Memory & Cognition最新文献_第6页

Active maintenance in working memory reinforces bindings for future retrieval from episodic long-term memory. 工作记忆中的主动保持强化了未来从外显长期记忆中检索的绑定。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01596-7

Vanessa M Loaiza, Alessandra S Souza

{"title":"Active maintenance in working memory reinforces bindings for future retrieval from episodic long-term memory.","authors":"Vanessa M Loaiza, Alessandra S Souza","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01596-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01596-7","url":null,"abstract":"Many theories assume that actively maintaining information in working memory (WM) predicts its retention in episodic long-term memory (LTM), as revealed by the beneficial effects of more WM time. In four experiments, we examined whether affording more time for intentional WM maintenance does indeed drive LTM. Sequences of four words were presented during trials of simple span (short time), slow span (long time), and complex span (long time with distraction; Experiments 1-2). Long time intervals entailed a pause of equivalent duration between the words that presented a blank screen (slow span) or an arithmetic problem to read aloud and solve (complex span). In Experiments 1-3, participants either serially recalled the words (intentional encoding) or completed a no-recall task (incidental encoding). In Experiment 4, all participants were instructed to intentionally encode the words, with the trials randomly ending in the serial-recall or no-recall task. To ensure similar processing of the words between encoding groups, participants silently decided whether each word was a living or nonliving thing via key press (i.e., an animacy judgment; Experiments 1 and 3-4) or read the words aloud and then pressed the space bar (Experiment 2). A surprise delayed memory test at the end of the experiment assessed LTM. Applying Bayesian cognitive models to disambiguate binding and item memory revealed consistent benefits of free time to binding memory that were specific to intentional encoding in WM. This suggests that time spent intentionally keeping information in WM is special for LTM because WM is a system that maintains bindings.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141538705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of levels-of-processing on rates of forgetting. 处理水平对遗忘率的影响。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01599-4

Nan Peng, Robert H Logie, Sergio Della Sala

{"title":"Effect of levels-of-processing on rates of forgetting.","authors":"Nan Peng, Robert H Logie, Sergio Della Sala","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01599-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01599-4","url":null,"abstract":"The levels-of-processing (LOP) framework, proposing that deep processing yields superior retention, has provided an important paradigm for memory research and a practical means of improving learning. However, the available levels-of-processing literature focuses on immediate memory performance. It is assumed within the LOP framework that deep processing will lead to slower forgetting than will shallow processing. However, it is unclear whether, or how, the initial level of processing affects the forgetting slopes over longer retention intervals. The present three experiments were designed to explore whether items encoded at qualitatively different LOP are forgotten at different rates. In the first two experiments, depth of processing was manipulated within-participants at encoding under deep and shallow conditions (semantic vs. rhyme judgement in Experiment 1; semantic vs. consonant-vowel pattern decision in Experiment 2). Recognition accuracy (d prime) was measured between-participants immediately after learning and at 30-min, 2-h, and 24-h delays. The third experiment employed a between-participants design, contrasting the rates of forgetting following semantic and phonological (rhyme) processing at immediate, 30-min, 2-h, and 6-h delays. Results from the three experiments consistently demonstrated a large effect size of levels of processing on immediate performance and a medium-to-large level effect size on delayed recognition, but crucially no LOP × delay group interaction. Analysis of the retention curves revealed no significant differences between the slopes of forgetting for deep and shallow processing. These results suggest that the rates of forgetting are independent of the qualitatively distinct encoding operations manipulated by levels of processing.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decomposing the multiple encoding benefit in visual long-term memory: Primary contributions by the number of encoding opportunities. 分解视觉长时记忆中的多重编码益处：编码机会数量的主要贡献

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01602-y

Caitlin J I Tozios, Keisuke Fukuda

{"title":"Decomposing the multiple encoding benefit in visual long-term memory: Primary contributions by the number of encoding opportunities.","authors":"Caitlin J I Tozios, Keisuke Fukuda","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01602-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01602-y","url":null,"abstract":"Although access to the seemingly infinite capacity of our visual long-term memory (VLTM) can be restricted by visual working memory (VWM) capacity at encoding and retrieval, access can be improved with repeated encoding. This leads to the multiple encoding benefit (MEB), the finding that VLTM performance improves as the number of opportunities to encode the same information increases over time. However, as the number of encoding opportunities increases, so do other factors such as the number of identical encoded VWM representations and chances to engage in successful retrieval during each opportunity. Thus, across two experiments, we disentangled the contributions of each of these factors to the MEB by having participants encode a varying number of identical objects across multiple encoding opportunities. Along with behavioural data, we also examined two established EEG correlates that track the number of maintained VWM representations, namely the posterior alpha suppression and the negative slow wave. Here, we identified that the primary mechanism behind the MEB was the number of encoding opportunities. That is, recognition memory performance was higher following an increase in the number of encoding opportunities, and this could not be attributed solely to an increase in the number of encoded VWM representations or successful retrieval. Our results thus contribute to the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind the influence of VWM on VLTM encoding.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141493968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variation in encoding context benefits item recognition. 编码上下文的变化有利于项目识别。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01603-x

Jefferson Salan, Devyn E Smith, Erica S Shafer, Rachel A Diana

{"title":"Variation in encoding context benefits item recognition.","authors":"Jefferson Salan, Devyn E Smith, Erica S Shafer, Rachel A Diana","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01603-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01603-x","url":null,"abstract":"The current study assesses whether varying the encoding context of a repeated event is a potential strategy to improve recognition memory across retrieval contexts. Context variability, also known as encoding variability, has historically been investigated primarily using recall and cued recall tasks, with the consensus being that encoding variability is not necessarily beneficial for episodic retrieval. However, recent studies (see text) suggest that test type may determine the strategy's effectiveness. Aligned with these recent findings, we found consistent benefits to simple item recognition when a word was studied in more variable contexts compared to less variable contexts across four experiments. This main effect of context variability occurred when crossed with a manipulation of repetition spacing and when crossed with a manipulation of encoding-retrieval context match. Variation in encoding contexts beyond the future retrieval context led to better item recognition than repeated study exposures within the future retrieval context. We argue that the current study and other recent findings indicate a need to re-evaluate the historical consensus on encoding variability as a beneficial strategy for learning.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141493970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reduced benefit from long-term item frequency contributes to short-term memory deficits in dyslexia. 从长期项目频率中获益的减少导致了阅读障碍患者的短期记忆缺陷。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01601-z

Eva Kimel, Luba Daikhin, Hilla Jakoby, Merav Ahissar

{"title":"Reduced benefit from long-term item frequency contributes to short-term memory deficits in dyslexia.","authors":"Eva Kimel, Luba Daikhin, Hilla Jakoby, Merav Ahissar","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01601-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01601-z","url":null,"abstract":"Dyslexia, a specific difficulty in acquiring proficient reading, is also characterized by reduced short-term memory (STM) capacity. Extensive research indicates that individuals with developmental dyslexia (IDDs) benefit less from exposure, and this hampers their long-term knowledge accumulation. It is well established that long-term knowledge has a great effect on performance in STM tasks, and thus IDDs' reduced benefit of exposure could potentially reduce their relative performance in such tasks, especially when frequent items, such as digit-words, are used. In this study we used a standard, widely used, STM assessment: the Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The task was conducted twice: in native language and in second language. As exposure to native language is greater than exposure to second language, we predicted that IDDs' performance in the task administered in native language will reveal a larger group difference as compared to second language, due to IDDs' reduced benefit of item frequency. The prediction was confirmed, in line with the hypothesis that reduced STM in dyslexia to a large extent reflects reduced benefits from long-term item frequency and not a reduced STM per se.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141493969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Semantically congruent bimodal presentation modulates cognitive control over attentional guidance by working memory. 语义一致的双模呈现会调节工作记忆对注意力引导的认知控制。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01521-y

Biye Cai, Xiaoyu Tang, Aijun Wang, Ming Zhang

{"title":"Semantically congruent bimodal presentation modulates cognitive control over attentional guidance by working memory.","authors":"Biye Cai, Xiaoyu Tang, Aijun Wang, Ming Zhang","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01521-y","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01521-y","url":null,"abstract":"Although previous studies have well established that audiovisual enhancement has a promoting effect on working memory and selective attention, there remains an open question about the influence of audiovisual enhancement on attentional guidance by working memory. To address this issue, the present study adopted a dual-task paradigm that combines a working memory task and a visual search task, in which the content of working memory was presented in audiovisual or visual modalities. Given the importance of search speed in memory-driven attentional suppression, we divided participants into two groups based on their reaction time (RT) in neutral trials and examined whether audiovisual enhancement in attentional suppression was modulated by search speed. The results showed that the slow search group exhibited a robust memory-driven attentional suppression effect, and the suppression effect started earlier and its magnitude was greater in the audiovisual condition than in the visual-only condition. However, among the faster search group, the suppression effect only occurred in the trials with longer RTs in the visual-only condition, and its temporal dynamics were selectively improved in the audiovisual condition. Furthermore, audiovisual enhancement of memory-driven attention evolved over time. These findings suggest that semantically congruent bimodal presentation can progressively facilitate the strength and temporal dynamics of memory-driven attentional suppression, and that search speed plays an important role in this process. This may be due to a synergistic effect between multisensory working memory representation and top-down suppression mechanism. The present study demonstrates the flexible role of audiovisual enhancement on cognitive control over memory-driven attention.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139673316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Is Hey Jude in the right key? Cognitive components of absolute pitch memory. 嘿，裘德》的调子对吗？绝对音高记忆的认知成分

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01530-x

Stephen C Van Hedger, Andrea R Halpern, David J Vollweiler, Evan E Smith, Peter Q Pfordresher

引用次数: 0

Intention offloading: Domain-general versus task-specific confidence signals. 意图卸载：领域通用信心信号与任务特定信心信号的对比。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01529-4

Chhavi Sachdeva, Sam J Gilbert

{"title":"Intention offloading: Domain-general versus task-specific confidence signals.","authors":"Chhavi Sachdeva, Sam J Gilbert","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01529-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01529-4","url":null,"abstract":"Intention offloading refers to the use of external reminders to help remember delayed intentions (e.g., setting an alert to help you remember when you need to take your medication). Research has found that metacognitive processes influence offloading such that individual differences in confidence predict individual differences in offloading regardless of objective cognitive ability. The current study investigated the cross-domain organization of this relationship. Participants performed two perceptual discrimination tasks where objective accuracy was equalized using a staircase procedure. In a memory task, two measures of intention offloading were collected, (1) the overall likelihood of setting reminders, and (2) the bias in reminder-setting compared to the optimal strategy. It was found that perceptual confidence was associated with the first measure but not the second. It is shown that this is because individual differences in perceptual confidence capture meaningful differences in objective ability despite the staircase procedure. These findings indicate that intention offloading is influenced by both domain-general and task-specific metacognitive signals. They also show that even when task performance is equalized via staircasing, individual differences in confidence cannot be considered a pure measure of metacognitive bias.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11315783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139913777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effects of non-diagnostic information on confidence and decision making. 非诊断信息对信心和决策的影响。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01535-6

Amelia T Kohl, James D Sauer, Matthew A Palmer, Jasmin Brooks, Andrew Heathcote

{"title":"The effects of non-diagnostic information on confidence and decision making.","authors":"Amelia T Kohl, James D Sauer, Matthew A Palmer, Jasmin Brooks, Andrew Heathcote","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01535-6","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01535-6","url":null,"abstract":"Many decision-making tasks are characterized by a combination of diagnostic and non-diagnostic information, yet models of responding and confidence almost exclusively focus on the contribution of diagnostic information (e.g., evidence associated with stimulus discriminability), largely ignoring the contribution of non-diagnostic information. An exception is Baranski and Petrusic's Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24(3), 929-945, (1998) doubt-scaling model, which predicts a negative relationship between non-diagnostic information and confidence, and between non-diagnostic information and accuracy. In two perceptual-choice tasks, we tested the effects of manipulating non-diagnostic information on confidence, accuracy and response time (RT). In Experiment 1, participants viewed a dynamic grid consisting of flashing blue, orange and white pixels and indicated whether the stimulus was predominantly blue or orange (using a response scale ranging from low-confidence blue to high-confidence orange), with the white pixels constituting non-diagnostic information. Increasing non-diagnostic information reduced both confidence and accuracy, generally slowed RTs, and led to an increase in the speed of errors. Experiment 2 replicated these results for a decision-only task, providing further support for the doubt-scaling model of confidence.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11315710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140137369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

People can reliably detect action changes and goal changes during naturalistic perception. 在自然感知过程中，人们可以可靠地检测到动作变化和目标变化。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01525-8

Xing Su, Khena M Swallow

{"title":"People can reliably detect action changes and goal changes during naturalistic perception.","authors":"Xing Su, Khena M Swallow","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01525-8","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01525-8","url":null,"abstract":"As a part of ongoing perception, the human cognitive system segments others' activities into discrete episodes (event segmentation). Although prior research has shown that this process is likely related to changes in an actor's actions and goals, it has not yet been determined whether untrained observers can reliably identify action and goal changes as naturalistic activities unfold, or whether the changes they identify are tied to visual features of the activity (e.g., the beginnings and ends of object interactions). This study addressed these questions by examining untrained participants' identification of action changes, goal changes, and event boundaries while watching videos of everyday activities that were presented in both first-person and third-person perspectives. We found that untrained observers can identify goal changes and action changes consistently, and these changes are not explained by visual change and the onsets or offsets of contact with objects. Moreover, the action and goal changes identified by untrained observers were associated with event boundaries, even after accounting for objective visual features of the videos. These findings suggest that people can identify action and goal changes consistently and with high agreement, that they do so by using sensory information flexibly, and that the action and goal changes they identify may contribute to event segmentation.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0