Mohamed A. Hussein , Zakary L. Tormala , S. Christian Wheeler
{"title":"Why do people choose extreme candidates? The role of identity relevance","authors":"Mohamed A. Hussein , Zakary L. Tormala , S. Christian Wheeler","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elected officials are increasingly extreme. Research trying to understand this trend has tended to focus on structural factors, such as primary elections and changes in the supply of candidates. Less emphasis has been placed on psychological perspectives. The current research advances such a perspective. Leveraging research on attitudes, we investigate when and why people prefer extreme over moderate candidates from their own party. We posit that the identity relevance of people's attitudes plays a key role. Specifically, we propose that identity relevance fosters attitude extremity, which in turn promotes a preference for extreme over moderate candidates. Across six main studies (<em>N =</em> 3136) using a variety of political issues, operationalizations of identity relevance, instantiations of candidate extremity, and experimental paradigms (including two studies with human-LLM interactions), we find support for this hypothesis. Our findings suggest that as attitudes become more identity relevant, they become more extreme, leading individuals to prefer extreme over moderate candidates from their party. These results shed light on when and why people prefer extreme over moderate candidates, contribute to a nascent literature on the identity relevance of people's attitudes, and advance our understanding of the antecedents and consequences of attitude extremity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104821"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily Balcetis, Jordan S. Daley, Bradley Tao, Bryce Lexow
{"title":"Keeping the goal in sight and in mind: The association between visual attention and motivational mindsets among runners","authors":"Emily Balcetis, Jordan S. Daley, Bradley Tao, Bryce Lexow","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Individuals rely on a multitude of tools, including visual attention-based strategies, to self-regulate. We ask if attention itself serves as the regulatory strategy, or whether shifts in attentional scope shift the reliance on implemental and deliberative motivational mindsets. Runners self-reported how frequently they actually use or believe they should use narrow and wide attentional scope, as well as implemental and deliberative mindset, across progressive stages of runs. As runs progress, runners increasingly narrow their attentional scope but do not increasingly use implemental motivational mindset; they also decreasingly widen their attentional scope but do not decreasingly use deliberative mindset (Exploratory Study, Study 1, Study 2, Study 3). Attentional scope and motivational mindset changes diverged over time suggesting an independence between them. Moreover, experimentally induced changes in attentional scope failed to cause corresponding changes in motivational mindset (Study 4). Task difficulty, as assessed by arousal, differentially related to changes in attentional scope and motivational mindset, suggesting scope and mindset are not governed by the same underlying system (Study 3). Finally, faster and slower runners showed distinct patterns of prioritizing narrow attentional scope (Study 3), suggesting that attentional narrowing is not simply a uniform response to arousal. Across 5 studies, data suggest the independence of attentional scope and motivational mindsets in the context of running. We discuss implications for visual attention, mindset theory, and self-regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104822"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does reading an anti-free will text affect beliefs related to free will over time? — A registered report","authors":"Oliver Genschow , John Protzko , Senne Braem","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scientists debate how the public would react when anti-free will messages are communicated in the media. Taking part in this debate, social psychologists test whether letting participants read texts that argue against the plausibility of free will reduces their beliefs related to free will. However, this research leaves open whether merely reading such a text actually changes free will beliefs over and beyond a single experimental session in the lab. To fill this gap, in three experiments we investigated whether merely reading a short text claiming that free will does not exist, influences beliefs related to free will over time. Two experiments demonstrate that reading an anti-free will text (as compared to a control text) reduces participants' beliefs related to free will when measured on the same day (Experiment 1 and 2), the next day (Experiment 1 and 2) as well as one week later (Experiment 2). Critically, when controlling for potential demand effects by making sure that participants do not associate the assessment of free will beliefs with the first session in which beliefs were manipulated (Experiment 3), results no longer showed an effect of reading the anti-free will text over time. Theoretical and ethical implications of these findings are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145311733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-anchoring toward groups shapes changes in intergroup attitudes during intergroup interactions","authors":"Yatian Lei , Fangfang Wen , Bin Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous research on intergroup interactions has offered rich theoretical explanations for how competition and cooperation influence intergroup relations, yet explanations for their contrasting effects on intergroup attitudes remain fragmented. This study investigated the role of self-anchoring in shaping intergroup attitudes during intergroup competition and cooperation. Across three experiments, we demonstrated that self-anchoring serves as a key psychological mechanism through which intergroup interaction influences intergroup attitudes. We examined both cognitive (personality trait similarity) and motivational (approach orientation reflected in psychological overlap) dimensions of self-anchoring. The findings showed that intergroup cooperation enhanced self-anchoring and improved attitudes toward the outgroup, relative to intergroup competition. The parallel mediation models confirmed that both cognitive and motivational dimensions of self-anchoring mediate the effects of intergroup interactions on outgroup attitudes. Further, experimental manipulation of self-anchoring resulted in corresponding changes in intergroup attitudes, confirming its causal role. These results illuminate how self-anchoring processes can explain the divergent effects of intergroup competition and cooperation on intergroup relations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104817"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin Buttlar , Anna Lambrich , Linda McCaughey , Iris K. Schneider
{"title":"Too much information? A systematic investigation of the antecedents and consequences of ambivalence-induced information seeking behavior","authors":"Benjamin Buttlar , Anna Lambrich , Linda McCaughey , Iris K. Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People regularly have to navigate decisions about which they feel ambivalent, for instance, regarding unhealthy food, recycling, or financial investments. It is assumed that people cope with such felt ambivalence by seeking information that sways their ambivalent attitudes (potential ambivalence) about these topics. However, empirical evidence for this proposition is scarce because most studies measure information seeking intentions instead of behavior. As such, it remains doubtful whether information seeking indeed helps people to reduce felt ambivalence while making decisions. To test this proposition, we adapted a sample-based information seeking paradigm that enabled us to measure actual information seeking behavior in financial decisions. In four preregistered studies (total <em>N</em> = 542 participants; <em>k</em> = 16.538 decisions), we demonstrated that when people feel ambivalent about an initial set of information about a stock, they seek more information about its development to decide whether it develops positively or negatively; this information seeking, in turn, helps them to reduce felt ambivalence when making the decision. However, this is only the case when the initial information is ambivalent and the sought information is univalent; otherwise, information seeking increases felt ambivalence. This supports a central proposition in ambivalence research, indicating that people can indeed solve their felt ambivalence through information seeking. However, our data also showed that the effect of information seeking on felt ambivalence cannot be fully explained by changes in potential ambivalence and a resolution of the attitudinal basis of the conflict. Future research should, therefore, examine whether and how information seeking can also serve as an emotion-focused coping strategy that helps people reduce felt ambivalence by coping with conflict-induced discomfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104783"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144722003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teodora Spiridonova , Olga Stavrova , Ilja van Beest
{"title":"Does protection come at a cost? A random stimuli approach to investigating the (side-)effects of misinformation inoculations","authors":"Teodora Spiridonova , Olga Stavrova , Ilja van Beest","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inoculation – an intervention aimed at informing people of the threat of misinformation and the strategies used to spread it – is an increasingly popular approach for fighting fake news. While studies have shown inoculation to be effective in reducing the credibility of fake news, the evidence on whether it might also lead to undesirable side-effects, such as reduced credibility of true news, is mixed. Further, existing research has only rarely tested inoculation using real-life news, has not accounted for the potential issue of biased stimulus selection, and has not tested the assumed mechanism behind the inoculation's effectiveness: the higher presence of misinformation strategies in fake vs. true news. The present research was designed to fill these gaps. Using a random stimuli approach and a dataset of real-life true and fake news headlines, Study 1 showed that inoculation decreased perceived accuracy (but not trustworthiness) of fake news (without changing the perceived accuracy of true news), and did not render people more cynical. Additionally, Study 2 showed that fake news contained more misinformation strategies than true news, and Study 3 found that the inoculation worked better on headlines that used more (vs. fewer) misinformation strategies. In sum, our findings suggest that inoculation is unlikely to have side effects, yet its effectiveness might be more limited than previously assumed. We thus contribute to the broader literature on reducing misinformation, and research on the effectiveness of the inoculation approach in particular.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104806"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144813917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sierra D. Peters , Jon K. Maner , Andrea L. Meltzer
{"title":"The evolved psychology of mate preferences: Sexual desire underlies the prioritization of attractiveness in long-term partners","authors":"Sierra D. Peters , Jon K. Maner , Andrea L. Meltzer","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although existing evolutionary psychological research provides insight into the ultimate reproductive functions underlying long-term romantic partner preferences, such research has generally stopped short of identifying the proximate affective and motivational mechanisms that drive those preferences. Findings from three studies comprising four independent samples (total <em>N</em> = 2099) provide evidence that sexual desire is a proximate mechanism underlying prioritization of attractiveness in long-term partners. Sex differences and individual differences in sociosexuality were associated with prioritization of long-term partner attractiveness and those associations were statistically mediated by levels of chronic sexual desire (Study 1). Experimentally activating a state of high sexual desire increased males' and females' prioritization of attractiveness to an equivalent degree (Study 2). Experimentally reducing the relevance of sexual desire in people's mate preferences decreased prioritization of attractiveness in both males and females (Study 3). These studies integrate ultimate and proximate perspectives to provide novel insight into the role situationally activated motivational states play in shaping long-term partner preferences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104791"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Common ingroup meta-identification: A meta-perception perspective to dynamically promote intergroup attitudes in status asymmetry contexts","authors":"Wenlin Ke , Fangfang Wen , Bin Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building upon the application of common ingroup identity in intergroup relations and the meta-perception perspective, this study innovatively introduces the concept of Common Ingroup Meta-Identification (CIMI), defined as individuals' perceptions regarding the identification of various subgroups with a common ingroup. Through four experiments, the research systematically examines both the effects of CIMI on intergroup attitudes and the moderating role of group status, using Agent-Based Modeling to simulate the underlying dynamic processes. The results indicated that manipulating CIMI effectively affected intergroup attitudes in both real groups and minimal groups (Study 1 and Study 2). Notably, CIMI from high-status groups exhibited a more pronounced effect, particularly when low-status groups perceived low level CIMI from high-status groups (Study 3A). The ABM simulation results in Study 3B revealed that at the group level, even a small number of individuals with strong shared group identity could trigger widespread improvements in intergroup attitudes, as their positive influence spreads through mutual CIMI. The starting level of this shared identity, especially in higher-status groups, played a pivotal role in determining whether attitudes became sustainably positive or regressed to negativity. These findings suggest that manipulating CIMI serves as an effective strategy for enhancing intergroup relations, providing a flexible approach to fostering mutual understanding among diverse nations, ethnicities, and cultures of different status.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104793"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Privileged origins taint perceived authenticity","authors":"Lan Anh N. Ton , Rosanna K. Smith , Ernest Baskin","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although individuals have no control over what they are endowed with at birth, those from privileged origins, such as being born into wealth, are often viewed negatively. This article examines how information about an individual's privilege at birth influences assessments of their authenticity and what they create. We theorize that a privileged origin dilutes the connection between an individual and their creation by introducing attributional ambiguity as to whether the creation is a true reflection of the individual or due to the advantages from the privilege. This diluted connection lowers the individual's perceived authenticity and assessments of the creation. Across Studies 1 and 2, we find individuals born with high privilege, in the form of either wealth or beauty, are seen as less authentic than those born with low or moderate privilege, which decreases evaluations of what they create. Study 3 tested the attributional process underlying these decreased evaluations, finding that high privilege decreases attributions of the creation to the individual, lowering the individual's perceived authenticity. Study 4 showed that these effects persisted even when the high-privilege individual acknowledged their privilege. Study 5 revealed that these effects attenuate when the high-privilege individual possesses mixed privilege (i.e., high wealth but low beauty or low wealth but high beauty). These findings highlight the reputational challenge faced by individuals born into privilege and offer theoretical insight into the negative authenticity judgments associated with privileged origins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thekla Müller-Boysen , Sergio Pirla , Stefan Pfattheicher
{"title":"On the relation between boredom and social behavior: A registered report","authors":"Thekla Müller-Boysen , Sergio Pirla , Stefan Pfattheicher","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boredom plays an essential role in everyday life and is a powerful motivator. This registered report investigated the interpersonal consequences of boredom. We recruited participants online (<em>N</em> = 3568) and ran one experiment manipulating boredom with three variations of behavioral options as dependent variables: 1) prosocial and non-social, 2) antisocial and non-social, and 3) prosocial, antisocial, and non-social. First, we tested whether boredom increases the likelihood of individuals engaging in any type of behavior, including both social and non-social alternatives. We found no significant main effect of boredom on behavior. Second, we tested whether boredom increases the likelihood of individuals engaging in prosocial or antisocial behavior. No clear evidence emerged for a total effect of boredom on prosocial or antisocial behavior. Moderation analyses revealed no significant effect of the prosocial personality trait Honestly-Humility, and the antisocial personality trait D. In addition, mediation analyses showed that boredom reduces individuals' sense of agency, which in turn is associated with increased prosocial and antisocial behavior; boredom also reduces a sense of meaning, which in turn relates to increased prosocial behavior when only this social option is presented. Overall, this study examined the motivational aspect of boredom with regard to social behavior and the role of personality traits as moderators and lack of agency and meaning as mediators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104804"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}