Journal of Experimental Social Psychology最新文献_第2页

Simultaneous pairing increases evaluative conditioning: Evidence for the role of temporal overlap but not of onset synchrony 同时配对会增强评价性条件反射：证明时间重叠的作用而非起始同步的作用

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104689

Jasmin Richter , Anne Gast

{"title":"Simultaneous pairing increases evaluative conditioning: Evidence for the role of temporal overlap but not of onset synchrony","authors":"Jasmin Richter , Anne Gast","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaluative conditioning (EC), a change in valence of a stimulus due to its co-occurrences with other stimuli, is frequently used to study attitude formation. The present studies investigate whether EC is influenced by whether the co-occurring stimuli have their onset at the same (vs. different) time, i.e., their onset (a)synchrony. To this end, we introduce a novel and sensitive measure which tests EC effects immediately after their assumed origin, i.e., after the co-occurrence of two stimuli in the conditioning phase. A pretest supported the validity of this measure. Study 1 showed that EC effects assessed during conditioning were smaller when paired stimuli had asynchronous onsets and a smaller temporal overlap. Yet, onset synchrony did not affect EC effects in Study 2 when temporal overlap of stimuli was held constant. Together these results suggest that EC is not affected by stimulus onset synchrony but might be affected by the amount of temporal overlap of the paired stimuli. Neither study showed effects of these pairing manipulations on EC effects assessed after the conditioning phase. Still, EC effects observed during conditioning strongly predicted EC effects observed after conditioning. Together our studies establish the new online measure and its usefulness in investigating theoretical questions of EC. Our findings extend previous research on the benefits of temporal contiguity of stimulus co-occurrences and provide new insight into the relation of post-conditioning EC and single stimulus co-occurrences during the conditioning phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 104689"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thicker-skinned but still human: People may think individuals in poverty are less vulnerable to harm even when ascribing them full humanity 脸皮较厚，但仍是人类：人们可能会认为贫穷的人更不容易受到伤害，即使他们被赋予了充分的人性

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104687

Nathan N. Cheek

{"title":"Thicker-skinned but still human: People may think individuals in poverty are less vulnerable to harm even when ascribing them full humanity","authors":"Nathan N. Cheek","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research has shown that people sometimes display a “thick skin bias” whereby they believe that individuals in poverty are less harmed by negative events than individuals from higher socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. The perception that individuals or groups are less feeling, less vulnerable to harm, or otherwise less responsive or reactive is often thought to be a hallmark of dehumanization. Four preregistered studies tested whether several approaches to dehumanization—e.g., subtle and blatant; animalistic and mechanistic—could explain people's belief that lower-SES individuals are less harmed by negative events. Across studies, participants thought that a variety of negative events would be less harmful for lower-SES individuals than for higher-SES individuals even when not ascribing lower-SES individuals any less humanity. Participants did, however, judge that lower-SES individuals had adapted to hardship more than higher-SES individuals, and this judgment significantly mediated the thick skin bias. Thus, although people in poverty are dehumanized in some contexts, a theory of the causes of the perceived “toughness” of lower-SES individuals will likely require additional explanatory mechanisms, such as beliefs about human adaptation to the hardship of poverty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 104687"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hierarchy as a signal of culture and belonging: Exploring why egalitarian ideology predicts aversion to hierarchical organizations 等级制度是文化和归属感的信号：探究平等主义意识形态为何预示着对等级制组织的反感

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104692

Sangah Bae, Sean Fath

{"title":"Hierarchy as a signal of culture and belonging: Exploring why egalitarian ideology predicts aversion to hierarchical organizations","authors":"Sangah Bae, Sean Fath","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Variation in people's ideological preference for the maintenance of inequality between social groups (i.e., social dominance orientation; SDO) predicts important sociopolitical outcomes, such as endorsement of different social policies, institutions, and belief systems. We argue that SDO may also inform people's engagement with work organizations. Specifically, we propose that SDO may impact attraction to different organizational structures. Across 6 experiments (<em>N</em> = 3034), we find that people with relatively egalitarian values are less attracted to organizations with much (vs. little) managerial hierarchy; this gap in attraction is attenuated for relative anti-egalitarians (Studies 1a-b). These effects are not moderated by whether dominant vs. subordinate group members occupy positions of power in hierarchical arrangements (Study 2a-b) and are driven by signals concerning likelihood of organizational belonging that egalitarians (vs. anti-egalitarians) derive from managerial hierarchy (Studies 3a-b). We discuss implications for social dominance theory and research connecting ideology to organizational attraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 104692"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Top-down racial biases in size perception: A registered replication and extension of Wilson et al. (2017) 体型感知中自上而下的种族偏见：威尔逊等人（2017）的注册复制与扩展

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104690

Mayan Navon , Niv Reggev , Tal Moran

{"title":"Top-down racial biases in size perception: A registered replication and extension of Wilson et al. (2017)","authors":"Mayan Navon , Niv Reggev , Tal Moran","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biases in the perception and judgment of members of race-based and ethnicity-based minority groups are prevalent, often resulting in detrimental outcomes for these individuals. One such bias is a threat-related stereotype, associating specific race and ethnicity-based social groups with aggressiveness, violence, and criminality. In the US context, Black men are often victims of such bias. Recent evidence suggests that threat-related stereotypes are also linked to biased perceptions, such that perceivers overestimate the body size of Black relative to White men, even in the absence of perceptual differences between them. That is, mere top-down social category information was sufficient to induce perceptual biases in size perception related to threat (Wilson et al., 2017, Study 7). Considering the novelty of this finding and its theoretical importance, we suggested a registered replication of this finding to assess its robustness across laboratories, participants, and social groups. We conducted a direct replication (Study 1, <em>N</em> = 280) of the effect reported by Wilson and colleagues, followed by a conceptual replication (Study 2, <em>N</em> = 280) that tested the generalization of the original findings to another population (Israeli residents) and a different target social group (Muslim Israelis) frequently stereotyped as threatening in this population. Participants did not overestimate the body size of Black or Muslim Israeli targets, pointing to a failed replication of the original effect. These findings suggest that the effects of purely top-down social category information on threat-related perception and judgment are less robust than previously assumed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 104690"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of gender in shaping Black and Latina women’s experiences in anticipated interracial interactions 性别在塑造黑人和拉丁裔妇女在预期的种族间互动中的经历中的作用

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104686

Dorainne J. Green , Daryl A. Wout , Mary C. Murphy , Katlyn L. Milless

{"title":"The role of gender in shaping Black and Latina women’s experiences in anticipated interracial interactions","authors":"Dorainne J. Green , Daryl A. Wout , Mary C. Murphy , Katlyn L. Milless","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People's fear of being negatively stereotyped or devalued based on one or more of their social identities — social identity threat — contributes to negative anticipated experiences in interracial interactions. Prior research, however, has largely failed to consider the role of gender in shaping people's experiences in interracial interactions. To address this gap, the present research examined the implications of anticipated cross-gender interracial interactions among Black and Latina women who experience social identity threat based on their multiple marginalized identities. Across three studies, Black and Latina women imagined (Study 1) or anticipated (Studies 2 and 3) an interaction with a White man or a White woman. In the third study, Black and Latina women anticipated a cross-gender (vs. gender-matched) interaction with a same race/ethnicity partner or White partner. Compared to women who expected to interact with a White female partner, Black and Latina women who imagined or anticipated an interaction with a White male partner reported more perceived partner prejudice. Greater perceived partner prejudice, in turn, increased their levels of social identity threat, which predicted more anticipated negative interpersonal outcomes (e.g., anticipated trust and belonging, friendship interest) in the interaction. These results suggest that for Black and Latina women, the negative effects of interracial interactions may be most pronounced in cross-gender interracial interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 104686"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Letters of recommendation as institutionalized gossip: Tie strength and the advocacy-accuracy tradeoff in brokering 推荐信是制度化的流言蜚语：中介中的纽带强度和宣传与准确性的权衡

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104685

Britt Hadar , Nir Halevy

{"title":"Letters of recommendation as institutionalized gossip: Tie strength and the advocacy-accuracy tradeoff in brokering","authors":"Britt Hadar , Nir Halevy","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gossip is both common and consequential. People often share reputational information about others in their absence, and this ubiquitous practice powerfully shapes impressions, interactions, and relationships among senders, receivers, and the targets of gossip. This paper addresses two open questions in the gossip literature: When and why do senders share inaccurate information, and to what extent do receivers rely on such information? We conceptualize letters of recommendation (LORs) as institutionalized gossip and study these questions in the context of labor markets, where senders choose how much to advocate for a job candidate and receivers decide whether to hire them. We propose that senders of LORs balance advocacy and accuracy based on the strength of their ties with the target and the receiver. Specifically, we predict that senders prioritize advocacy over accuracy when they are strongly connected to the target and weakly connected to the receiver; yet prioritize accuracy over advocacy when they are weakly connected to the target and strongly connected to the receiver. We report findings from two large experiments wherein we systematically manipulated the sender's tie strength with both the target and the receiver. In Experiment 1, participants made decisions within a novel economic game we devised to capture the accuracy-advocacy tradeoff. In Experiments 2a and 2b, participants assumed the roles of senders and receivers of LORs, respectively. These experiments show that the strength of senders' ties to others shape the (in)accuracy of their communications and that receivers tend to trust the information conveyed to them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 104685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Is common behavior considered moral? The role of perceived others' motives in moral norm inferences and motivation about environmental behavior 普通行为被视为道德行为吗？感知到的他人动机在道德规范推断和环境行为动机中的作用

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104684

Kimin Eom , Bryan K.C. Choy

引用次数: 0

Share the wealth: Neurophysiological and motivational mechanisms related to racial discrimination in economic decision making 分享财富与经济决策中的种族歧视有关的神经生理和动机机制

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104683

Hannah I. Volpert-Esmond , Jessica R. Bray , Meredith P. Levsen , Bruce D. Bartholow

{"title":"Share the wealth: Neurophysiological and motivational mechanisms related to racial discrimination in economic decision making","authors":"Hannah I. Volpert-Esmond , Jessica R. Bray , Meredith P. Levsen , Bruce D. Bartholow","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social interactions are influenced by rapid judgements about interaction partners that are assumed to contribute to various behavioral biases. While often negligible in a given instance, such biases can accumulate to contribute to persistent inequities between social groups. Here, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to determine the extent to which early attention to racial category information during simulated interpersonal interactions contributes to race bias in financial decisions. Undergraduate participants (<em>N</em> = 67; 36 women, 31 men; all White/Non-Hispanic) completed an economic decision-making task in which they decided how much money to invest in a series of male interaction partners (i.e., trustees) who varied in their apparent racial group memberships. Black male trustees received lower investments than White male trustees, replicating prior findings. Of greater interest, an ERP index of attention to trustees' faces predicted racial bias in investments, and was moderated by participants' internalized motivation to respond without prejudice (i.e., a difference score reflecting the extent to which participants' motivation reflected internal [e.g., personal egalitarian values] compared to external [e.g., concerns about social norms] reasons to respond without prejudice). Consistent with motivational models of prejudice control, greater early attention to a trustee's face led to <em>more</em>-biased lending among participants with lower internalized motivation but to <em>less</em>-biased lending among participants with higher internalized motivation. Findings demonstrate a crucial role for within-person variability in attention to race-related cues when interacting with others, along with between-person bias regulation motives, in determining whether attention to race will increase or decrease bias in financial lending.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 104683"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ironic effects of prosocial gossip in driving inaccurate social perceptions 亲社会流言在推动不准确社会认知方面的讽刺效应

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104682

Samantha Grayson , Matthew Feinberg , Robb Willer , Jamil Zaki

{"title":"Ironic effects of prosocial gossip in driving inaccurate social perceptions","authors":"Samantha Grayson , Matthew Feinberg , Robb Willer , Jamil Zaki","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gossip is often stereotyped as a frivolous social activity, but in fact can be a powerful tool for discouraging selfishness and cheating. In economic games, gossip induces people to act more cooperatively, presumably to avoid the cost of accruing a negative reputation. Might even this prosocial sort of gossip carry negative side effects? We propose that gossip might protect communities while simultaneously giving people the wrong idea about who's in them. Specifically, gossipers might disproportionately share information about cheaters in their midst, driving <em>cynical</em> perceptions among receivers of that gossip. To test these predictions, we first reanalyzed data from a prior study in which people played a public goods game and could gossip about their fellow players. These participants indeed produced negatively skewed gossip: writing much more frequently about cheaters than cooperators, even when most people in their public goods game groups acted generously. To examine the effect of this gossip on cynicism, we ran a new experiment in which a second generation of participants read these gossip notes, and then prepared to play their own public goods game. Gossip recipients inferred that the groups that produced these notes acted significantly more selfishly than they truly had–becoming both cynical and inaccurate based on gossip. However, this gossip did not affect second generation participants' forecasts of how their own group would behave, nor their own cooperative choices. Together, these findings suggest that gossip skews negative, and, therefore, encourages outside observers to draw more cynical conclusions about groups from which it comes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 104682"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Brilliance as gender deviance: Gender-role incongruity as another barrier to women's success in academic fields 作为性别偏差的聪明才智：性别角色不协调是女性在学术领域取得成功的另一个障碍

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104680

Boglarka Nyul , Inna Ksenofontov , Alexandra Fleischmann , Rotem Kahalon

{"title":"Brilliance as gender deviance: Gender-role incongruity as another barrier to women's success in academic fields","authors":"Boglarka Nyul , Inna Ksenofontov , Alexandra Fleischmann , Rotem Kahalon","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>“Brilliance,” a state of extreme intellectual ability, is stereotypically associated with men but not women. Research finds that portrayals of brilliance as a prerequisite for success contribute to women's underrepresentation in certain academic fields and high-level positions. In this work, we examined whether gender roles contribute to the perception of women as less brilliant. In four preregistered experimental studies (<em>N</em> = 920), we tested whether brilliance deviates from ascribed and prescribed gender roles more for women than for men and whether such deviation places women who display their brilliance at a higher risk of experiencing backlash. In Study 1, an average intelligent and a brilliant man were rated as more similar on gender-specific traits than an average intelligent and a brilliant woman. In Study 2, while intelligence and gender individually influenced prescriptions of masculinity and femininity, their interaction did not support larger differences for female targets, indicating a lack of differential expectations by gender and intelligence. Study 3 showed that brilliant women are more likely to experience backlash at work than brilliant men, while Study 4 demonstrated that while brilliance enhances professional desirability across genders, it decreases social desirability, suggesting social costs that could affect workplace dynamics. Our results support that brilliance can be considered a form of gender-role deviance for women and might lead to a backlash. This underscores the need for policies to counteract gendered stereotypes of brilliance, which hinder women's career advancement and contribute to the gender gap in the workplace.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 104680"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103124000933/pdfft?md5=7745bcb725d9007a38dbbea990157348&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103124000933-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142242921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0