International Organization最新文献_第10页

Terrified or Enraged? Emotional Microfoundations of Public Counterterror Attitudes 害怕还是愤怒？公众反恐态度的情感微环境

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818323000152

Carly N. Wayne

{"title":"Terrified or Enraged? Emotional Microfoundations of Public Counterterror Attitudes","authors":"Carly N. Wayne","doi":"10.1017/s0020818323000152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818323000152","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the widespread assumption of terrorism's “terrifying” effect, there has been little systematic testing of the specific emotional microfoundations underlying public opinion about terrorism. While fear is one well-recognized emotional response to terror threats, in societies where terrorism is rare, anger may play a more pivotal role, with distinct consequences for citizens’ downstream political attitudes. To test the impact of these emotional mechanisms on public opinion in the wake of terrorism, I employ a multi-arm mechanism experiment (n = 5,499) in the United States that manipulates both exposure to news about different types of terror attacks and the encouraged emotional response. I supplement this experimental study with observational analyses of the emotional content of social media posts in the wake of sixteen real-world terror attacks in the United States. I find that not only is anger the dominant emotional response to terrorism across both studies, but also that punitive motivations and support for retaliation are both directly shaped by experimentally induced anger after exposure to news about terrorism. These findings illuminate strategic incentives shaping militants’ use of terror tactics, electoral constraints leaders face in formulating counterterror policy, and the emotional mechanisms fueling cycles of political violence.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Civilized Barbarism: What We Miss When We Ignore Colonial Violence 文明的野蛮:当我们忽视殖民暴力时，我们错过了什么

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.1017/s002081832300019x

Paul K. MacDonald

{"title":"Civilized Barbarism: What We Miss When We Ignore Colonial Violence","authors":"Paul K. MacDonald","doi":"10.1017/s002081832300019x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s002081832300019x","url":null,"abstract":"Colonial warfare has been a frequent and bloody feature of international relations, yet most studies of wartime civilian victimization focus on either interstate or civil wars. In this article I argue that ignoring colonial violence has distorted our understanding of state-directed violence against civilians in wartime. I introduce a new theory of colonial violence, which focuses on the distinctive strategic, normative, and institutional incentives that colonial powers have to harm civilians. To assess this theory, I introduce and analyze a new data set of 193 cases of colonial war from 1816 to 2003. Using a variety of measures of civilian harm, I find that colonial wars are especially brutal. Three-quarters of states in colonial wars targeted civilians, for example, compared to less than a third of states in interstate wars. But some colonial wars are harder on civilians than others. Colonial powers are more likely to harm civilians when their indigenous adversaries employ guerrilla tactics, when their indigenous adversaries come from a different perceived racial background, and when the colonial state relies on settlers or indigenous intermediaries to help compensate for its relative weakness. By ignoring colonial violence in world politics, we misunderstand the scale and scope of state-directed violence against civilians and miss an opportunity to deepen our understanding of the causes of this brutality.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"28 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50164755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rethinking International Order in Early Modern Europe: Evidence from Courtly Ceremonial 重新思考近代早期欧洲的国际秩序:来自宫廷仪式的证据

1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818323000188

Quentin Bruneau

{"title":"Rethinking International Order in Early Modern Europe: Evidence from Courtly Ceremonial","authors":"Quentin Bruneau","doi":"10.1017/s0020818323000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818323000188","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Once the object of consensus, every aspect of the traditional account of early modern Europe as an anarchic system of sovereign states is now debated—from the existence of sovereign states to the notion of anarchy, and even the European limits of that system. In the context of these disagreements, I develop a new account of international order in early modern Europe grounded in the perceptions of historical actors. I first argue that this can be achieved by studying the tools that practitioners relied on to describe and organize political authority in the world. I subsequently delve into a common, though seldom-studied, tool developed by a group of practitioners known as masters of ceremonies: courtly ceremonial (or ius praecedentiae ). I make three substantive claims. First, the political authorities identified in manuals on courtly ceremonial were primarily crowns and republics, but in the later eighteenth century, all eventually came to be described as “states.” Second, all political authorities stood in a hierarchy determined by a specific set of criteria I identify, but new criteria—power and sovereignty—emerged over the course of the eighteenth century. Third, the scope of international order was not self-evident, and it certainly did not have clear “European” limits in the eyes of masters of ceremonies; non-European political authorities could easily be integrated into their orders of precedence. Ultimately, I suggest that IR scholars should reconsider why they study early modern Europe and how they study international orders.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136236045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How Authoritarian Governments Decide Who Emigrates: Evidence from East Germany 专制政府如何决定谁移民:来自东德的证据

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818323000127

Julian Michel, Michael K. Miller, Margaret E. Peters

引用次数: 0

Hacking Nuclear Stability: Wargaming Technology, Uncertainty, and Escalation 破解核稳定性：战争模拟技术、不确定性和升级

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818323000115

Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Benjamin Schechter, Rachael Shaffer

{"title":"Hacking Nuclear Stability: Wargaming Technology, Uncertainty, and Escalation","authors":"Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Benjamin Schechter, Rachael Shaffer","doi":"10.1017/S0020818323000115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818323000115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How do emerging technologies affect nuclear stability? In this paper, we use a quasi-experimental cyber-nuclear wargame with 580 players to explore three hypotheses about emerging technologies and nuclear stability: (1) technological uncertainty leads to preemption and escalation; (2) technological uncertainty leads to restraint; and (3) technological certainty leads to escalation through aggressive counterforce campaigns. The wargames suggest that uncertainty and fear about cyber vulnerabilities create no immediate incentives for preemptive nuclear use. The greater danger to strategic stability lies in how overconfidence in cyber exploits incentivizes more aggressive counterforce campaigns and, secondarily, how vulnerabilities encourage predelegation or automation. Both of these effects suggest worrisome relationships between cyber exploits and inadvertent nuclear use on one hand and cyber vulnerabilities and accidental nuclear use on the other hand. Together, these findings reveal the complicated relationship between pathways to escalation and strategic stability, highlighting the role that confidence and perhaps-misplaced certainty—versus uncertainty and fear—play in strategic stability.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"77 1","pages":"633 - 667"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43436479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

INO volume 77 issue 2 Cover and Front matter 国际出版组织第77卷第2期封面和封面问题

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818323000097

引用次数: 0

INO volume 77 issue 2 Cover and Back matter INO第77卷第2期封面和封底

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818323000103

引用次数: 0

Earmarked Funding and the Control–Performance Trade-Off in International Development Organizations 国际发展组织的专项资金和控制-绩效权衡

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818323000085

Mirko Heinzel, Ben Cormier, B. Reinsberg

{"title":"Earmarked Funding and the Control–Performance Trade-Off in International Development Organizations","authors":"Mirko Heinzel, Ben Cormier, B. Reinsberg","doi":"10.1017/S0020818323000085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818323000085","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the 1990s, the funding of multilateral development assistance has rapidly transformed. Donors increasingly constrain the discretion of international development organizations (IDOs) through earmarked funding, which limits the purposes for which a donor's funds can be used. The consequences of this development for IDOs’ operational performance are insufficiently understood. We hypothesize that increases in administrative burdens due to earmarked funding reduce the performance of IDO projects. The additional reporting required of IDOs by earmarked funds, while designed to enhance accountability, ultimately increases IDOs’ supervision costs and weakens their performance. We first test these hypotheses with data on project costs and performance of World Bank projects using both ordinary-least-squares and instrumental-variable analyses. We then probe the generalizability of those findings to other organizations by extending our analysis to four other IDOs: the African Development Bank (AfDB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Using data on the performance of 7,571 projects approved between 1990 and 2020, we find that earmarked funding undermines both cost-effectiveness and project performance across IDOs. Donors seeking value for money may consider allocating more money to core funds rather than to earmarked funds.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"77 1","pages":"475 - 495"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46878022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Wisdom Is Welcome Wherever It Comes From: War, Diffusion, and State Formation in Scandinavia 智慧来自哪里都受欢迎：斯堪的纳维亚半岛的战争、扩散和国家形成

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818323000061

Eric Grynaviski, Sverrir Steinsson

引用次数: 0

Something New out of Africa: States Made Slaves, Slaves Made States 非洲的新事物：国家造就奴隶，奴隶造就国家

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818323000073

J. Sharman

{"title":"Something New out of Africa: States Made Slaves, Slaves Made States","authors":"J. Sharman","doi":"10.1017/S0020818323000073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818323000073","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article I explain a nexus between slavery and state formation in Africa, proceeding from initial demographic and institutional conditions to an external demand shift, individual state responses, and their collective systemic consequences. Historically, African rulers faced distinctive challenges: low population density prioritized control of people more than territory, and internal disintegration was often a greater threat than external conquest. A massive expansion in the demand for slaves offered African rulers increased opportunities to use external resources for “outside-in” state building. Many did so by creating highly militarized predatory slaving states. The collective consequence was heightened systemic insecurity. Variation in the timing of these developments reflected regional and historical variation in the expansion of the demand for slaves. Slaving states appeared first in West Africa, reflecting the late-seventeenth-century expansion of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, before spreading to East Africa a century later, following the parallel later increase in the Indian Ocean slave trade. This “outside-in” path to state formation both parallels and contrasts with contemporary postcolonial state formation.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"77 1","pages":"497 - 526"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43268220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0