Journal of Experimental Social Psychology最新文献_第7页

The threat of powerlessness: Consequences for affect and (social) cognition 无能为力的威胁：对情感和（社会）认知的影响

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104576

Robin Willardt , Petra C. Schmid

{"title":"The threat of powerlessness: Consequences for affect and (social) cognition","authors":"Robin Willardt , Petra C. Schmid","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Throughout history, powerlessness has been associated with phenomena such as heightened conspiracy beliefs and perceived ingroup homogeneity and commitment, as well as increased conviction about one's own opinions and worldview. The goals of the present research were to examine whether such links are causal and to gain an understanding of the underlying mechanism. We hypothesized that the experience of powerlessness activates the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and that the aforementioned phenomena emerge as threat defenses aimed at lowering BIS activation. To test these hypotheses, one correlational and three experimental studies were conducted. Meta-analytic results across these four studies indicate an indirect but not a direct link between powerlessness and the increased use of threat defenses via heightened BIS activation. These findings provide new insights into the potential negative social, affective, and cognitive consequences of feeling powerless. They can furthermore be used to design interventions that aim to prevent such consequences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001336/pdfft?md5=c5be238436a45b3d8836334f4a36e0a4&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001336-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138887357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Power can increase but also decrease cheating depending on what thoughts are validated 权力可以增加，但也可以减少，这取决于哪些想法得到了验证

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104578

Grigorios Lamprinakos , David Santos , Maria Stavraki , Pablo Briñol , Solon Magrizos , Richard E. Petty

{"title":"Power can increase but also decrease cheating depending on what thoughts are validated","authors":"Grigorios Lamprinakos , David Santos , Maria Stavraki , Pablo Briñol , Solon Magrizos , Richard E. Petty","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prior research has shown that power is associated with cheating. In the present research, we showcase that higher power can increase but also decrease cheating, depending on the thoughts validated by the feelings of power. In two experiments, participants were first asked to generate either positive or negative thoughts about cheating. Following this manipulation of thought direction, participants were placed in either high or low power conditions. After the two inductions, cheating was measured using different paradigms – assessing cheating intentions in relationships (Study 1) and over reporting performance for monetary gain (Study 2). Relative to powerless participants, those induced to feel powerful showed more reliance on the initial thoughts induced. Consequently, the effect of the direction of the thoughts on cheating was greater for participants with high (vs. low) power. Specifically, high power increased cheating only when initial thoughts about cheating were already favorable but decreased cheating when it validated unfavorable cheating relevant thoughts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002210312300135X/pdfft?md5=6117c69b28d89d5b9306bfe4db2a9939&pid=1-s2.0-S002210312300135X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138887362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Responsibility gaps and self-interest bias: People attribute moral responsibility to AI for their own but not others' transgressions 责任差距和利己偏见：人们将自己的道德责任归咎于人工智能，而不是他人的过失

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104584

Mengchen Dong , Konrad Bocian

{"title":"Responsibility gaps and self-interest bias: People attribute moral responsibility to AI for their own but not others' transgressions","authors":"Mengchen Dong , Konrad Bocian","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the last decade, the ambiguity and difficulty of responsibility attribution to AI and human stakeholders (i.e., responsibility gaps) has been increasingly relevant and discussed in extreme cases (e.g., autonomous weapons). On top of related philosophical debates, the current research provides empirical evidence on the importance of bridging responsibility gaps from a psychological and motivational perspective. In three pre-registered studies (<em>N</em> = 1259), we examined moral judgments in hybrid moral situations, where both a human and an AI were involved as moral actors and arguably responsible for a moral consequence. We found that people consistently showed a self-interest bias in the evaluation of hybrid transgressions, such that they judged the human actors more leniently when they were depicted as themselves (vs. others; Studies 1 and 2) and ingroup (vs. outgroup; Study 3) members. Moreover, this bias did not necessarily emerge when moral actors caused positive (instead of negative) moral consequences (Study 2), and could be accounted for by the flexible responsibility attribution to AI (i.e., ascribing more responsibility to AI when judging the self rather than others; Studies 1 and 2). The findings suggest that people may dynamically exploit the “moral wiggle room” in hybrid moral situations and reason about AI's responsibility to serve their self-interest.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001415/pdfft?md5=8250bac000b907c96a7702be9bffb939&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001415-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138823198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From self to ingroup reclaiming of homophobic epithets: A replication and extension of Galinsky et al.'s (2013) model of reappropriation 从自我到内群体对恐同绰号的再利用：Galinsky 等人（2013 年）的再挪用模型的复制和扩展

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104583

Mauro Bianchi , Andrea Carnaghi , Fabio Fasoli , Patrice Rusconi , Carlo Fantoni

引用次数: 0

Hazardous machinery: The assignment of agency and blame to robots versus non-autonomous machines 危险机械：机器人与非自主机器的代理和责任分配

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104582

Rael J. Dawtry , Mitchell J. Callan

{"title":"Hazardous machinery: The assignment of agency and blame to robots versus non-autonomous machines","authors":"Rael J. Dawtry , Mitchell J. Callan","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Autonomous robots increasingly perform functions that are potentially hazardous and could cause injury to people (e.g., autonomous driving). When this happens, questions will arise regarding responsibility, although autonomy complicates this issue – insofar as robots seem to control their own behaviour, where would blame be assigned? Across three experiments, we examined whether robots involved in harm are assigned agency and, consequently, blamed. In Studies 1 and 2, people assigned more agency to machines involved in accidents when they were described as ‘autonomous robots’ (vs. ‘machines’), and in turn, blamed them more, across a variety of contexts. In Study 2, robots and machines were assigned similar experience, and we found no evidence for a role of experience in blaming robots over machines. In Study 3, people assigned more agency and blame to a more (vs. less) sophisticated military robot involved in a civilian fatality. Humans who were responsible for robots' safe operation, however, were blamed similarly whether harms involved a robot (vs. machine; Study 1), or a more (vs. less; Study 3) sophisticated robot. These findings suggest that people spontaneously conceptualise robots' autonomy via humanlike agency, and consequently, consider them blameworthy agents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001397/pdfft?md5=c20fa836e33b2c46b4c59ad2c5a061a6&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001397-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138823166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What makes us “we”? The positivity bias in essentialist beliefs about group attributes 是什么让我们成为 "我们"？关于群体属性的本质主义信念中的积极性偏差

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104581

Kaiyuan Chen, Michael A. Hogg

{"title":"What makes us “we”? The positivity bias in essentialist beliefs about group attributes","authors":"Kaiyuan Chen, Michael A. Hogg","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Psychological essentialism refers to the tendency to view entities as having enduring properties that make them what they are (i.e., essences). Emerging research suggests people possess a positivity bias in essentialism (PBE), a preference to view positively (vs. negatively) evaluated attributes as the essences of an entity. Four experiments (total <em>N</em> = 1020) tested group attributes' association (ingroup vs. outgroup) as a boundary condition of PBE. We expected PBE to be stronger for ingroup than for outgroup and this difference to be accentuated by (a) identity centrality and (b) self-uncertainty. In Studies 1–3, we asked participants to generate one positive attribute and one negative attribute for ingroup and outgroup respectively and measured PBE. PBE was found to be stronger for ingroup attributes and was even reversed for outgroup attributes. Identity centrality, but not self-uncertainty, accentuated this effect. In the pre-registered Study 4, we asked participants to generate as many attributes as possible and replicated the main findings. Moreover, we found differences in PBE, along with intergroup affect, prospectively accounted for intergroup cooperative intentions. The findings suggest that essentialist beliefs about attributes are constrained by collective self-enhancement and have unique implications in intergroup contexts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138678275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Feeling known predicts relationship satisfaction 感觉被了解可预测人际关系满意度

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104559

Juliana Schroeder , Ayelet Fishbach

{"title":"Feeling known predicts relationship satisfaction","authors":"Juliana Schroeder , Ayelet Fishbach","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two forms of subjective relationship knowledge—the belief that one is known and knows one's partner—have separately been shown to positively predict relationship satisfaction, but which is more important for relational wellbeing? Seven studies show that believing one <em>is known</em> by their partner (i.e., “feeling known”) predicts relationship satisfaction more than believing that one <em>knows</em> their partner (i.e., “felt knowing”). In Studies 1a-c, feeling known predicted relationship satisfaction more than felt knowing among family, romantic partners, and friends. Feeling known also causally influenced expected relationship satisfaction more than felt knowing in Studies 2a-b. Study 3 suggests a potential reason why feeling known is more closely associated with relationship satisfaction – because people value receiving support in their relationships. Finally, the desire to feel known may lead people to “undersell” themselves to potential partners. In Study 4, when people wrote dating profiles to attract potential romantic partners, they more strongly expressed their desire to be known than to know their potential future partner. Yet, readers of these profiles were more attracted to those who professed interest in knowing them. Overall, this research suggests that feeling known is an important ingredient in the recipe for relationship joy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001166/pdfft?md5=850737c8a451c894402b488fec5ec673&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001166-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138557852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conflict, cooperation, and institutional choice 冲突、合作和制度选择

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104566

Shuxian Jin , Simon Columbus , Paul A.M. van Lange , Daniel Balliet

{"title":"Conflict, cooperation, and institutional choice","authors":"Shuxian Jin , Simon Columbus , Paul A.M. van Lange , Daniel Balliet","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social situations may vary in the severity of conflict between self-interest and collective welfare, and thereby pose collective action problems that might require different institutional solutions. The present study examines the effect of conflict of interests on beliefs, norms, cooperation, and choice of sanctioning institutions in social dilemmas across two experiments (total <em>N</em> = 1304). In each experiment, participants interacted in a public goods game (PGG), and a modified PGG with institutional choice using a 2 (conflict of interests: <em>low</em> vs. <em>high</em>) × 3 (institutional choice: <em>peer punishment/no sanction</em> vs. <em>centralized punishment/no sanction</em> vs. <em>gossip plus ostracism/no sanction</em>) between-participants design. More severe conflict of interests reduces individuals' own cooperation, first-order beliefs about others' cooperation, second-order normative expectations and personal norms of cooperation. This pattern is pronounced over time in repeated interactions. We did not find that conflict of interests influenced the choice to establish a sanctioning institution. Taken together, the challenges arising from stronger conflicting interests can cause the collapse of cooperation, hinder the emergence of trust and norms of cooperation, but do not provide the impetus to support a sanctioning institution to promote cooperation. Implications for solving public goods dilemmas that contain a severe conflict of interests are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001233/pdfft?md5=d16d33a8c98e243184d300299d27bf4d&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001233-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138491847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Facial first impressions following a prison sentence: Negative shift in trait ratings but the same underlying structure 入狱后的面部第一印象:性格评分的负面变化，但基本结构不变

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104568

Coral M. Coutts, Christopher A. Longmore, Mila Mileva

{"title":"Facial first impressions following a prison sentence: Negative shift in trait ratings but the same underlying structure","authors":"Coral M. Coutts, Christopher A. Longmore, Mila Mileva","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The first impressions we form of unfamiliar others can often guide many important decisions such as whether someone is guilty of a crime or the severity of their sentence, even in the presence of more relevant information. While most of the current work in this context has focused on their impact during trial proceedings and sentencing, little is known about the potential impact of first impressions following a guilty sentence and the success of the subsequent reintegration into society. Here, we used a data-driven approach to address this question by first collecting unconstrained spontaneous impressions from two groups of perceivers – one group believed that the identities they were presented with had received a prison sentence, whereas the other received no additional semantic information (Study 1). This then allowed us to establish the most prevalent traits people refer to when describing their first impressions in this context and to reveal the underlying structure of these impressions using an Exploratory Factor Analysis (Study 2). We find a substantial negative shift in social evaluation following the knowledge of a prison sentence, both in terms of spontaneous descriptions and specific trait ratings. However, this additional contextual information did not affect the underlying structure of first impressions. These findings support social evaluation theories arguing for a more complex interplay between bottom-up visual and top-down semantic or contextual cues during the formation of facial first impressions but also reveal important constraints to the impact of such cues on the core impression formation processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103123001257/pdfft?md5=21a513e9a8accb6cca2b57669a9d3cfd&pid=1-s2.0-S0022103123001257-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138484823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are rules meant to be broken? When and why consistent rule-following undermines versus enhances trust 规则是用来打破的吗?何时以及为什么一贯遵守规则会破坏信任，而不是增强信任

IF 3.5 2区心理学

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104552

Michael W. White , Emma E. Levine , Alexander C. Kristal

{"title":"Are rules meant to be broken? When and why consistent rule-following undermines versus enhances trust","authors":"Michael W. White , Emma E. Levine , Alexander C. Kristal","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Although consistency has long been positioned as a cornerstone of trust, the present paper examines when and why consistent rule-following undermines versus enhances trust. Across six preregistered experiments (total </span><em>N</em> = 2649), we study trust in decision-makers (e.g., police officers, managers) who either consistently punish offenders according to codified rules (e.g., laws, policies) or who exercise discretion by occasionally deviating from rules. We find that people are more likely to trust decision-makers that exercise discretion rather than consistently follow rules, to the extent that discretion signals benevolence. The degree to which discretion is perceived as benevolent, and therefore trustworthy, depends on what type of discretion is exercised, how the decision is reached, to whom discretion is applied, and the nature of the transgressions being punished. Specifically, people reward decision-makers who use discretion leniently (rather than punitively) and apply it thoughtfully (rather than arbitrarily). Moreover, only certain cases of punishment are deemed appropriate for discretion. When discretion is perceived to be motivated by favoritism because it is applied to close others, or when the basis for discretion is unclear because there is little variance in cases of the crime being punished, discretion fails to signal benevolence and elicit trust. This research has important implications for understanding trust, discretion, and the reputational consequences of punishment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138472237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0