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Women and Men Politicians’ Response to War: Evidence from Ukraine 女性和男性政治家对战争的反应：来自乌克兰的证据
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000080
Taylor J. Damann, Dahjin Kim, Margit Tavits
{"title":"Women and Men Politicians’ Response to War: Evidence from Ukraine","authors":"Taylor J. Damann, Dahjin Kim, Margit Tavits","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Does war deepen gender inequalities in politicians’ behavior or help erase them? We draw from the terror management theory developed in psychology to argue that the onset of a violent conflict is likely to push politicians to conform more strongly with traditional gender stereotypes because it helps individuals cope with existential fears. To test our argument, we use data on Ukrainian politicians’ engagement on social media (136,455 Facebook posts by 469 politicians) in the three months before and after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and interrupted time series analysis, to assess the effect of conflict on politicians’ behavior. We find that conflict onset deepens gender-stereotypical behavior among politicians in their public engagement. We also show that, consistent with our argument, gender biases among the public are magnified during war.</p>","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140949784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Oversight Hearings, Stakeholder Engagement, and Compliance in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 美洲人权法院的监督听证、利益攸关方参与和合规性
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000092
Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Angie K. García Atehortúa
{"title":"Oversight Hearings, Stakeholder Engagement, and Compliance in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights","authors":"Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Angie K. García Atehortúa","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper introduces the concept of dialogic oversight, a process by which judicial bodies monitor compliance through a combination of mandated state reporting, third-party engagement, and supervision hearings. To assess the effectiveness of this strategy in the international arena, we evaluate the supervision hearings conducted by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. We employ propensity-score matching, difference-in-difference estimators, and event-history models to analyze compliance with 1,878 reparation measures ordered by the Court between 1989 and 2019. We find that dialogic oversight has moderate but positive effects, increasing the probability of state compliance by about 3 percent per year (a substantial effect compared to the baseline rate of implementation). However, it requires the engagement of civil society to yield positive outcomes. Our framework connects related findings in distant literatures on constitutional law and international organizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140915158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Diplomacy of Whataboutism and US Foreign Policy Attitudes 什么主义外交与美国外交政策态度
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/s002081832400002x
Wilfred M. Chow, Dov H. Levin
{"title":"The Diplomacy of Whataboutism and US Foreign Policy Attitudes","authors":"Wilfred M. Chow, Dov H. Levin","doi":"10.1017/s002081832400002x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s002081832400002x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Does whataboutism work in global affairs? When states face international criticism, they often respond with whataboutism: accusing their critics of similar faults. Despite its prevalence in policy discussions, whataboutism remains an understudied influence strategy. This study investigates how states use whataboutism to shape American public opinion across various international issues. We find, using survey experiments, that whataboutism mitigates the negative impacts of criticism by reducing public approval of US positions and backing for punitive actions. Whataboutist critiques referencing similar, recent misdeeds have more power to shape opinions. However, the identity of the whataboutist state does not significantly affect effectiveness. US counter-messaging often fails to diminish the effects of whataboutism. These results show that whataboutism can be a potent rhetorical tool in international relations and that it warrants greater attention from international relations scholars.</p>","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140146202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Courting Civilians During Conflict: Evidence from Taliban Judges in Afghanistan 在冲突期间讨好平民：来自阿富汗塔利班法官的证据
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000031
Donald Grasse, Renard Sexton, Austin Wright
{"title":"Courting Civilians During Conflict: Evidence from Taliban Judges in Afghanistan","authors":"Donald Grasse, Renard Sexton, Austin Wright","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rebels regularly provide public services, especially legal services, but the consequences of such programs are unclear. We argue that rebel courts can boost civilian support for insurgency and augment attack capacity by increasing the legitimacy of the rebellion, creating a vested interest in rebel rule, or enabling rebel coercion of the civilian population. We study the impact of the Taliban's judiciary by leveraging cross-district and over-time variation in exposure to Taliban courts using a trajectory-balancing design. We find that rebel courts reduced civilian support for the government and increased it for the Taliban, and were associated with more attacks and more coalition casualties. Exploring mechanisms, we find that courts resolved major interpersonal disputes between civilians but also facilitated more insurgent intimidation of civilians, and that changes in public opinion are unlikely to have been driven solely by social desirability bias. Our findings help explain the logic of rebel courts and highlight the complex interactions between warfare and institutional development in weak states.</p>","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140146146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Advisers and Aggregation in Foreign Policy Decision Making 外交决策中的顾问与汇总
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818323000280
Tyler Jost, Joshua D. Kertzer, Eric Min, Robert Schub
{"title":"Advisers and Aggregation in Foreign Policy Decision Making","authors":"Tyler Jost, Joshua D. Kertzer, Eric Min, Robert Schub","doi":"10.1017/s0020818323000280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818323000280","url":null,"abstract":"Do advisers affect foreign policy and, if so, how? Recent scholarship on elite decision making prioritizes leaders and the institutions that surround them, rather than the dispositions of advisers themselves. We argue that despite the hierarchical nature of foreign policy decision making, advisers’ predispositions regarding the use of force shape state behavior through the counsel advisers provide in deliberations. To test our argument, we introduce an original data set of 2,685 foreign policy deliberations between US presidents and their advisers from 1947 to 1988. Applying a novel machine learning approach to estimate the hawkishness of 1,134 Cold War–era foreign policy decision makers, we show that adviser-level hawkishness affects both the counsel that advisers provide in deliberations and the decisions leaders make: conflictual policy choices grow more likely as hawks increasingly dominate the debate, even when accounting for leader dispositions. The theory and findings enrich our understanding of international conflict by demonstrating how advisers’ dispositions, which aggregate through the counsel advisers provide, systematically shape foreign policy behavior.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139750396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Underside of Order: Race in the Constitution of International Order 秩序的底层国际秩序构成中的种族问题
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000018
Owen R. Brown
{"title":"The Underside of Order: Race in the Constitution of International Order","authors":"Owen R. Brown","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000018","url":null,"abstract":"While there is increasing recognition of the role of race in shaping global politics, the extent to which the construction and operation of international order is entangled with race remains underexplored. In this article, I argue for the centrality of race and racialization in understanding the constitution of international order by theorizing the constitutive connections between race and international order and showing how the two can be examined as intertwined. I do this, first, by articulating conceptualizations of both international order and race that center on processes of regulation and regularization. Second, I bring these together to suggest that race be understood as a form of order that functions to reproduce a historically emergent form of hierarchy and domination across a range of spaces and contexts. Third, I operationalize these conceptualizations by outlining and historicizing some of the key features of this racialized and racializing international order, specifically coloniality, the racial state, and racial capitalism, and thereby illustrate important aspects of the persistence of this order. Centering race in the study of international order, I suggest, helps us better understand how racializing hierarchies and racialized inequalities persist in the present and are reproduced through structures and practices of international order.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139670432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do Preliminary References Increase Public Support for European Law? Experimental Evidence from Germany 初步参考是否会增加公众对欧洲法律的支持？来自德国的实验证据
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818323000243
Sivaram Cheruvu, Jay N. Krehbiel
{"title":"Do Preliminary References Increase Public Support for European Law? Experimental Evidence from Germany","authors":"Sivaram Cheruvu, Jay N. Krehbiel","doi":"10.1017/s0020818323000243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818323000243","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Explanations for the successful expansion and consolidation of the European Union and its legal system have long emphasized the importance of domestic courts’ sending preliminary references to the Court of Justice. Key to many of these theoretical accounts is the claim that domestic courts are better equipped than the Court of Justice to compel national governments to comply with EU law. Integrating insights from the comparative judicial politics literature into the context of the EU's preliminary references system, we provide a theoretical and empirical foundation for this claim by arguing that incorporating domestic courts into the EU legal process enhances public support for expansive judicial interpretations of EU law. We go on to argue, however, that this transfer of legitimacy depends on citizens’ views of the national and European courts. We support our argument with evidence from a preregistered survey experiment fielded in Germany.</p>","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139474315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Economic Determinants of Attitudes Toward Migration: Firm-level Evidence from Europe 对移民态度的经济决定因素：欧洲企业层面的证据
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818323000255
Leonardo Baccini, Magnus Lodefalk, Radka Sabolová
{"title":"Economic Determinants of Attitudes Toward Migration: Firm-level Evidence from Europe","authors":"Leonardo Baccini, Magnus Lodefalk, Radka Sabolová","doi":"10.1017/s0020818323000255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818323000255","url":null,"abstract":"<p>What are the distributional consequences of migration, and how do they affect attitudes toward migration? In this paper we leverage a natural experiment generated by the ousting of former Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, which created an unprecedented influx of economic migrants from African countries to Europe. This surge of low-skilled labor benefited low-productivity firms by lowering their production costs and expanding their labor supply. Employing a triple difference-in-differences design, we document that attitudes toward migration became more positive in Western European regions with large shares of migrants and low-productivity firms. Evidence from Sweden, which provides finely grained geographical data, confirms these findings. We then test the economic microfoundations of this attitudinal shift. We show that the surge in the supply of low-skilled labor increased the profitability of low-productivity firms more in areas that experienced larger migration flows. We find no evidence that migration worsened natives’ labor market conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139420148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Low-Skilled Liberalizers: Support for Free Trade in Africa 低技能自由化者：支持非洲自由贸易
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818323000206
Lindsay R. Dolan, Helen V. Milner
{"title":"Low-Skilled Liberalizers: Support for Free Trade in Africa","authors":"Lindsay R. Dolan, Helen V. Milner","doi":"10.1017/S0020818323000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818323000206","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite populist backlash against globalization in advanced industrialized countries, developing countries have recently sought to liberalize trade. To shed light on this phenomenon, we investigate mass attitudes toward free trade in thirty-six African countries. Using two rounds of Afrobarometer data and original survey data from Ghana and Uganda, we find that individuals hold views that are consistent with their economic self-interest. As factor endowment models predict for a sample of skill-scarce countries, low-skilled individuals are more likely than high-skilled individuals to support free trade. Moreover, the strongest negative effects of skill occur for the most skill-scarce countries in the sample and are driven by individuals in the labor force. Our results are robust to measuring variables more precisely in original surveys and controlling for other factors thought to shape attitudes. The findings indicate that previous evidence against factor endowment models may have partially resulted from inadequate data from the developing world.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"104 7","pages":"848 - 870"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
INO volume 77 issue 4 Cover and Back matter INO 第 77 卷第 4 期封面和封底资料
IF 7.8 1区 社会学
International Organization Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818323000279
{"title":"INO volume 77 issue 4 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0020818323000279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818323000279","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"58 13","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138593448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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