{"title":"Defensive, reactive, or proactive? A critical review and conceptual framework of the role of incumbent firms in sustainability transitions","authors":"Rabab Saleh","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research addresses the literature on incumbent firms in sustainability transitions and makes two main contributions. First, it critically identifies and synthesises the diverse roles of incumbent firms: as defensive actors who resist change, reactive actors who respond to destabilising conditions, and proactive actors who have a stake in the change. It elaborates on each of these roles, their conceptual approaches, transition pathways, and the implications for ongoing research on incumbent firms. Second, based on this review, it introduces a conceptual model of an incumbent firm's dynamic and iterative interaction with sustainability transitions, arguing for the role of time and temporal dynamics in addition to the readiness of a firm's internal and external environments. This conceptual model introduces an incumbent firm's perspective on sustainability transitions and thus bridges the gap between the firm (micro level) and the socio-technical system (macro level) in the emerging research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104256"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Opening up energy: toward more coherent research into transitions","authors":"Larry Lohmann","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Is the phrase “a just transition to renewable energy” self-contradictory? That is, is the modern, abstract energy denoted in the phrase (and many others like it) inherently unjust and unrenewable? It might help social science energy research climb out of the rut in which it is currently stuck to take this perhaps surprising question seriously. It can open fruitful new avenues of inquiry to grasp abstract energy not as a universal, non-political resource shuttled here and there across an unchanging landscape – as is common today across the social sciences, state and international institutions and NGOs – but as an ongoing colonial process of reorganizing human and nonhuman territories into hierarchies favorable to capital accumulation. After all, it is only by repatterning entropy boundaries and flows that the abstract energy developed during the 19<sup>th</sup> century is able to serve the digital and other industrial machines that are used to bring more workers under the compulsions of capital, accelerate turnover, appropriate feedstocks and contain resistance. For grasping this process, the thermodynamics that theorized abstract energy is one indispensable, well-grounded idiom. But it is not neutral. In any democratic discussion about energy futures, it needs to be made vulnerable to translation into other energy languages in which plural energies of the commons are not subordinated to the singular energy hegemonic today in official circles. A regime of mutual, multi-directional translations, when combined with historical inquiry, exposure to alternative experience and democratic struggle, is a promising methodology for scholarship about livable energy futures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104316"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabah Abdullah , Jeff Brown , Chris Greig , Kaveri Iychettira , Kasparas Spokas , Maroof Syed , Kurt Waltzer
{"title":"Clean energy finance must urgently confront novel technology bankability gaps, systemic risks in emerging economies, and a historic shift in infrastructure spending","authors":"Sabah Abdullah , Jeff Brown , Chris Greig , Kaveri Iychettira , Kasparas Spokas , Maroof Syed , Kurt Waltzer","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decarbonizing the global economy by midcentury will require annual investment in clean energy to more than double for several decades. Although global capital stocks are large enough, most investment flows to opportunities with risk and return profiles that differ from those of new clean infrastructure. Investors rarely commit funds to emerging clean technologies until these are proven commercially viable at scale, creating a persistent financing gap. This gap is widest in lower-income countries, where infrastructure needs are greatest and future emissions growth is likely to be highest. Many widely discussed financing solutions have not been tested for feasibility or for their ability to scale, and the macroeconomic impacts of shifting such vast sums into the energy sector are poorly understood. This article identifies three systemic challenges to mobilizing capital at the pace and scale implied by ambitious climate goals: (1) making novel technologies investable, (2) expanding affordable finance for clean energy in lower-income economies, and (3) managing the macroeconomic consequences of a historic reallocation of infrastructure spending toward energy. It advances the clean energy finance field by providing a critical framework for assessing these challenges, explaining why current solutions fall short, and setting a research and policy agenda to address them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104337"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Solar cities: A case study analysis of city-level enablers of expanded solar energy access","authors":"Eric O'Shaughnessy , Angelica Chavez Duckworth , Samantha Houck , Galen Barbose","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption can benefit households by reducing electricity bills and enhancing energy resiliency. Low and moderate-income (LMI) households have been less likely to adopt PV and experience these benefits in the United States than higher-income households. Adopter income trends are often explored through quantitative analysis with limited explanatory power. Our quantitative analysis only explains around one-third of city-level variation in LMI adoption trends through socioeconomic factors such as median home values and income inequality and PV market factors such as cumulative adoption and incentives. We implement semi-structured interviews in three case studies of cities with relatively high rates of LMI PV adoption to better understand the factors that explain PV adopter income trends. The case studies partly reiterate findings from quantitative analysis, such as the role of PV incentives. The case studies reveal a broader set of LMI adoption drivers that are missed in quantitative analyses. The case studies show how city contexts can affect LMI adoption, such as the role of supportive city governments. The case studies also reveal the importance of partnerships, such as partnerships between city governments and state LMI PV program implementers. Finally, interviewees emphasized the importance of building trust among prospective LMI PV adopters. Interviewees suggested that partnerships, outreach, and consumer protection measures were crucial to building trust in PV installers among LMI households.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104321"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uplifting winds: The surprisingly positive community-wide impact of wind energy installations on property values","authors":"Ben Hoen , Eric Brunner , David Schwegman","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A primary concern of stakeholders when considering a new wind project is the potential negative effects wind turbines may have on home values. Yet, what has been surprisingly overlooked in the literature and general discourse around wind energy is that the well-researched positive economic development and fiscal and amenity benefits of wind energy (e.g., increased tax base, tax revenue, better public services and employment gains) might positively affect jurisdiction-wide housing values. With a focus on school districts in the United States, we compare home values in school districts with wind energy installations, before and after a wind energy installation becomes operational, to home values in other school districts located in the same county but without a wind energy installation to provide some of the first causal evidence on the relationship between wind energy projects and district-wide property values. We find that wind projects lead to economically meaningful increases in district-wide housing values of approximately 3 %, when those values are compared to similar homes located in school districts in same-county without wind energy. The effect is strongly correlated with wind project size. The mechanisms, our research suggests, are likely related to relatively large increases in school district per-pupil revenues and expenditures, which are also correlated with wind project size. We suggest other possible mechanisms for the increased values as well.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104331"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Douglas L. Bessette , Joseph Rand , Ben Hoen , Robi Nilson , Jacob White , Karl Hoesch , Sarah B. Mills
{"title":"Missing the mark: Avoiding community misengagement in large-scale solar development","authors":"Douglas L. Bessette , Joseph Rand , Ben Hoen , Robi Nilson , Jacob White , Karl Hoesch , Sarah B. Mills","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scholars have long argued the need for increased community engagement around large-scale solar (LSS) development in the United States (US). Despite this call, meaningful engagement processes remain rare, both because they are often not statutorily required and because a range of actors, including state and federal policy-makers, renewable energy developers, local officials, landowners, and nearby residents disagree about the need for as well as the intended goal of such processes. This disagreement has led to dramatic policy shifts around engagement and fostered processes that are insular, instrumental, abbreviated, and often focused on achieving a single objective: either the termination or approval of a LSS project. Here we work to distinguish this form of engagement, which we define as misengagement, from a more meaningful form of engagement, which has as its goals transparency, accessibility, and fairness as well as expanding the number and specificity of the perspectives, interests and impacts considered. We describe the development of a more structured and deliberative engagement process that was deployed by University Extension personnel in 5 US states with over 300 participants, resulting in a guidebook that provides step-by-step instructions for individuals interested in pursuing more community-centered solar development. We also propose five questions that surfaced over the course of this work and that organizers of meaningful engagement processes should consider in order to avoid misengagement: how, when, where, who (for and by) and why should such a process occur. Finally, we discuss tensions and tradeoffs associated with and between each question.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104338"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mapping green communities: Resources for measuring grassroots environmental organizing in Japan","authors":"Timothy Fraser , Pinar Temocin","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Which communities host the most grassroots resources for activism on energy, environment, and climate policy, per capita? This article investigates a recently developed data resource, measuring rates of environmental organizations in every Japanese city over the last two decades. These data were first validated in 2021 against prior measures of environmental organizing (Fraser and Temocin, 2021). This paper clears new ground by demonstrating best-use cases for scholars and activists seeking to understand the state of environmental organizing in their city. We test two theories of environmental mobilization in Japan using temporal and regional descriptive statistical analyses in data-driven case studies, drawn from a population of 1741 municipalities measured from 2005–2016 We find evidence that (<span><span>H1</span></span>) rates of environmental NGOs <em>increased</em> over time, especially after Fukushima, and that (<span><span>H2</span></span>) environmental NGO rates were <em>greater</em> in communities hosting nuclear power plants than nearby cities, contrary to past literature. This study aims to encourage a wave of new research evaluating levels of grassroots and professionalized environmental organizing in cities, to support future scholars testing the drivers of environmental governance outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104232"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Subdued by wind and solar? A comprehensive analysis of barriers to biogas technology uptake","authors":"Abiola Gboyega Kehinde , Harro von Blottnitz","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A decade ago, biogas had become a promising clean energy resource for the global transition to sustainability. Biogas technology can convert organic materials, including municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastes, as well as purpose-grown crops, into methane as an energy carrier. The digestate can be used as fertiliser to provide plant nutrients and restore soil fertility. Despite its potential, the global deployment rate of biogas has slowed since. A systematic literature review is presented to identify, evaluate, compare, and synthesise articles published since 2015 on barriers to the uptake of biogas technology from a global perspective. The analysis distinguishes between small, medium and large-scale biogas installations and between low, lower-middle, upper-middle and high-income countries. Barriers are classified as institutional, technological, economic, market, information, environmental, socio-cultural, and technical, referred to as the ITEMIEST framework. Information and socio-cultural barriers are mentioned more often in small and medium-scale biogas, whilst institutional, technological, economic, market and technical barriers dominate for large-scale projects. Whilst the review classifies and analyses the multiple barriers reported, it is noted that to date, there is no study analysing the effect of sharply decreasing prices of wind and solar PV technologies and their associated exponential deployment as an important driver of the slowdown of new biogas projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104326"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Celine Klemm , Mark Boulet , Diki Tsering , Liam Smith
{"title":"Home energy efficiency upgrades are easy right?! A systematic review of factors influencing homeowner behaviour across multiple levels","authors":"Celine Klemm , Mark Boulet , Diki Tsering , Liam Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The building sector contributes almost one third of global CO2 emissions. Supporting energy efficiency upgrades in residential homes could provide significant emissions reductions, while also improving thermal comfort and health outcomes for homeowners. Numerous government policies and programs now seek to accelerate the adoption of home energy upgrades. Their success, however, is partially dependent on a range of homeowner behaviours and requires a deep understanding of the factors that influence them. This paper systematically reviews the current evidence base related to energy upgrade behaviours and their influencing factors from a multi-level perspective and organises the different factors at different levels (or contexts). We highlight current skews in the evidence base towards certain upgrade behaviours and propose a new multi-level framework of home energy efficiency upgrade behaviours. This framework explicitly recognises the combined influence and potential interplay of influencing factors at different levels, from which upgrade behaviours emerge. We conclude by suggesting future research directions and policy implications for supporting energy efficiency upgrades in homes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104322"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Perko , R. Geysmans , C. Turcanu , Gabriela Román-Ross , Maia Vercelli
{"title":"When waste becomes a resource: Applying a circular economy framework to nuclear power decommissioning","authors":"T. Perko , R. Geysmans , C. Turcanu , Gabriela Román-Ross , Maia Vercelli","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2025.104320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The term “circular economy” (CE) has been used inconsistently in nuclear decommissioning, leading to potential misinterpretations and mismatches between CE definitions and practices. With numerous nuclear installations worldwide requiring decommissioning, a clear and consolidated definition of CE, along with relevant dimensions and indicators, is needed to enable transition from the prevailing linear approach to a more sustainable and circular one. This study addresses two key questions: How can CE be defined in the context of nuclear decommissioning to ensure clarity and consistency? What key indicators can assess the practical implementation of CE in decommissioning? A two-round Delphi study was conducted in 2024 with nine experts to address these questions. The findings were validated through a facilitated Group discussion with 19 stakeholders, including industry professionals, operators, authorities, and researchers. The results provide a unified definition of CE in nuclear decommissioning and measurable indicators covering societal, environmental, health and safety, techno-economic, and legal dimensions. This study offers actionable insights for regulators, practitioners and policymakers, facilitating the integration CE principles and the comprehensive evaluation of circularity in nuclear decommissioning processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 104320"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}