International Organization最新文献_第8页

Attitudes and Action in International Refugee Policy: Evidence from Australia 国际难民政策的态度和行动：来自澳大利亚的证据

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-07-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818322000133

Jill Sheppard, Jana von Stein

{"title":"Attitudes and Action in International Refugee Policy: Evidence from Australia","authors":"Jill Sheppard, Jana von Stein","doi":"10.1017/S0020818322000133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818322000133","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Do citizens care whether their government breaches international law, or are other imperatives more influential? We consider this question in the human rights arena, asking whether and how it matters how abuses are framed. In a novel survey experiment, we ask Australians about their attitudes toward restrictive immigration policy, holding the underlying breaches constant but varying how they are framed. We find that people most strongly oppose policy that violates international law. Emphasizing moral considerations has smaller but still notable impacts on attitudes, whereas reputational frames have the weakest effects. We also find that translating attitudes into political action is challenging: most who learn of current policy's legal, moral, or reputational dimensions and in turn become more critical do not subsequently express greater interest in trying to do something about it. Nonetheless, there are interesting differences across frames. Appealing to international law or moral considerations is more effective at spurring mobilization than emphasizing reputational harm, though via different mechanisms. Framing this debate in international reputational terms consistently has the weakest impacts on interest in political action, and may be worse than saying nothing at all.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"76 1","pages":"929 - 956"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47322681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Power of Geographical Imaginaries in the European International Order: Colonialism, the 1884–85 Berlin Conference, and Model International Organizations 地理想象在欧洲国际秩序中的力量：殖民主义、1884-85年柏林会议和示范国际组织

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-07-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818322000182

Joanne Yao

{"title":"The Power of Geographical Imaginaries in the European International Order: Colonialism, the 1884–85 Berlin Conference, and Model International Organizations","authors":"Joanne Yao","doi":"10.1017/S0020818322000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818322000182","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the emergence of early international organizations and efforts to export European institutional models to the periphery as part of the global expansion of a European international order. In particular, it focuses on the 1884–85 Berlin Conference as a pivotal moment in that expansion and the failed attempt to transplant the Treaty of Vienna model for transboundary river governance to the Congo River. Scholarship on the spread of institutions has highlighted the dangers of applying institutional models from one context to another, but there has been limited attention on why European institutional models are so compelling in the first place. Based on primary historical material, I show that despite some awareness among the diplomats at Berlin that the African context differed from the European one, this knowledge did not disrupt their underlying confidence in the Vienna model. I contend that the reason this model was so compelling was that it was built on two interrelated geographical imaginaries that constituted the diplomats’ understanding of the global and the political possibilities available to them. The first imaginary constituted the periphery as conceptually empty and ready to be remade by European models; the second constituted Europe as the generative site of universal models. Together, these taken-for-granted imaginaries made the diplomats’ practices of adopting the Vienna model seem natural and self-evident. These imaginaries continue to have implications for international politics today as we consider one-size-fits-all technocratic solutions and benchmarks for global progress.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"76 1","pages":"901 - 928"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44286980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Introduction 介绍

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.1017/s002081830001105x

M. Shaw, Y. Shany, Y. Ronen

{"title":"Introduction","authors":"M. Shaw, Y. Shany, Y. Ronen","doi":"10.1017/s002081830001105x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s002081830001105x","url":null,"abstract":"Two volumes, ISSI Scientiﬁc Reports, SR-001: Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data and SR-008: Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Methods revisited, were published to document the growing toolset using the multi-spacecraft dataset being collected by Cluster. Two volumes, ISSI Scientiﬁc Reports, SR-001: Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data and SR-008: Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Methods revisited, were published to document the growing toolset using the multi-spacecraft dataset being collected by Cluster. Cluster was the ﬁrst phased, multi-spacecraft mission, currently in its 19th year of full science operations, to maintain a close conﬁguration of four spacecraft, evolving around an orbit covering many mid- to outer magnetospheric regions. Such a conﬁguration allowed the estimation of plasma and ﬁeld gradients, as well as wave vector determinations for the ﬁrst time. A range of spatial scales were accessed through a sequence of orbital manoeuvres, predominantly from meso- to large scale spacecraft separation distances. Although covering a vast array of science targets, Cluster did not cover the small (sub-ion) spatial scales and did not access the low-Earth orbit (LEO) altitudes suitable for the upper ionosphere. approximately east-west 2014","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"16 1","pages":"iv - iv"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s002081830001105x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45984257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Classification models and SAR analysis on thromboxane A₂ synthase inhibitors by machine learning methods. 利用机器学习方法对血栓素 A2 合成酶抑制剂进行分类模型和 SAR 分析。

IF 3 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.1080/1062936X.2022.2078880

Y Ji, R Li, Y Tian, G Chen, A Yan

{"title":"Classification models and SAR analysis on thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitors by machine learning methods.","authors":"Y Ji, R Li, Y Tian, G Chen, A Yan","doi":"10.1080/1062936X.2022.2078880","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1062936X.2022.2078880","url":null,"abstract":"Thromboxane A2 synthase (TXS) is a promising drug target for cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In this work, we conducted a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on 526 TXS inhibitors for bioactivity prediction. Three types of descriptors (MACCS fingerprints, ECFP4 fingerprints, and MOE descriptors) were utilized to characterize inhibitors, 24 classification models were developed by support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and deep neural networks (DNN). Then we reduced the number of fingerprints according to the contribution of descriptors to the models, and constructed 16 extra models on simplified fingerprints. In general, Model_4D built by DNN algorithm and 67 bits MACCS fingerprints performs best. The prediction accuracy of the model on the test set is 0.969, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) is 0.936. The distance between compound and model (dSTD-PRO) was used to characterize the application domain of the model. In the test set of Model_4D, dSTD-PRO of 91.5% compounds is lower than the corresponding training set threshold (threshold0.90 = 0.1055), and the accuracy of these compounds is 0.983. In addition, the important descriptors were summarized and further analyzed. It showed that aromatic nitrogenous heterocyclic groups were beneficial to improve the bioactivity of TXS inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"28 1","pages":"429-462"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79080166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Smuggling and Border Enforcement 走私和边境执法

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1017/S002081832200011X

Diana Kim, Y. Tajima

{"title":"Smuggling and Border Enforcement","authors":"Diana Kim, Y. Tajima","doi":"10.1017/S002081832200011X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081832200011X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article analyzes the efficacy of border enforcement against smuggling. We argue that walls, fences, patrols, and other efforts to secure porous borders can reduce smuggling, but only in the absence of collusion between smugglers and state agents at official border crossings. When such corruption occurs, border enforcement merely diverts smuggling flows without reducing their overall volume. We also identify the conditions under which corruption occurs and characterize border enforcement as a sorting mechanism that allows high-skilled smugglers to forge alternative border-crossing routes while deterring low-skilled smugglers or driving them to bribe local border agents. Combining a formal model and an archival case study of opium smuggling in Southeast Asia, we demonstrate that border enforcement has conditional effects on the routes and volumes of smuggling, depending on the nature of interactions between smugglers and border agents. By drawing attention to the technological and organizational aspects of smuggling, this article brings scholarship on criminal governance into the study of international relations, and contributes to debates on the effects of border enforcement and border politics more generally.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"76 1","pages":"830 - 867"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49415429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

In Memoriam: Robert L. Powell 纪念:罗伯特·鲍威尔

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818322000091

J. Fearon, David A. Lake, Anne Meng, Jack Paine

引用次数: 0

Where You Work Is Where You Stand: A Firm-Based Framework for Understanding Trade Opinion 你工作的地方就是你的立场:一个基于企业的理解贸易意见的框架

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818322000108

H. Lee, Yu-Ming Liou

{"title":"Where You Work Is Where You Stand: A Firm-Based Framework for Understanding Trade Opinion","authors":"H. Lee, Yu-Ming Liou","doi":"10.1017/S0020818322000108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818322000108","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract What determines public support for trade liberalization? Scholars of international political economy have generally focused on the effects of openness on employment via individuals’ skill level, sector, or occupation. Recent developments in trade economics suggest that the characteristics of individual citizens’ employing firms may also shape their attitudes on trade policy. In this paper, using under-explored survey data combining trade opinion with measures of employer productivity (from the 2008 Japanese General Social Survey), we present evidence that employees of more productive, more globalized firms are much more supportive of trade openness than employees of less productive, domestically oriented firms, even when accounting for skill level and sectoral and occupational characteristics. Moreover, we find evidence that the effects of these characteristics described in the literature are conditioned by globalized firm employment. Last, we find that the effect of globalized firm employment is conditioned by employees’ relative position within their firms. Those who are more likely to benefit directly from firm success—such as permanent employees and managers—hold the most pro-trade preferences. These findings suggest that economic interests affect individual policy preferences in more nuanced ways than previously recognized.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"76 1","pages":"713 - 740"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41330140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

What Made John Ruggie's World Transformation Theory and Practice Hang Together 是什么让约翰·鲁吉的世界转型理论与实践紧密相连

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-04-22 DOI: 10.1017/s0020818322000042

E. Adler, Kathryn Sikkink

引用次数: 0

Penalizing Atrocities 惩罚的暴行

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-04-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818322000078

Andrew H. Kydd

引用次数: 0

Hawkish Biases and Group Decision Making 鹰派偏见与群体决策

IF 7.8 1区社会学

International Organization Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/S0020818322000017

Joshua D. Kertzer, Marcus Holmes, Brad L. LeVeck, C. Wayne

{"title":"Hawkish Biases and Group Decision Making","authors":"Joshua D. Kertzer, Marcus Holmes, Brad L. LeVeck, C. Wayne","doi":"10.1017/S0020818322000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818322000017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How do cognitive biases relevant to foreign policy decision making aggregate in groups? Many tendencies identified in the behavioral decision-making literature—such as reactive devaluation, the intentionality bias, and risk seeking in the domain of losses—have been linked to hawkishness in foreign policy choices, potentially increasing the risk of conflict, but how these “hawkish biases” operate in the small-group contexts in which foreign policy decisions are often made is unknown. We field three large-scale group experiments to test how these biases aggregate in groups. We find that groups are just as susceptible as individuals to these canonical biases, with neither hierarchical nor horizontal group decision-making structures significantly attenuating the magnitude of bias. Moreover, diverse groups perform similarly to more homogeneous ones, exhibiting similar degrees of bias and marginally increased risk of dissension. These results suggest that at least with these types of biases, the “aggregation problem” may be less problematic for psychological theories in international relations than some critics have argued. This has important implications for understanding foreign policy decision making, the role of group processes, and the behavioral revolution in international relations.","PeriodicalId":48388,"journal":{"name":"International Organization","volume":"76 1","pages":"513 - 548"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47742265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3