Journal of Experimental Social Psychology最新文献_第3页

Race in the eye of the beholder: Decomposing perceiver- and target-level variation in perceived racial prototypicality 观察者眼中的种族：分解感知种族原型性中感知者和目标层面的差异

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104667

Jasmine B. Norman , Daphne Castro Lingl , Eric Hehman , Jacqueline M. Chen

{"title":"Race in the eye of the beholder: Decomposing perceiver- and target-level variation in perceived racial prototypicality","authors":"Jasmine B. Norman , Daphne Castro Lingl , Eric Hehman , Jacqueline M. Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Perceivers' ability to use multiple sources of information when forming impressions—including top-down, perceiver-level features, and bottom-up, target-level features—is a hallmark of social cognition. We investigate this primary foundation by examining the role of perceiver-level and target-level variation in perceived racial prototypicality in the U.S. In Study 1 (200 unique faces; 2608 raters), we quantified contributions of perceiver- and target-level effects to perceived racial prototypicality. Perceiver- and target-level contributions varied across racial category (Asian, Black, Latine, Middle Eastern, and Multiracial), with Multiracial and Middle Eastern prototypicality being more perceiver-driven. Although several appearance features (e.g., perceived ambiguity, skin tone) related to perceived prototypicality, there were distinctions in how perceivers used them (e.g., some people strongly used skin tone to infer Black prototypicality, while others used this less or not at all). A second study (<em>N</em> = 511) experimentally manipulated race essentialist beliefs. While there was no impact on perceived racial prototypicality, regardless of the category (Asian, Black, Latine, Middle Eastern, Multiracial, and Native American), Middle Eastern, Multiracial, and Native American prototypicality were generally more perceiver-driven than other categories, converging with Study 1. Further, perceivers' social dominance orientation, but not several other individual differences, were associated with less use of each of these categories. Taken together, findings suggest perceived racial prototypicality may originate less from stable individual differences like attitudes and instead reflects both i) differences in perceptions of target features and ii) differences in how people use particular target features in making racial prototypicality judgments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 104667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142089336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exemplar-based ingroup projection: The superordinate national category is associated more strongly with ingroup than outgroup political leaders 基于榜样的内群投射：上位国家类别与内群政治领导人的联系比与外群政治领导人的联系更紧密

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104669

Adi Amit , Ido Liviatan , Sari Mentser , Eitan Venzhik , Yuval Karmel , Tal Moran

{"title":"Exemplar-based ingroup projection: The superordinate national category is associated more strongly with ingroup than outgroup political leaders","authors":"Adi Amit , Ido Liviatan , Sari Mentser , Eitan Venzhik , Yuval Karmel , Tal Moran","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We studied mental representations of social categories in the context of political groups nested within national identities. Extending previous works derived from the Ingroup Projection Model, which had investigated category representations based on prototypical <em>attributes</em>, we examined category representations based on prototypical <em>exemplars</em>, focusing on group leaders. We hypothesized that the mental representation of the superordinate, national, category is more strongly associated with the mental representation of ingroup political leaders than outgroup political leaders. We tested our hypothesis in three preregistered experiments, looking at two different national-political contexts and using diverse methods. In Studies 1 (<em>N</em> = 145) and 2 (<em>N</em> = 103), both conducted in Israel, we found that participants explicitly associated the national category with leaders of their own political camp more than with leaders of the rival political camp. In Study 2, we further found that participants were more likely to falsely remember that ingroup relative to outgroup political leaders were paired with the national category (versus their political wing). In Study 3 (<em>N</em> = 381), conducted in the USA, we found using an implicit measure of association (ST-IAT) that Democrats and Republicans sorted stimuli, representing political leaders, faster when the national category (represented by American symbols) was paired with the ingroup rather than the outgroup category. Implications for theoretical accounts of ingroup projection, as well as for the understanding of political polarization and intergroup leadership, are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 104669"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142075787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intergroup bias in perceived trustworthiness among few or many minimal groups 少数或多数最小群体在感知可信度方面的群体间偏差

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104668

Johanna Woitzel, Moritz Ingendahl, Hans Alves

{"title":"Intergroup bias in perceived trustworthiness among few or many minimal groups","authors":"Johanna Woitzel, Moritz Ingendahl, Hans Alves","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In diversifying societies, people are inevitably exposed to an increasing number of outgroups. As impressions of outgroups are more negative than those of ingroups, this may overall lead to more negative social attitudes and behaviors. In six preregistered experiments (<em>N</em><sub><em>total</em></sub> = 1832) using a minimal group paradigm, we investigated whether the mere number of groups influences the perceived trustworthiness of ingroups, outgroups, and the total population. Our results consistently show that higher diversity does not decrease overall population trustworthiness, despite a larger number of outgroups. This is because of a stronger intergroup bias such that ingroups receive an additional boost in trustworthiness judgments when there are more outgroups. Our experiments show that these effects are not due to objective or perceived group sizes or greater attitude differences toward the group-defining attributes. Instead, people seem to perceive members of their ingroup as more similar to themselves if there is a higher number of outgroups and high similarity is related to high perceived trustworthiness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 104668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103124000817/pdfft?md5=956868db8eb3972e99d4d4f2eab40564&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103124000817-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142083066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effects of fear appeals on reactance in climate change communication 恐惧诉求对气候变化传播中反应的影响

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104666

Laura Bilfinger, Benjamin Brummernhenrich, Regina Jucks

{"title":"The effects of fear appeals on reactance in climate change communication","authors":"Laura Bilfinger, Benjamin Brummernhenrich, Regina Jucks","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Addressing the existential threat posed by climate change requires urgent actions, both on an individual level and on a policy level. In the present research, we applied an emotion-based persuasion appeal model to climate change mitigation to test the effect of climate mitigation appeals formulated with different levels of threat (high vs. low) and appealing to different types of climate change solutions (individual vs. policy) in eliciting psychological reactance, motivating support for climate change mitigation, and influencing willingness to discuss the issue with others. Through an online between-subjects experiment, we found that appealing to individuals (as opposed to policy) increased individuals' perceived threat to freedom, and psychological reactance. Our threat manipulation increased levels of fear, but the interaction between level of threat and type of appeal was not statistically significant on any of our dependent variables. Results are discussed in light of the active debate regarding the effectiveness of fear appeals in the climate change communication context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 104666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103124000799/pdfft?md5=377758af974dc22ff982d11825b7fcd5&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103124000799-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142040405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dissociations between animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization in the context of labor exploitation 劳动剥削背景下动物性非人化与机械性非人化之间的分离

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104665

Matthew L. Stanley , Aaron C. Kay

{"title":"Dissociations between animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization in the context of labor exploitation","authors":"Matthew L. Stanley , Aaron C. Kay","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Across eight studies (and two additional supplemental studies), we investigate possible bidirectional causal links between dehumanization and exploitation (total <em>N</em> = 5923). Participants were less opposed to the exploitation of mechanistically dehumanized workers – i.e., workers perceived to lack traits central to human nature like emotionality and warmth – than other workers (Studies 1–5). The effects of mechanistic dehumanization on exploitation judgments were statistically explained by perceptions that mechanistically dehumanized workers are more capable of enduring experiences that typically elicit suffering and hardship (Studies 2–4). We also found evidence against several other possible explanations for the effects of mechanistic dehumanization on exploitation judgments (i.e., competence, dependability, likeability; Studies 2–4). In addition, we found consistent evidence for the reverse causal pathway: Workers who are exploited – relative to workers who are not exploited – are more likely to be attributed qualities indicative of mechanistic dehumanization (Studies 6–8; Supplemental Studies 1–2). The effects across studies were invariant to job type, the perceived race/ethnicity and gender of the target worker, and the specific case of exploitation. In addition, the relationships between dehumanization and exploitation judgments were specific to the mechanistic form of dehumanization and not the animalistic form – i.e., perceiving others as lacking traits that distinguish humans from animals like self-control, rationality, civility. These bidirectional causal relations between mechanistic dehumanization and exploitation have the potential to create a vicious cycle of suffering and unfair treatment for certain workers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 104665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141915314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Moral decay in investment 投资中的道德败坏

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104664

Paweł Niszczota , Paul Conway , Michał Białek

{"title":"Moral decay in investment","authors":"Paweł Niszczota , Paul Conway , Michał Białek","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>How strongly do higher investment premiums tempt people to invest in unethical assets, such as harmful ‘sin stocks’? We present two experimental studies (<em>N</em><sub>total</sub> = 1260) examining baseline willingness to invest in ‘sin stocks’ (without a premium), changes in investments as premiums increase, and how individual differences in deontological and utilitarian inclinations and dark personality traits impact baseline and changes to investments. We compare results to hypothetical models of sensitivity to higher returns: a) full resilience (to moral decay), where people increase investment in regular but not sin stocks with increasing premiums, b) partial resilience, where increasing premiums increases investment more slowly for sin than regular stocks, c) sin deduction: a flat baseline penalty for sin versus regular stocks resulting in similar sensitivity to increasing premiums, and d) decay, where investment differences in sin versus regular stocks reduce as premiums increase. On average, responses aligned best with the partial resilience model. Individual differences in morally-relevant traits moderated effects: most notably, people with higher deontological inclinations and lower dark traits showed greater resilience. However, 21–33% of participants exhibited full resilience, refusing to invest more in sin stocks even as premiums increased, which was more common in people with higher deontological inclinations and lower dark traits. These findings suggest that decisions to invest in sin stocks reflect the sensitivity to the sinfulness of the stock, which remains strong even after unethical investments are made more attractive. We conclude that increasing the economic reward of unethical investments does not crowd out moral concerns.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 104664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141915315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scientific identity and STEMM-relevant outcomes: Elaboration moderates use of identity-certainty 科学认同与 STEMM 相关成果：阐述对身份确定性使用的调节作用

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104663

Lorena Moreno , Pablo Briñol , Borja Paredes , Richard E. Petty

{"title":"Scientific identity and STEMM-relevant outcomes: Elaboration moderates use of identity-certainty","authors":"Lorena Moreno , Pablo Briñol , Borja Paredes , Richard E. Petty","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research investigates the link between scientific identity and STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine)-related outcomes as a function of identity certainty. Across a pilot study and three additional studies, participants' scientific identity was first measured using different procedures. Then, the certainty with which that identity was held was either measured (pilot study and Studies 1 & 2) or manipulated (Study 3). Both subjective outcomes (e.g., interest and career decisions in the pilot study and Study 2) and objective consequences (e.g., performance in Studies 1 and 3) served as dependent variables. As expected, results showed that participants' scientific identity was more strongly associated with STEMM-relevant outcomes as certainty in that identity increased. Beyond predicting when and for whom scientific identity is more likely to guide career decisions and performance, this research showed that reliance on identity certainty (a metacognitive assessment) is more likely to occur as the extent of thinking is increased. By inducing elaboration after certainty was already manipulated (Study 3), this research distinguishes between forming a metacognitive judgment of certainty and subsequently using that already existing certainty.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 104663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103124000763/pdfft?md5=4ab3f786383215b8f38a008214131823&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103124000763-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141892112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Choosing not to see: Visual inattention as a method of information avoidance 选择不看：视觉注意力不集中是一种回避信息的方法

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104661

Caroline Kjær Børsting , Aleksandr Batuev , Shaul Shalvi , Jacob Lund Orquin

{"title":"Choosing not to see: Visual inattention as a method of information avoidance","authors":"Caroline Kjær Børsting , Aleksandr Batuev , Shaul Shalvi , Jacob Lund Orquin","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>People rely on a number of methods to avoid information that would compel them to change their beliefs or behaviors. However, it remains unclear whether people use visual inattention as a method of information avoidance. In three eye-tracking experiments, we test the hypothesis that people avoid visual information by strategically suppressing and facilitating visual attention depending on where desired and avoided information is likely to appear. Introducing a novel search task, we independently manipulate the probability of where desired and avoided information appear on the screen. Study 1 show that participants learn statistical regularities in information location and utilize this to gradually suppress attention to undesired information. Study 2 and 3 show that participants can simultaneously reduce and increase visual attention to areas where avoided and desired information are most likely to appear. The findings point to suppression of attention as a mechanism behind information avoidance through visual inattention and that reducing the predictability of where information appears could be a fruitful avenue for reducing it.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 104661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141638916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Giving more or taking more? The dual effect of self-esteem on cooperative behavior in social dilemmas 付出更多还是索取更多？自尊对社会困境中合作行为的双重影响

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104660

Qingzhou Sun, Jingru Huang, Chengming Jiang, Bao Wu, Xiaofen Yu

{"title":"Giving more or taking more? The dual effect of self-esteem on cooperative behavior in social dilemmas","authors":"Qingzhou Sun, Jingru Huang, Chengming Jiang, Bao Wu, Xiaofen Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>How does self-esteem influence cooperative behavior in the face of social dilemmas? The findings of previous studies are inconsistent and ignore the distinction between giving and taking dilemmas. This study examined the relationship between self-esteem and cooperative behavior in giving and taking dilemmas. The results revealed that self-esteem positively predicted cooperative behavior in giving dilemmas but negatively predicted cooperative behavior in taking dilemmas (Study 1). This can be attributed to differential account attention and pathways to perceived competence. In the giving dilemma, individuals paid more attention to the public account and perceived giving more as more competent, whereas in the taking dilemma, individuals paid more attention to personal accounts and perceived taking more as more competent (Study 2). Changing account attention (by framing the giving-some, keeping-some, leaving-some, and taking-some dilemmas; Study 3) and the pathways to perceived competence (by associating contributing to the public interest with competence versus pursuing a personal interest with competence; Study 4) influenced the effect of self-esteem on cooperative behavior between the two dilemmas. These findings have implications for reconciling previous inconsistencies and understanding the mechanisms underlying the dual effect of self-esteem on cooperation; they also provide references for cooperative nudges for individuals with differing degrees of self-esteem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 104660"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Face masks facilitate discrimination of genuine and fake smiles – But people believe the opposite 面罩有助于辨别真假微笑--但人们的看法恰恰相反

IF 3.2 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104658

Haotian Zhou , Meiying Wang , Yu Yang , Elizabeth A. Majka

引用次数: 0