International Organization最新文献

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1017/s002081832400016x

Matt Malis

{"title":"Foreign Policy Appointments","authors":"Matt Malis","doi":"10.1017/s002081832400016x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s002081832400016x","url":null,"abstract":"How do leaders select their top-level foreign policy appointees? Through a formal model of the domestic and intragovernmental politics surrounding an international crisis, I investigate the trade-offs shaping leaders’ appointment strategies. In the model, a leader selects a foreign policy appointee, anticipating how the appointment will affect the advice he receives in the crisis, the electorate's evaluation of his performance, and ultimately the policies that he and his foreign counterparts pursue as a consequence. The analysis uncovers a fundamental tension in the leader's ability to use appointments to advance his core political and policy objectives of deterring foreign aggression, obtaining accurate advice, and maximizing domestic approval: any appointment that advances one of these objectives invariably comes at the cost of another, and the leader's appointment strategy must balance across these trade-offs. Analyzing cross-national appointment patterns to the offices of ministers of defense and foreign affairs, I find descriptive evidence consistent with the model's predictions: leaders from dovish parties are more than twice as likely as leaders from hawkish parties to select cross-partisan and politically independent appointees, and such appointments are less likely for leaders of either party as they approach re-election.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142100655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Violent Competition and Terrorist Restraint 暴力竞争与恐怖主义克制

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000110

Sara M.T. Polo, Blair Welsh

{"title":"Violent Competition and Terrorist Restraint","authors":"Sara M.T. Polo, Blair Welsh","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000110","url":null,"abstract":"A large literature has argued that domestic competition increases a militant organization's use and severity of terrorism to differentiate their “brand” and “outbid” other organizations. However, most empirical analyses infer such competition from the quantity of groups present in a geographic area. This approach neglects specific group relationships, such as cooperation, rhetorical or violent rivalry, or peaceful coexistence. We introduce a behavioral measure of group competition and argue that variation in the quality, rather than the quantity, of competition affects the violence profile of militant groups in unexpected ways. Violent competition, where militants attack one another, imposes significant constraints on group resources and increases groups’ dependence on civilian support, which exacerbates the costs of a popular backlash against brutality. Moreover, violent competition effectively substitutes for crowding out rivals via outbidding. As competition becomes extreme, we posit that groups increasingly opt for a strategy of terrorist restraint and reduce the share of high-profile attacks on soft civilian targets. We test this argument at the macro and micro levels with cross-national data on 290 organizations in civil war (1970–2018) and granular data on the subnational targeting strategy of the Islamic State in Syria (2013–2018). Both analyses provide robust support for our argument. The findings shed light on the strategic limitations of outbidding and provide important insights for research and policy.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142089964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Resources and Territorial Claims: Domestic Opposition to Resource-Rich Territory 资源与领土要求：国内对资源丰富领土的反对意见

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000134

Soyoung Lee

{"title":"Resources and Territorial Claims: Domestic Opposition to Resource-Rich Territory","authors":"Soyoung Lee","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000134","url":null,"abstract":"Are states more interested in claiming territories that have economic resources? While previous theories of international relations assume that resources make a territory more tempting to claim, all else equal, I argue that certain types of economic resources can make states less willing to claim a territory. The presence of capital-intensive resources—such as oil or minerals—raises concerns about how the benefits of acquiring the territory would be distributed within the nation. These distributional concerns make it harder and costlier for leaders to mobilize widespread and consistent support for claiming resource-rich lands. Using original geocoded data on territorial claims in South America from 1830 to 2001, I show that states are indeed less likely to claim lands that have oil or minerals, even when they can be claimed for historical or administrative reasons. I then illustrate the theoretical mechanism through a case study of Bolivia, comparing Bolivian attitudes toward reclaiming its two lost provinces, the Chaco and the Litoral. By showing how the presence of economic resources can become a liability in mobilizing unified support, this paper questions the widespread assumption that resources make territories more desirable to claim.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142089963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Future Is History: Restorative Nationalism and Conflict in Post-Napoleonic Europe 未来即历史：后拿破仑时代欧洲的恢复性民族主义与冲突

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000122

Lars-Erik Cederman, Yannick I. Pengl, Luc Girardin, Carl Müller-Crepon

引用次数: 0

Security, Society, and the Perennial Struggles over the Sacred: Revising the Wars of Religion in International Relations Theory 安全、社会和对神圣事物的长期争夺：修订国际关系理论中的宗教战争

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000109

Derek Bolton

{"title":"Security, Society, and the Perennial Struggles over the Sacred: Revising the Wars of Religion in International Relations Theory","authors":"Derek Bolton","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000109","url":null,"abstract":"International relations theory tends to build on the conventional narrative of the Wars of Religion (WoR), which holds it was the irrationality of religious violence that generated the modern international system of pragmatic secular states—resulting in the presumed secularized, rational, and unemotive nature of politics. In contrast, this article reorients our focus to Durkheim's more social view of religion as a community of believers and to the continued role of the sacred and shared emotion/affect in social and political life. Specifically, it examines how modern communities (such as nations) remain constituted by a shared faith in conceptions of the sacred and how the corresponding sense of moral order is central to the enduring pursuit of ontological security. Therefore, it argues that international relations should focus on the perennial struggles over what communities hold sacred and that we can better understand the propensity for (“religious” or “secular”) violence by examining the continual interplay between the sacred, ontological security, and the hermeneutics of morality—with the so-called WoR being the locus classicus of this argument. Historical studies exploring how participants in the WoR navigated such struggles over the sacred thus allow us to explore these dynamics and further conceptualize our understanding of the sacred within modern “secular” politics. The article concludes by examining how the prospect for violence is interrelated with the perennial struggles over the sacred within, and between, political orders—a sentiment that brings into relief some of the hazards accompanying growing intrastate moral polarization and interstate ideological rivalry.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141895349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Racial Tropes in the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy: A Computational Text Analysis 外交政策官僚机构中的种族主题：计算文本分析

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000146

Austin Carson, Eric Min, Maya Van Nuys

{"title":"Racial Tropes in the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy: A Computational Text Analysis","authors":"Austin Carson, Eric Min, Maya Van Nuys","doi":"10.1017/s0020818324000146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818324000146","url":null,"abstract":"How do racial stereotypes affect perceptions in foreign policy? Race and racism as topics have long been marginalized in the study of international relations but are receiving renewed attention. In this article we assess the role of implicit racial bias in internal, originally classified assessments by the US foreign policy bureaucracy during the Cold War. We use a combination of dictionary-based and supervised machine learning techniques to identify the presence of four racial tropes in a unique corpus of intelligence documents: almost 5,000 President's Daily Briefs given to Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford. We argue and find that entries about countries that the US deemed “racialized Others”—specifically, countries in the Global South, newly independent states, and some specific regional groupings—feature an especially large number of racial tropes. Entries about foreign developments in these places are more likely to feature interpretations that infantilize, invoke animal-based analogies, or imply irrationality or belligerence. This association holds even when accounting for the presence of conflict, the regime type of the country being analyzed, the invocation of leaders, and the topics being discussed. The article makes two primary contributions. First, it adds to the revival of attention to race but gives special emphasis to implicit racialized thinking and its appearance in bureaucratic settings. Second, we show the promise of new tools for identifying racial and other forms of implicit bias in foreign policy texts.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Women and Men Politicians’ Response to War: Evidence from Ukraine 女性和男性政治家对战争的反应：来自乌克兰的证据

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000080

Taylor J. Damann, Dahjin Kim, Margit Tavits

引用次数: 0

Oversight Hearings, Stakeholder Engagement, and Compliance in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 美洲人权法院的监督听证、利益攸关方参与和合规性

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000092

Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Angie K. García Atehortúa

引用次数: 0

The Diplomacy of Whataboutism and US Foreign Policy Attitudes 什么主义外交与美国外交政策态度

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/s002081832400002x

Wilfred M. Chow, Dov H. Levin

引用次数: 0

Courting Civilians During Conflict: Evidence from Taliban Judges in Afghanistan 在冲突期间讨好平民：来自阿富汗塔利班法官的证据

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818324000031

Donald Grasse, Renard Sexton, Austin Wright

引用次数: 0