimental Social Psychology最新文献

Narcissistic vigilance to status cues 自恋者对地位线索的警惕性

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104688

{"title":"Narcissistic vigilance to status cues","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans often take decisive action to influence their social environments, including their own position within a social hierarchy. Those who are highly motivated by status attainment may be especially prone to such activity. Here, we ask whether desire for social status contributes to the early detection of social stimuli, and more specifically, whether it plays a role in which environmental stimuli are consciously detected. We used a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation task to examine vigilance to status-relevant versus non-status-relevant stimuli, and asked whether measure of narcissism, a personality trait strongly associated with a drive for status attainment, moderated people's task responses. Results showed that when task stimuli were status relevant, self-reported narcissism moderated stimulus processing such that as participants reported higher levels of narcissism, the likelihood that they would recognize these rapidly presented words increased if they were status relevant, but not if the stimuli were non-status-relevant. These results suggest that the motivations that underpin personality traits, for example the drive to seek social status associated with narcissism, may play a formative role in the early processing and detection of social stimuli, thereby shaping people's social behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Avoidance of altruistic punishment: Testing with a situation-selective third-party punishment game 避免利他主义惩罚：用情境选择性第三方惩罚游戏进行测试

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104695

{"title":"Avoidance of altruistic punishment: Testing with a situation-selective third-party punishment game","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Third-party punishment games have consistently shown that people are willing to bear personal costs to punish others who act selfishly, even as uninvolved observers. However, the traditional third-party punishment game places participants in contrived situations that mandate direct punishment decisions, potentially inflating the prevalence of such actions compared to those observed in more naturalistic settings. In light of this obligatory nature, one might speculate that if given the autonomy to step aside, people could be inclined to forgo punishment rather than penalize unfairness. The present study developed the Situation-Selective Third-Party Punishment Game (SS-TPPG), an experimental paradigm, to investigate whether avoidance of witnessing unfairness stems from a reluctance to make punitive decisions or a desire to avoid observing unfairness altogether. Three studies (total <em>N</em> = 810) consistently revealed that avoidance was driven by both a reluctance to witness unfair treatment and an aversion to administering punishments. Notably, participants who typically avoided observing unfair treatment were inclined to punish when forced to observe it. Furthermore, when given the opportunity to punish indirectly, participants were less likely to avoid observing unfair distributions. These results suggest that the elevated instances of direct punishment noted in the traditional third-party punishment game might be reflective of the game's structure, which constrains participants' ability to avoid witnessing unfair distributions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A colorblind ideal and the motivation to improve intergroup relations: The role of an (in)congruent status quo 色盲理想与改善群体间关系的动机：不一致现状的作用

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104693

{"title":"A colorblind ideal and the motivation to improve intergroup relations: The role of an (in)congruent status quo","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social psychologists have long debated the meaning of treating people as unique individuals for intergroup relations, as empirical evidence on the topic has been rather mixed. In the present research, we examine a normative explanation for this mixed evidence by focusing on colorblindness as an ideal for managing diversity that suggests people should be treated as individuals independently of their group membership. To do so, we contrast colorblindness as a utopian, future-oriented ideal based on individual justice principles from a descriptive observation of society's current functioning (the status quo; i.e., one's point of reference reflecting whether people are <em>currently</em> treated by virtue of their individual characteristics versus group membership). We argue that endorsing a colorblind ideal should be associated with a motivation to improve intergroup relations specifically when people are currently perceived to be treated according to their group membership (incongruent status quo) instead of as individuals (congruent status quo). Four studies and a preliminary study (3 pre-registered; <em>N</em> = 2049) support this hypothesis, using a measure, experimental manipulations, and a quasi-experimental manipulation of an individual- vs. group-focused status quo, three indexes for the motivation to improve intergroup relations, as well as an internal meta-analysis. Results suggest that, despite widespread claims that colorblindness is at the root of group-based tensions and disparities, endorsing such an ideal can be understood as either perpetuating or working to improve such issues, depending on its (in)congruity with the (perceived) status quo. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gender categorization and memory in transgender and cisgender people 变性人和同性人的性别分类与记忆

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104691

{"title":"Gender categorization and memory in transgender and cisgender people","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gender categorization is central to everyday life. Discussions about gender have traditionally focused on <em>gender identities</em>, or gender categories to which a person might have an internal sense of belonging (e.g., men and women, boys and girls). More recently, discussions about gender also include <em>gender modality</em> (transgender or cisgender), or how a person's gender identity relates to their sex assigned at birth. In this registered report, we investigate gender-relevant categorization including gender identity and gender modality using measures assessing the automatic encoding of categories and explicit beliefs about the similarity between categories. We also compare performance on these tasks in transgender and cisgender youth and adults to help shed light on long-standing debates about the role of experience in categorization. Across two studies (<em>N</em> = 1144), we found that participants automatically encoded both gender identity and gender modality, and that variations in categorization between participant groups were largely mediated by participants' attitudes (i.e., openness to nonbinary identities) and experiences (i.e., contact with trans people). These results thus help refine our psychological theories of gender categorization to more accurately reflect the landscape of gender categories permeating modern society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simultaneous pairing increases evaluative conditioning: Evidence for the role of temporal overlap but not of onset synchrony 同时配对会增强评价性条件反射：证明时间重叠的作用而非起始同步的作用

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104689

{"title":"Simultaneous pairing increases evaluative conditioning: Evidence for the role of temporal overlap but not of onset synchrony","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaluative conditioning (EC), a change in valence of a stimulus due to its co-occurrences with other stimuli, is frequently used to study attitude formation. The present studies investigate whether EC is influenced by whether the co-occurring stimuli have their onset at the same (vs. different) time, i.e., their onset (a)synchrony. To this end, we introduce a novel and sensitive measure which tests EC effects immediately after their assumed origin, i.e., after the co-occurrence of two stimuli in the conditioning phase. A pretest supported the validity of this measure. Study 1 showed that EC effects assessed during conditioning were smaller when paired stimuli had asynchronous onsets and a smaller temporal overlap. Yet, onset synchrony did not affect EC effects in Study 2 when temporal overlap of stimuli was held constant. Together these results suggest that EC is not affected by stimulus onset synchrony but might be affected by the amount of temporal overlap of the paired stimuli. Neither study showed effects of these pairing manipulations on EC effects assessed after the conditioning phase. Still, EC effects observed during conditioning strongly predicted EC effects observed after conditioning. Together our studies establish the new online measure and its usefulness in investigating theoretical questions of EC. Our findings extend previous research on the benefits of temporal contiguity of stimulus co-occurrences and provide new insight into the relation of post-conditioning EC and single stimulus co-occurrences during the conditioning phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thicker-skinned but still human: People may think individuals in poverty are less vulnerable to harm even when ascribing them full humanity 脸皮较厚，但仍是人类：人们可能会认为贫穷的人更不容易受到伤害，即使他们被赋予了充分的人性

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104687

{"title":"Thicker-skinned but still human: People may think individuals in poverty are less vulnerable to harm even when ascribing them full humanity","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research has shown that people sometimes display a “thick skin bias” whereby they believe that individuals in poverty are less harmed by negative events than individuals from higher socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. The perception that individuals or groups are less feeling, less vulnerable to harm, or otherwise less responsive or reactive is often thought to be a hallmark of dehumanization. Four preregistered studies tested whether several approaches to dehumanization—e.g., subtle and blatant; animalistic and mechanistic—could explain people's belief that lower-SES individuals are less harmed by negative events. Across studies, participants thought that a variety of negative events would be less harmful for lower-SES individuals than for higher-SES individuals even when not ascribing lower-SES individuals any less humanity. Participants did, however, judge that lower-SES individuals had adapted to hardship more than higher-SES individuals, and this judgment significantly mediated the thick skin bias. Thus, although people in poverty are dehumanized in some contexts, a theory of the causes of the perceived “toughness” of lower-SES individuals will likely require additional explanatory mechanisms, such as beliefs about human adaptation to the hardship of poverty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hierarchy as a signal of culture and belonging: Exploring why egalitarian ideology predicts aversion to hierarchical organizations 等级制度是文化和归属感的信号：探究平等主义意识形态为何预示着对等级制组织的反感

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104692

{"title":"Hierarchy as a signal of culture and belonging: Exploring why egalitarian ideology predicts aversion to hierarchical organizations","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Variation in people's ideological preference for the maintenance of inequality between social groups (i.e., social dominance orientation; SDO) predicts important sociopolitical outcomes, such as endorsement of different social policies, institutions, and belief systems. We argue that SDO may also inform people's engagement with work organizations. Specifically, we propose that SDO may impact attraction to different organizational structures. Across 6 experiments (<em>N</em> = 3034), we find that people with relatively egalitarian values are less attracted to organizations with much (vs. little) managerial hierarchy; this gap in attraction is attenuated for relative anti-egalitarians (Studies 1a-b). These effects are not moderated by whether dominant vs. subordinate group members occupy positions of power in hierarchical arrangements (Study 2a-b) and are driven by signals concerning likelihood of organizational belonging that egalitarians (vs. anti-egalitarians) derive from managerial hierarchy (Studies 3a-b). We discuss implications for social dominance theory and research connecting ideology to organizational attraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Top-down racial biases in size perception: A registered replication and extension of Wilson et al. (2017) 体型感知中自上而下的种族偏见：威尔逊等人（2017）的注册复制与扩展

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104690

{"title":"Top-down racial biases in size perception: A registered replication and extension of Wilson et al. (2017)","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biases in the perception and judgment of members of race-based and ethnicity-based minority groups are prevalent, often resulting in detrimental outcomes for these individuals. One such bias is a threat-related stereotype, associating specific race and ethnicity-based social groups with aggressiveness, violence, and criminality. In the US context, Black men are often victims of such bias. Recent evidence suggests that threat-related stereotypes are also linked to biased perceptions, such that perceivers overestimate the body size of Black relative to White men, even in the absence of perceptual differences between them. That is, mere top-down social category information was sufficient to induce perceptual biases in size perception related to threat (Wilson et al., 2017, Study 7). Considering the novelty of this finding and its theoretical importance, we suggested a registered replication of this finding to assess its robustness across laboratories, participants, and social groups. We conducted a direct replication (Study 1, <em>N</em> = 280) of the effect reported by Wilson and colleagues, followed by a conceptual replication (Study 2, <em>N</em> = 280) that tested the generalization of the original findings to another population (Israeli residents) and a different target social group (Muslim Israelis) frequently stereotyped as threatening in this population. Participants did not overestimate the body size of Black or Muslim Israeli targets, pointing to a failed replication of the original effect. These findings suggest that the effects of purely top-down social category information on threat-related perception and judgment are less robust than previously assumed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of gender in shaping Black and Latina women’s experiences in anticipated interracial interactions 性别在塑造黑人和拉丁裔妇女在预期的种族间互动中的经历中的作用

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104686

{"title":"The role of gender in shaping Black and Latina women’s experiences in anticipated interracial interactions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People's fear of being negatively stereotyped or devalued based on one or more of their social identities — social identity threat — contributes to negative anticipated experiences in interracial interactions. Prior research, however, has largely failed to consider the role of gender in shaping people's experiences in interracial interactions. To address this gap, the present research examined the implications of anticipated cross-gender interracial interactions among Black and Latina women who experience social identity threat based on their multiple marginalized identities. Across three studies, Black and Latina women imagined (Study 1) or anticipated (Studies 2 and 3) an interaction with a White man or a White woman. In the third study, Black and Latina women anticipated a cross-gender (vs. gender-matched) interaction with a same race/ethnicity partner or White partner. Compared to women who expected to interact with a White female partner, Black and Latina women who imagined or anticipated an interaction with a White male partner reported more perceived partner prejudice. Greater perceived partner prejudice, in turn, increased their levels of social identity threat, which predicted more anticipated negative interpersonal outcomes (e.g., anticipated trust and belonging, friendship interest) in the interaction. These results suggest that for Black and Latina women, the negative effects of interracial interactions may be most pronounced in cross-gender interracial interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Letters of recommendation as institutionalized gossip: Tie strength and the advocacy-accuracy tradeoff in brokering 推荐信是制度化的流言蜚语：中介中的纽带强度和宣传与准确性的权衡

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104685

{"title":"Letters of recommendation as institutionalized gossip: Tie strength and the advocacy-accuracy tradeoff in brokering","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gossip is both common and consequential. People often share reputational information about others in their absence, and this ubiquitous practice powerfully shapes impressions, interactions, and relationships among senders, receivers, and the targets of gossip. This paper addresses two open questions in the gossip literature: When and why do senders share inaccurate information, and to what extent do receivers rely on such information? We conceptualize letters of recommendation (LORs) as institutionalized gossip and study these questions in the context of labor markets, where senders choose how much to advocate for a job candidate and receivers decide whether to hire them. We propose that senders of LORs balance advocacy and accuracy based on the strength of their ties with the target and the receiver. Specifically, we predict that senders prioritize advocacy over accuracy when they are strongly connected to the target and weakly connected to the receiver; yet prioritize accuracy over advocacy when they are weakly connected to the target and strongly connected to the receiver. We report findings from two large experiments wherein we systematically manipulated the sender's tie strength with both the target and the receiver. In Experiment 1, participants made decisions within a novel economic game we devised to capture the accuracy-advocacy tradeoff. In Experiments 2a and 2b, participants assumed the roles of senders and receivers of LORs, respectively. These experiments show that the strength of senders' ties to others shape the (in)accuracy of their communications and that receivers tend to trust the information conveyed to them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0