{"title":"Relative Gains in the Shadow of a Trade War","authors":"Eddy S. F. Yeung, Kai Quek","doi":"10.1017/S0020818322000030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818322000030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When do people care about relative gains in trade? Much of the international relations scholarship—and much of the political rhetoric on trade—would lead us to expect support for a trade policy that benefits ourselves more than it benefits others. Yet, a large interdisciplinary literature also points to the prevalence and importance of other-regarding preferences, rendering the conventional wisdom contestable. We investigate whether and how relative gains influence trade preferences through an original survey experiment in the midst of the China–US trade war. We find that in a win-win scenario, relative gains shape trade opinion: if both sides are gaining, people want to gain more than their foreign trade partner. However, these considerations are offset in a win-lose scenario where the other side is losing out. Relative-gains considerations causally affect opinion on trade, but not in a “beggar-thy-neighbor” or even a “beggar-thy-rival” situation. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of relative gains in international relations and provide the first experimental evidence that relative-gains considerations can be offset by other-regarding preferences in international trade.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"76 1","pages":"741 - 765"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46831826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corporate Sovereign Awakening and the Making of Modern State Sovereignty: New Archival Evidence from the English East India Company","authors":"Swati Srivastava","doi":"10.1017/S002081832200008X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081832200008X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The English East India Company's “company-state” lasted 274 years—longer than most states. This research note uses new archival evidence to study the Company as a catalyst in the development of modern state sovereignty. Drawing on the records of 16,740 managerial and shareholder meetings between 1678 and 1795, I find that as the Company grew through wars, its claim to sovereign authority shifted from a privilege delegated by Crown and Parliament to a self-possessed right. This “sovereign awakening” sparked a reckoning within the English state, which had thus far tolerated ambiguity in Company sovereignty based on the early modern shared international understanding of divisible, nonhierarchical layered sovereignty. But self-possessed nonstate sovereignty claimed from the core of the state became too much. State actors responded by anchoring sovereign authority along more hierarchical, indivisible foundations espoused by theorists centuries earlier. The new research makes two contributions. First, it introduces the conceptual dynamic of “war awakens sovereigns” (beyond making states) by entangling entities in peacemaking to defend sovereign claims. Second, it extends arguments about the European switch from layered sovereignty to hierarchical statist forms by situating the Company's sovereign evolution in this transformation. Ultimately, this study enables fuller historicization of both nonstate authority and the social construction of sovereignty in international politics.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"76 1","pages":"690 - 712"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44593427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Assault on Civil Society: Explaining State Crackdown on NGOs","authors":"Suparna Chaudhry","doi":"10.1017/S0020818321000473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818321000473","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nongovernmental organizations are central to contemporary global governance, and their numbers and influence have grown dramatically since the middle of the twentieth century. However, in the last three decades more than 130 states have repressed these groups, suggesting that a broad range of states perceive them as costly. When they choose to repress NGOs, under what conditions do states use violent strategies versus administrative means? The choice depends on two main factors: the nature of the threat posed by these groups, and the consequences of cracking down on them. Violent crackdown is useful in the face of immediate domestic threats, such as protests. However, violence may increase the state's criminal liability, reduce its legitimacy, violate human rights treaties, and further intensify mobilization against the regime. Therefore, states are more likely to use administrative crackdown, especially in dealing with long-term threats, such as when NGOs influence electoral politics. I test this theory using an original data set of administrative crackdowns on NGOs, as well as violent crackdown on NGO activists, across all countries from 1990 to 2013. To shed light on the strategic decision between violent or administrative crackdown, and how states may perceive threats from domestic and international NGOs differently, I provide a case study from India. I conclude by discussing the implications of this crackdown for the use of civil society actors by the international community, as well as donors and citizens in the global South.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"14 8","pages":"549 - 590"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41258980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eun A Jo, Songying Fang, T. Fazal, M. Finnemore, V. P. Fortna, J. Frieden, Judith L. Goldstein, E. Hafner-Burton, S. Haggard, Susan D. Hyde, Judith Kelley, Joshua D. Kertzer, H. Milner, Megumi Naoi, E. Neumayer, Dennis P. Quinn, Th. Risse, Nita Rudra, E. Saunders, Kenneth Scheve, C. Schneider, K. Schultz, Kathryn Sikkink, B. Simmons, Joel W. Simmons, Etel Solingen, D. Stasavage, R. Stone, J. Tallberg, Raymond Vreeland, Barbara F. Walter, Keren Yarhi-Milo, E. Adler, Benjamin J. Cohen, P. Gourevitch, M. Kahler, Peter J. Katzenstein, R. Keohane, Stephen D. Krasner, Lisa L. Martin, Jennifer Mitzen
{"title":"INO volume 76 issue 4 Cover and Front matter","authors":"Eun A Jo, Songying Fang, T. Fazal, M. Finnemore, V. P. Fortna, J. Frieden, Judith L. Goldstein, E. Hafner-Burton, S. Haggard, Susan D. Hyde, Judith Kelley, Joshua D. Kertzer, H. Milner, Megumi Naoi, E. Neumayer, Dennis P. Quinn, Th. Risse, Nita Rudra, E. Saunders, Kenneth Scheve, C. Schneider, K. Schultz, Kathryn Sikkink, B. Simmons, Joel W. Simmons, Etel Solingen, D. Stasavage, R. Stone, J. Tallberg, Raymond Vreeland, Barbara F. Walter, Keren Yarhi-Milo, E. Adler, Benjamin J. Cohen, P. Gourevitch, M. Kahler, Peter J. Katzenstein, R. Keohane, Stephen D. Krasner, Lisa L. Martin, Jennifer Mitzen","doi":"10.1017/s0020818322000339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818322000339","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"76 1","pages":"f1 - f4"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56621725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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