Journal of Experimental Social Psychology最新文献_第10页

Self-serving bias in moral character evaluations 道德品质评价中的自我服务偏见

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104580

Andrew J. Vonasch , Bradley A. Tookey

引用次数: 0

Nostalgia assuages spatial anxiety 怀旧缓解空间焦虑

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104586

Alice Oliver , Tim Wildschut , Constantine Sedikides , Matthew O. Parker , Antony P. Wood , Edward S. Redhead

{"title":"Nostalgia assuages spatial anxiety","authors":"Alice Oliver , Tim Wildschut , Constantine Sedikides , Matthew O. Parker , Antony P. Wood , Edward S. Redhead","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>According to the regulatory model of nostalgia, the emotion is triggered by adverse psychological and physical experiences. Nostalgia, in turn, serves to counter those negative states. We extend this model to encompass spatial anxiety, that is, apprehension and disorientation during environmental navigation. In Experiment 1, we induced spatial anxiety by training participants to navigate a route in a virtual maze and then surreptitiously changing part of the previously learned route (spatial-anxiety condition) or leaving the route unchanged (neutral condition). Consistent with the regulatory model, spatial anxiety (compared to the neutral condition) triggered nostalgia. In Experiments 2–3, we displayed nostalgic (nostalgia condition) or matched control (control condition) pictures on the walls of a virtual maze. Participants navigated the maze passively (video clip, Experiment 2) or actively (computer-based task, Experiment 3) and then reported their spatial anxiety. Supporting the regulatory model, nostalgia (compared to control) reduced spatial anxiety (Experiments 2–3) and this, in turn, predicted higher goal setting (Experiment 3). Nostalgia assuages spatial anxiety during environmental navigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 104586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139061256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trait inferences from the “big two” produce gendered expectations of facial features 从 "两大特征 "推断出对面部特征的性别预期

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104585

Hayley A. Liebenow , Kathryn L. Boucher , Brittany S. Cassidy

{"title":"Trait inferences from the “big two” produce gendered expectations of facial features","authors":"Hayley A. Liebenow , Kathryn L. Boucher , Brittany S. Cassidy","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Prescriptive stereotypes based on, respectively, agency and communality reflect how people expect men and women to behave. Deviating from such prescriptions limits opportunities for men and women in ways that reinforce traditional gender roles. In the current work, we examine whether people have expectations of gendered facial features based on agentic and communal descriptions of targets and if these expectations extend to who people think is best suited for workplace tasks. Across five experiments, people expected more facial masculinity for targets paired with agentic relative to communal traits (Experiments 1, 2a-b) and workplace behaviors (Experiments 3a-b). This expectation effect emerged when gendered facial features (e.g., more masculinized and feminized versions of face identities) were manipulated across (Experiment 1) and within (Experiments 2a-b, 3a-b) gender, regardless of whether traits were explicitly stated (Experiments 1, 2a-b, 3a) or inferred (Experiment 3b), and regardless of trait valence. When people made decisions about two same-gender faces, the gender of those faces accentuated trait effects. More masculine male (relative to female) faces were consistently expected </span><em>more</em> for agentic traits and workplace tasks, but consistently expected <em>less</em> for communal traits and workplace tasks (Experiments 2a, 3a-b). We then conceptually replicated expectation effects by showing that mental representations of agentic and communal faces appear correspondingly gendered (Experiment 4). Finally, we provide exploratory analyses showing that expectation effects may differentially vary by perceiver gender across contexts. These findings illustrate a non-verbal route by which people make decisions based on gender stereotypes that have wide-ranging implications for workplace behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104585"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138887380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lower social class, better social skills? A registered report testing diverging predictions from the rank and cultural approaches to social class 社会阶层越低，社交能力越强？一份注册报告检验了社会阶层等级法和文化法的不同预测

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104577

Holly R. Engstrom, Kristin Laurin

{"title":"Lower social class, better social skills? A registered report testing diverging predictions from the rank and cultural approaches to social class","authors":"Holly R. Engstrom, Kristin Laurin","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Are people with lower socioeconomic status (SES) better than those with higher SES at empathic accuracy, or recognizing others' thoughts and feelings? Two psychological approaches to the study of SES say they are, but emphasize different reasons. The <em>rank approach</em> argues that because <em>individuals</em> with lower SES experience low rank, they feel less in control and more threatened by others, so it is more valuable for them to understand others' mental states. The <em>cultural approach</em> argues that because lower SES <em>cultures</em> foster more interdependent values, people steeped in those cultures focus more on others, leading them to better understand others' mental states. Previous tests of the basic hypothesis these two approaches share have yielded mixed evidence. This registered report uses a large-scale, nationally representative sample to accomplish two goals. First, it tests the basic shared hypothesis, finding that lower subjective rank, social class cultural group, and income—but not education—all predict better empathic accuracy. Second, it explores additional research questions, finding that subjective rank more strongly predicts empathic accuracy compared to SES cultural group (consistent with the rank approach), but childhood SES more strongly predicts empathic accuracy than adulthood SES (consistent with the cultural approach). Results regarding the moderating role of the valence of the mental state being recognized were not consistent. We conclude there is indeed a negative association between social class and empathic accuracy, and discuss the degree to which this is due to the psychology of rank and childhood cultural socialization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001348/pdfft?md5=0add0a2dd0aee71a8138b1df810d74c9&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001348-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138887354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of practice on automatic evaluation: A registered replication 练习对自动评估的影响注册复制

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104587

Anat Shechter , Mayan Navon , Yoav Bar-Anan

{"title":"The effect of practice on automatic evaluation: A registered replication","authors":"Anat Shechter , Mayan Navon , Yoav Bar-Anan","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>A basic idea in cognitive science is that practicing a response can lead to the automatic activation of the response. </span><span>Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, and Kardes (1986)</span> tested that idea on the automatic activation of attitudes. In the experiment that Fazio et al. conducted, participants (<em>N</em> = 18) repeatedly categorized eight nouns as good/bad and eight nouns (the <em>control</em> words) as having one syllable or more. The measure of automatic activation of attitudes was evaluative priming: Participants categorized target adjectives as good/bad faster if their valence matched the valence of a prime noun that appeared before them. This priming effect was stronger for repeatedly evaluated words than for control words. Many have cited this article as evidence that practice automatizes evaluation, but the published research that followed focused on the evaluative priming effect, providing only one incidental and unsuccessful replication for the effect of practice on automatic evaluation. In light of the importance of this finding on the one hand, and the lack of a solid evidential basis for it on the other hand, we conducted three experiments that tested the effect of practice on evaluative priming effect. We attempted to directly replicate the original procedure in Experiments 1a and 1b (<em>N</em> = 108, 102, respectively), with Experiment 1b fixing an unintended prime-target contingency in Experiment 1a. Experiment 2 (<em>N</em> = 172) provided a conceptual replication with modified procedures. Practice in evaluation increased priming only in Experiment 1a. The inconsistent results prevent strong conclusions that practicing an evaluative response automates it, necessitating further research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104587"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139033387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The threat of powerlessness: Consequences for affect and (social) cognition 无能为力的威胁：对情感和（社会）认知的影响

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104576

Robin Willardt , Petra C. Schmid

{"title":"The threat of powerlessness: Consequences for affect and (social) cognition","authors":"Robin Willardt , Petra C. Schmid","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Throughout history, powerlessness has been associated with phenomena such as heightened conspiracy beliefs and perceived ingroup homogeneity and commitment, as well as increased conviction about one's own opinions and worldview. The goals of the present research were to examine whether such links are causal and to gain an understanding of the underlying mechanism. We hypothesized that the experience of powerlessness activates the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and that the aforementioned phenomena emerge as threat defenses aimed at lowering BIS activation. To test these hypotheses, one correlational and three experimental studies were conducted. Meta-analytic results across these four studies indicate an indirect but not a direct link between powerlessness and the increased use of threat defenses via heightened BIS activation. These findings provide new insights into the potential negative social, affective, and cognitive consequences of feeling powerless. They can furthermore be used to design interventions that aim to prevent such consequences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001336/pdfft?md5=c5be238436a45b3d8836334f4a36e0a4&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001336-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138887357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Power can increase but also decrease cheating depending on what thoughts are validated 权力可以增加，但也可以减少，这取决于哪些想法得到了验证

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104578

Grigorios Lamprinakos , David Santos , Maria Stavraki , Pablo Briñol , Solon Magrizos , Richard E. Petty

{"title":"Power can increase but also decrease cheating depending on what thoughts are validated","authors":"Grigorios Lamprinakos , David Santos , Maria Stavraki , Pablo Briñol , Solon Magrizos , Richard E. Petty","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prior research has shown that power is associated with cheating. In the present research, we showcase that higher power can increase but also decrease cheating, depending on the thoughts validated by the feelings of power. In two experiments, participants were first asked to generate either positive or negative thoughts about cheating. Following this manipulation of thought direction, participants were placed in either high or low power conditions. After the two inductions, cheating was measured using different paradigms – assessing cheating intentions in relationships (Study 1) and over reporting performance for monetary gain (Study 2). Relative to powerless participants, those induced to feel powerful showed more reliance on the initial thoughts induced. Consequently, the effect of the direction of the thoughts on cheating was greater for participants with high (vs. low) power. Specifically, high power increased cheating only when initial thoughts about cheating were already favorable but decreased cheating when it validated unfavorable cheating relevant thoughts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104578"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002210312300135X/pdfft?md5=6117c69b28d89d5b9306bfe4db2a9939&pid=1-s2.0-S002210312300135X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138887362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Responsibility gaps and self-interest bias: People attribute moral responsibility to AI for their own but not others' transgressions 责任差距和利己偏见：人们将自己的道德责任归咎于人工智能，而不是他人的过失

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104584

Mengchen Dong , Konrad Bocian

{"title":"Responsibility gaps and self-interest bias: People attribute moral responsibility to AI for their own but not others' transgressions","authors":"Mengchen Dong , Konrad Bocian","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the last decade, the ambiguity and difficulty of responsibility attribution to AI and human stakeholders (i.e., responsibility gaps) has been increasingly relevant and discussed in extreme cases (e.g., autonomous weapons). On top of related philosophical debates, the current research provides empirical evidence on the importance of bridging responsibility gaps from a psychological and motivational perspective. In three pre-registered studies (<em>N</em> = 1259), we examined moral judgments in hybrid moral situations, where both a human and an AI were involved as moral actors and arguably responsible for a moral consequence. We found that people consistently showed a self-interest bias in the evaluation of hybrid transgressions, such that they judged the human actors more leniently when they were depicted as themselves (vs. others; Studies 1 and 2) and ingroup (vs. outgroup; Study 3) members. Moreover, this bias did not necessarily emerge when moral actors caused positive (instead of negative) moral consequences (Study 2), and could be accounted for by the flexible responsibility attribution to AI (i.e., ascribing more responsibility to AI when judging the self rather than others; Studies 1 and 2). The findings suggest that people may dynamically exploit the “moral wiggle room” in hybrid moral situations and reason about AI's responsibility to serve their self-interest.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104584"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001415/pdfft?md5=8250bac000b907c96a7702be9bffb939&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001415-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138823198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From self to ingroup reclaiming of homophobic epithets: A replication and extension of Galinsky et al.'s (2013) model of reappropriation 从自我到内群体对恐同绰号的再利用：Galinsky 等人（2013 年）的再挪用模型的复制和扩展

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104583

Mauro Bianchi , Andrea Carnaghi , Fabio Fasoli , Patrice Rusconi , Carlo Fantoni

引用次数: 0

Hazardous machinery: The assignment of agency and blame to robots versus non-autonomous machines 危险机械：机器人与非自主机器的代理和责任分配

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104582

Rael J. Dawtry , Mitchell J. Callan

{"title":"Hazardous machinery: The assignment of agency and blame to robots versus non-autonomous machines","authors":"Rael J. Dawtry , Mitchell J. Callan","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Autonomous robots increasingly perform functions that are potentially hazardous and could cause injury to people (e.g., autonomous driving). When this happens, questions will arise regarding responsibility, although autonomy complicates this issue – insofar as robots seem to control their own behaviour, where would blame be assigned? Across three experiments, we examined whether robots involved in harm are assigned agency and, consequently, blamed. In Studies 1 and 2, people assigned more agency to machines involved in accidents when they were described as ‘autonomous robots’ (vs. ‘machines’), and in turn, blamed them more, across a variety of contexts. In Study 2, robots and machines were assigned similar experience, and we found no evidence for a role of experience in blaming robots over machines. In Study 3, people assigned more agency and blame to a more (vs. less) sophisticated military robot involved in a civilian fatality. Humans who were responsible for robots' safe operation, however, were blamed similarly whether harms involved a robot (vs. machine; Study 1), or a more (vs. less; Study 3) sophisticated robot. These findings suggest that people spontaneously conceptualise robots' autonomy via humanlike agency, and consequently, consider them blameworthy agents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104582"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001397/pdfft?md5=c20fa836e33b2c46b4c59ad2c5a061a6&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001397-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138823166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0