International Organization最新文献_第2页

Civilian Harm and Military Legitimacy: Evidence from the Battle of Mosul 平民伤害与军事合法性：来自摩苏尔战役的证据

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818325000098

Benjamin C. Krick, Jonathan B. Petkun, Mara R. Revkin

{"title":"Civilian Harm and Military Legitimacy: Evidence from the Battle of Mosul","authors":"Benjamin C. Krick, Jonathan B. Petkun, Mara R. Revkin","doi":"10.1017/s0020818325000098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818325000098","url":null,"abstract":"The legitimacy of armed forces in the eyes of civilians is increasingly recognized as crucial not only for battlefield effectiveness but also for conflict resolution and peace building. However, the concept of “military legitimacy” remains under-theorized and its determinants poorly understood. We argue that perceptions of military legitimacy are shaped by two key dimensions of warfare: just cause and just conduct. Leveraging naturally occurring variation during one of the deadliest urban battles in recent history—the multinational campaign to defeat the Islamic State in Mosul, Iraq—we evaluate our theory using a mixed-methods design that combines original survey data, satellite imagery, and interviews. Civilians living in neighborhoods where armed forces were less careful to protect civilians view those forces as less legitimate than civilians elsewhere. Surprisingly, these results persist after conditioning on personal experiences of harm, suggesting that perceptions are influenced not only by victimization—consistent with previous studies—but also by beliefs about the morality of armed forces’ conduct and the cause for which they are fighting.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"4 1","pages":"332-357"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trade and the Politics of Electoral Reform 贸易与选举改革的政治

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818325000104

Michael Becher, Irene Menéndez González

{"title":"Trade and the Politics of Electoral Reform","authors":"Michael Becher, Irene Menéndez González","doi":"10.1017/s0020818325000104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818325000104","url":null,"abstract":"While recent research on the origins of proportional representation (PR) in Europe has focused on domestic political explanations, we bring international trade back as an economic explanation for the politics of electoral system choice. Spurred by Rogowski’s (1987) theory of the trade origins of PR and the political economy literature on trade policy, we argue that political conflict over trade shaped the struggle over electoral reform during the first globalization. Because tariffs were a central and contested issue, economic interests hurt by rising tariffs under the old electoral system had economic motives to support the introduction of PR. To test this theory, we leverage district-level popular votes in Switzerland using a within-country research design. We find support for the core mechanism of the trade theory: demand for protectionism entailed stronger opposition to the introduction of PR. Using panel data, we demonstrate that changes in the relative size of the agricultural sector, the central pillar of support for protectionism, were closely related to changes in support for PR. We also examine legislative voting in Germany and find that protectionism was linked to subsequent opposition to electoral reform. Altogether, our analysis highlights the neglected importance of trade in conflict over electoral institutions.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From Gridlock to Ratchet: Conditional Cooperation on Climate Change 从僵局到棘轮：气候变化的有条件合作

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818325000037

Sam S. Rowan

引用次数: 0

The Determinants of Insurgent Gender Governance 叛乱性别治理的决定因素

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000419

Tessa Devereaux

引用次数: 0

Tug of War: The Heterogeneous Effects of Outbidding Between Terrorist Groups 拔河：恐怖组织竞标的异质效应

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000390

Casey Crisman-Cox, Michael Gibilisco

{"title":"Tug of War: The Heterogeneous Effects of Outbidding Between Terrorist Groups","authors":"Casey Crisman-Cox, Michael Gibilisco","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000390","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce a dynamic game of outbidding where two groups use violence to compete in a tug-of-war fashion for evolving public support. We fit the model to the canonical outbidding rivalry between Hamas and Fatah using newly collected data on Palestinian public support for these groups. Competition has heterogeneous effects, and we demonstrate that intergroup competition can discourage violence. Competition from Hamas leads Fatah to use more terrorism than it would in a world where Hamas abstains from terrorism, but competition from Fatah can lead Hamas to attack less than it otherwise would. Likewise, making Hamas more capable or interested in competing increases overall violence, but making Fatah more capable or interested discourages violence on both sides. These discouragement effects of competition on violence emerge through an asymmetric contest, in which we find that Fatah uses terrorism more effectively to boost its support, although Hamas has lower attack costs. Expanding on these results, we demonstrate that outbidding theory is consistent with a positive, negative, or null relationship between measures of violence and incentives to compete.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fratricidal Coercion in Modern War 现代战争中的自相残杀

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1017/s002081832400033x

Jason Lyall, Yuri Zhukov

{"title":"Fratricidal Coercion in Modern War","authors":"Jason Lyall, Yuri Zhukov","doi":"10.1017/s002081832400033x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s002081832400033x","url":null,"abstract":"Armies sometimes use fratricidal coercion—violence and intimidation against their own troops—to force reluctant soldiers to fight. How this practice affects battlefield performance remains an open question. We study fratricidal coercion using a mixed-methods strategy, drawing on (1) monthly panel data on Soviet Rifle Divisions in World War II, built from millions of declassified personnel files; (2) paired comparisons of Rifle Divisions at the Battle of Leningrad; and (3) cross-national data on 526 land battles and war outcomes from 75 conflicts (1939–2011) to assess generalizability. We offer three sets of empirical findings. First, coercion keeps some soldiers from fleeing the battlefield, but at the cost of higher casualties and reduced initiative. Second, wartime and prewar coercion (such as mass repression and officer purges) affect soldiers’ behavior in similar, mutually reinforcing ways. Third, the resolve-boosting, initiative-dampening effects of fratricidal coercion generalize across belligerents and wars. Fratricidal coercion generates compliance through fear, compelling soldiers with variable levels of resolve to conform to a uniform standard of battlefield behavior. But the net utility of this approach is dubious. On balance, countries employing fratricidal coercion are less likely to win wars.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nuclear Shibboleths: The Logics and Future of Nuclear Nonuse 核信条：不使用核的逻辑和未来

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000341

Stacie E. Goddard, Colleen Larkin

{"title":"Nuclear Shibboleths: The Logics and Future of Nuclear Nonuse","authors":"Stacie E. Goddard, Colleen Larkin","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000341","url":null,"abstract":"Thomas Schelling argued that “The most spectacular event of the past half century is one that did not occur. We have enjoyed sixty years without nuclear weapons exploded in anger.” To this, he added a question: “Can we make it through another half dozen decades?” Contemporary technological innovation, weapons proliferation, increased modernization efforts, and nuclear saber-rattling have made Schelling's question an urgent one. Recently, there has been an explosion in scholarship attempting to test the resilience of nonuse. These scholars have focused primarily on methodological innovations, generating an impressive body of evidence about the future of nonuse. Yet we argue that this literature is theoretically problematic: it reduces mechanisms of nuclear nonuse to a “rationalist” versus “normative” dichotomy which obscures the distinct pathways to nuclear (non)use within each theoretical framework. With rationalist theories, the current literature commits the sin of conflation, treating what should be distinct mechanisms—cost and credibility—as a single causal story. With normative theories, scholars have committed a sin of omission, treating norms as structural and overlooking mechanisms of norm contestation. We show that teasing out these different causal pathways reveals radically different expectations about the future of nonuse, especially in a world of precision nuclear weapons.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Building from the Brain: Advancing the Study of Threat Perception in International Relations 从大脑出发：推进国际关系中的威胁感知研究

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000328

Marika Landau-Wells

{"title":"Building from the Brain: Advancing the Study of Threat Perception in International Relations","authors":"Marika Landau-Wells","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000328","url":null,"abstract":"“Threat perception” is frequently invoked as a causal variable in theories of international relations and foreign policy decision making. Yet haphazard conceptualization and untested psychological assumptions leave its effects poorly understood. In this article, I propose a unified solution to these two related problems: taking the brain into account. I first show that this approach solves the conceptualization problem by generating two distinct concepts that generalize across existing theories, align with plain language, and are associated with specific brain-level processes: threat-as-danger perception (subjectively apprehending danger from any source) and threat-as-signal perception (detecting a statement of the intention to harm). Because both types of perception occur in the brain, large-scale neuroimaging data capturing these processes offer a way to empirically test some of the psychological assumptions embedded in IR theories. I conduct two such tests using assumptions from the literatures on conflict decision making (“harms are costs”) and on coercion (“intentions are inscrutable”). Based on an original analysis of fifteen coordinate-based meta-analyses comprising 500+ studies and 11,000+ subjects, I conclude that these assumptions are inconsistent with the cumulative evidence about how the brain responds to threats of either kind. Further, I show that brain-level data illuminate aspects of threat perception's impact on behavior that have not yet been integrated into IR theory. Advancing the study of threat perception thus requires a microfoundational approach that builds from what we know about the brain.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ideology and Legitimacy in Global Governance 全球治理中的意识形态与合法性

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000304

Matthias Ecker-Ehrhardt, Lisa Dellmuth, Jonas Tallberg

引用次数: 0

The Role of Pan-African Ideology in Ethnic Power Sharing 泛非意识形态在种族权力分享中的作用

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000158

Janina Beiser-McGrath, Sam Erkiletian, Nils W. Metternich

{"title":"The Role of Pan-African Ideology in Ethnic Power Sharing","authors":"Janina Beiser-McGrath, Sam Erkiletian, Nils W. Metternich","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000158","url":null,"abstract":"What are the conditions under which governments form more ethnically inclusive coalitions? Previous contributions highlight strategic incentives as well as colonial and precolonial legacies as determinants of ethnically inclusive government coalitions but overlook the impact of political mobilization during the decolonization period. We argue that ideological exposure and commitment to the Pan-African anticolonial movement played a vital role in African leaders’ decisions to share power with other ethnic communities. We leverage novel data on African government leaders’ attendance at decolonization-era Pan-African conferences through a unique collection of conference delegate lists. Accounting for rival mechanisms, we find that African political elites who attended Pan-African conferences formed ethnically more inclusive government coalitions when they became government leaders. Our findings imply that the ideological influence and commitment signaled by conference attendance affected political leaders’ approach to form more inclusive governments and that ethnic coalitions have systematically unexplored legacies in the Pan-African decolonization movement.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142684532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0