Memory & Cognition最新文献_第6页

Inside Ockham's razor: A mechanism driving preferences for simpler explanations. 奥卡姆剃刀的内部：更简单解释的驱动机制。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01604-w

Thalia H Vrantsidis, Tania Lombrozo

{"title":"Inside Ockham's razor: A mechanism driving preferences for simpler explanations.","authors":"Thalia H Vrantsidis, Tania Lombrozo","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01604-w","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01604-w","url":null,"abstract":"People often prefer simpler explanations, defined as those that posit the presence of fewer causes (e.g., positing the presence of a single cause, Cause A, rather than two causes, Causes B and C, to explain observed effects). Here, we test one hypothesis about the mechanisms underlying this preference: that people tend to reason as if they are using \"agnostic\" explanations, which remain neutral about the presence/absence of additional causes (e.g., comparing \"A\" vs. \"B and C,\" while remaining neutral about the status of B and C when considering \"A,\" or of A when considering \"B and C\"), even in cases where \"atheist\" explanations, which specify the absence of additional causes (e.g., \"A and not B or C\" vs. \"B and C and not A\"), are more appropriate. Three studies with US-based samples (total N = 982) tested this idea by using scenarios for which agnostic and atheist strategies produce diverging simplicity/complexity preferences, and asking participants to compare explanations provided in atheist form. Results suggest that people tend to ignore absent causes, thus overgeneralizing agnostic strategies, which can produce preferences for simpler explanations even when the complex explanation is objectively more probable. However, these unwarranted preferences were reduced by manipulations that encouraged participants to consider absent causes: making absences necessary to produce the effects (Study 2), or describing absences as causes that produce alternative effects (Study 3). These results shed light on the mechanisms driving preferences for simpler explanations, and on when these mechanisms are likely to lead people astray.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"746-774"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Different delayed consequences of attaining a plateau phase in practicing a simple (finger-tapping sequence learning) and a complex (Tower of Hanoi puzzle) task. 在练习简单任务（手指敲击序列学习）和复杂任务（河内塔拼图）时，达到高原阶段的延迟后果不同。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01622-8

Iris Lowenscuss-Erlich, Avi Karni, Carmit Gal, Eli Vakil

{"title":"Different delayed consequences of attaining a plateau phase in practicing a simple (finger-tapping sequence learning) and a complex (Tower of Hanoi puzzle) task.","authors":"Iris Lowenscuss-Erlich, Avi Karni, Carmit Gal, Eli Vakil","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01622-8","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01622-8","url":null,"abstract":"In practicing a new task, the initial performance gains, across consecutive trials, decrease; in the following phase, performance tends to plateau. However, after a long delay additional performance improvements may emerge (delayed/ \"offline\" gains). It has been suggested that the attainment of the plateau phase is a necessary condition for the triggering of skill consolidation processes that lead to the expression of delayed gains. Here we compared the effect of a long-delay (24-48 h) interval following each of the two within-session phases, on performance in a simple motor task, the finger-tapping sequence learning (FTSL), and in a conceptually complex task, the Tower of Hanoi puzzle (TOHP). In Experiment 1 we determined the amount of practice leading to the plateau phase within a single practice session (long practice), in each task. Experiment 2 consisted of three consecutive sessions with long-delay intervals in between; in the first session, participants underwent a short practice without attaining the plateau phase, but in the next two sessions, participants received long practice, attaining the plateau phase. In the FTSL, short practice resulted in no delayed gains after the long delay, but after 24-48 h following long practice, task performance was further improved. In contrast, no delayed gains evolved in the TOHP during the 24- to 48-h delay following long practice. We propose that the attainment of a plateau phase can indicate either the attainment of a comprehensive task solution routine (achievable for simple tasks) or a preservation of work-in-progress task solution routine (complex tasks); performance after a long post-practice interval can differentiate these two states.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"960-973"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12052877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can you help me? Using others to offload cognition. 你能帮我吗？利用他人卸载认知

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01621-9

Kristy L Armitage, Jonathan Redshaw

{"title":"Can you help me? Using others to offload cognition.","authors":"Kristy L Armitage, Jonathan Redshaw","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01621-9","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01621-9","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most ancient and widely used forms of cognitive offloading is the outsourcing of cognitive operations onto other humans. Here, we explore whether humans preferentially seek out and use information from more competent compared with less competent others in an ongoing cognitive task. Participants (N = 120) completed a novel computerised visuospatial working memory task where each trial required them to remember either one, five, or ten target locations and recall them after a brief delay. Next, participants watched two virtual people compete in a distinct memory game, where one performed relatively well, demonstrating a stronger memory, and the other performed relatively poorly, demonstrating a weaker memory. Finally, participants completed the initial memory task again, but this time, either the strong-memory person or the weak-memory person was available to help with recall on each trial. Our results showed that, through observation and without direct instruction, participants acquired beliefs about the virtual people's cognitive proficiencies and could readily draw upon these beliefs to inform offloading decisions. Participants were typically more likely to ask for help from the strong-memory person, and this tendency was independent from other factors known to drive cognitive offloading more generally, like task difficulty, unaided cognitive ability, and metacognitive confidence.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"946-959"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12052855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Self-reported strategy use and prospective memory: The roles of cue focality and task importance. 自我报告的策略使用和前瞻性记忆：线索聚焦和任务重要性的作用。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01600-0

Erin E Harrington, Celinda Reese-Melancon, Rachael L Turner

{"title":"Self-reported strategy use and prospective memory: The roles of cue focality and task importance.","authors":"Erin E Harrington, Celinda Reese-Melancon, Rachael L Turner","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01600-0","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01600-0","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in the metacognitive aspects of prospective memory (PM) is growing. Yet, the interplay between participants' metacognitive awareness of PM task demands and features that contribute to successful PM require further attention. To this aim, participants in the current study completed laboratory-based PM tasks of varying difficulty (cue focality: focal, nonfocal-category, or nonfocal-syllable) and reported their strategy use and perceptions of PM task importance. Most participants reported using a strategy regardless of cue focality. However, only under the most challenging condition (i.e., nonfocal-syllable) did participants who reported using a strategy exhibit better PM performance compared to those who did not use a strategy. Additionally, strategy use and cue focality were independently associated with greater costs to ongoing task performance: strategy users exhibited greater slowing relative to individuals who did not use a strategy, and the extent of slowing was greater as the task difficulty increased across cue focality. Finally, perceived task importance appeared to play an important role in the interactive link between cue focality and strategy use on PM performance for the more challenging, nonfocal PM tasks. Specifically, moderation analyses suggested that greater perceived task importance alone may improve the likelihood of PM success for moderately challenging PM tasks (i.e., nonfocal-category), but for the most challenging PM tasks (i.e., nonfocal-syllable), individuals' strategy use was still associated with better PM performance. The present study expands our understanding of metacognition's role in PM performance and has implications for everyday PM performance.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"711-724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Selectively maintaining an object's feature in visual working memory: A comparison between highly discriminable and fine-grained features. 在视觉工作记忆中选择性地保持物体特征：高辨别度特征与细粒度特征之间的比较。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01612-w

Wei Chen, Shujuan Ye, Xiaowei Ding, Mowei Shen, Zaifeng Gao

{"title":"Selectively maintaining an object's feature in visual working memory: A comparison between highly discriminable and fine-grained features.","authors":"Wei Chen, Shujuan Ye, Xiaowei Ding, Mowei Shen, Zaifeng Gao","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01612-w","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01612-w","url":null,"abstract":"Selectively maintaining information is an essential function of visual working memory (VWM). Recent VWM studies have mainly focused on selective maintenance of objects, leaving the mechanisms of selectively maintaining an object's feature in VWM unknown. Based on the interactive model of perception and VWM, we hypothesized that there are distinct selective maintenance mechanisms for objects containing fine-grained features versus objects containing highly discriminable features. To test this hypothesis, we first required participants to memorize a dual-feature object (colored simple shapes vs. colored polygons), and informed them about the target feature via a retro-cue. Then a visual search task was added to examine the fate of the irrelevant feature. The selective maintenance of an object's feature predicted that the irrelevant feature should be removed from the active state of VWM and should not capture attention when presented as a distractor in the visual search task. We found that irrelevant simple shapes impaired performance in the visual search task (Experiment 1). However, irrelevant polygons did not affect visual search performance (Experiment 2), and this could not be explained by decay of polygons (Experiment 3) or by polygons not capturing attention (Experiment 4). These findings suggest that VWM adopts dissociable mechanisms to selectively maintain an object's feature, depending on the feature's perceptual characteristics.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"853-868"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The day-of-the-week effect is resilient to routine change. 周日效应对常规变化具有弹性。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01606-8

Anna M A Wagelmans, Virginie van Wassenhove

{"title":"The day-of-the-week effect is resilient to routine change.","authors":"Anna M A Wagelmans, Virginie van Wassenhove","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01606-8","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01606-8","url":null,"abstract":"Temporal landmarks are salient events that structure the way humans think about time. They may be personal events, such as one's birthday, or shared cultural events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to societal habits, the cyclical weekly structure - for example, working on weekdays, resting on the weekends - helps individuals orient themselves in time. In the \"day-of-the-week effect,\" individuals are faster at reporting which day of the week it is on weekends than they are on weekdays. Herein, we hypothesized that the disruption of social habits during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns may have weakened this effect, thereby accounting for the \"Blursday\" phenomenon. In the current study, speeded responses to the question \"What day of the week is it?\" were collected online from 1,742 French participants, during and after the lockdown periods. We found that reaction times for days of the weekends remained faster than for weekdays during the lockdown, although the overall reaction times were significantly slower during lockdown. We also found that responses were slower as governmental stringency rules and restrictions in mobility increased. Our results suggest that the weekend landmark remains a stable temporal anchor in French culture despite the experienced temporal distortions induced by the disruption of social habits during the pandemic. We conclude that cultural temporal landmarks shape socially shared temporal cognitive maps.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"792-803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12052915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141628108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variation in encoding context benefits item recognition. 编码上下文的变化有利于项目识别。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01603-x

Jefferson Salan, Devyn E Smith, Erica S Shafer, Rachel A Diana

{"title":"Variation in encoding context benefits item recognition.","authors":"Jefferson Salan, Devyn E Smith, Erica S Shafer, Rachel A Diana","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01603-x","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01603-x","url":null,"abstract":"The current study assesses whether varying the encoding context of a repeated event is a potential strategy to improve recognition memory across retrieval contexts. Context variability, also known as encoding variability, has historically been investigated primarily using recall and cued recall tasks, with the consensus being that encoding variability is not necessarily beneficial for episodic retrieval. However, recent studies (see text) suggest that test type may determine the strategy's effectiveness. Aligned with these recent findings, we found consistent benefits to simple item recognition when a word was studied in more variable contexts compared to less variable contexts across four experiments. This main effect of context variability occurred when crossed with a manipulation of repetition spacing and when crossed with a manipulation of encoding-retrieval context match. Variation in encoding contexts beyond the future retrieval context led to better item recognition than repeated study exposures within the future retrieval context. We argue that the current study and other recent findings indicate a need to re-evaluate the historical consensus on encoding variability as a beneficial strategy for learning.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"725-745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12053356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141493970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction: Object-based attention during scene perception elicits boundary contraction in memory. 更正：在场景感知过程中，基于物体的注意力会引起记忆中的边界收缩。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01574-z

Elizabeth H Hall, Joy J Geng

引用次数: 0

Understanding, fast and shallow: Individual differences in memory performance associated with cognitive load predict the illusion of explanatory depth. 理解，快而浅：与认知负荷相关的记忆表现个体差异预示着解释深度的错觉。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01616-6

Christian Gaviria, Javier Corredor

{"title":"Understanding, fast and shallow: Individual differences in memory performance associated with cognitive load predict the illusion of explanatory depth.","authors":"Christian Gaviria, Javier Corredor","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01616-6","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01616-6","url":null,"abstract":"People are often overconfident about their ability to explain how everyday phenomena and artifacts work (devices, natural processes, historical events, etc.). However, the metacognitive mechanisms involved in this bias have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to establish whether the ability to perform deliberate and analytic processes moderates the effect of informational cues such as the social desirability of knowledge on the Illusion of Explanatory Depth (IOED). To this purpose, the participants' cognitive load was manipulated as they provided initial estimates of causal understanding of national historical events in the standard IOED paradigm. The results showed that neither the social desirability of specific causal knowledge nor the cognitive load manipulations had direct effects on the IOED. However, subsequent exploratory analyses indicated that high cognitive load was related to lower performance on concurrent memory tasks, which in turn was associated with a higher IOED magnitude. Higher analytical processing was also related to lower IOED. Implications for both dual-process models of metacognition and the design of task environments that help to reduce this bias are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"881-895"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12053339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Surface matches prevail over distant analogs during retrieval. 在检索过程中，表面匹配优先于远距离类似物。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01605-9

Ricardo A Minervino, Máximo Trench

{"title":"Surface matches prevail over distant analogs during retrieval.","authors":"Ricardo A Minervino, Máximo Trench","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01605-9","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01605-9","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory studies using a reception paradigm have found that memory items sharing similar entities and relations with a working memory cue (surface matches) are easier to retrieve than items sharing only a system of abstract relations (structural matches). However, the naturalistic approach has contended that the observed supremacy of superficial similarity could have originated in a shallow processing of somewhat inconsequential stories, as well as in the inadvertent inclusion of structural similarity during the construction of surface matches. We addressed the question of which kind of similarity dominates retrieval through a hybrid paradigm that combines the ecological validity of the naturalistic production paradigm with the experimental control of the reception paradigm. In Experiment 1 we presented participants with a target story that maintained either superficial or structural similarities with two popular movies that had received a careful processing prior to the experimental session. Experiment 2 replicated the same procedure with highly viralized public events. In line with traditional laboratory results, surface matches were significantly better retrieved than structural matches, confirming the supremacy of superficial similarities during retrieval.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"775-791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0