Cognitive Therapy and Research最新文献

{"title":"Endogenous Cortisol Levels, Sleep or Vigilance: Which Factors Contribute to Better Exposure Therapy Outcomes in the Morning?","authors":"Marie Roxanne Sopp, Sarah K. Schäfer, Tanja Michael, Monika Equit, Diana S. Ferreira de Sá, Johanna Lass-Hennemann","doi":"10.1007/s10608-023-10463-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10463-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Research suggests that exposure therapy delivered in the morning is more successful than delivered in the evening, which is often explained by higher diurnal endogenous cortisol levels. However, this “morning exposure effect” might also be explained by other factors such as sleep or vigilance.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The current study aimed to disentangle these effects by assessing the impact of video-based exposure therapy delivered in the morning or in the evening, whilst considering pre-exposure sleep quality, vigilance, and cortisol levels. To this end, 80 snake fearful individuals were randomly assigned to receive exposure treatment in the morning or evening.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Contrary to previous findings, groups did not differ in their pre-post and post-follow up decrease of snake anxiety. However, higher vigilance was found to be associated with a greater pre-post and post-follow-up decrease in snake anxiety. Moreover, pre-exposure sleep efficiency moderated the post-follow-up decrease in snake anxiety across groups: In individuals with high pre-exposure sleep efficiency, those receiving exposure in the morning were estimated to show a stronger decrease in snake anxiety than those receiving exposure in the evening. The opposite pattern was found in individuals with low pre-exposure sleep efficiency.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The results of this study illustrate that diurnal effects on exposure therapy might be more complex than previously assumed.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Trial Registration</h3><p>The study was prospectively preregistered at the German Clinical Trial Register (https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00016183).</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139924525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot Study Dismantling the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy: Identifying the Active Ingredients","authors":"Lee R. Long, Mark Foster, Kara Burr, J. Kim Penberthy, Tracy N. Baker, James P. McCullough","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10467-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10467-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>CBASP is a learning acquisition model of psychotherapy and until this present study, has not been systematically dismantled to identify the active ingredient.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The present investigation is the first formal dismantling pilot-study conducted to date on the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP). The two major treatment components of CBASP, Situational Analysis (SA) and the Interpersonal Discrimination Exercise (IDE), were administered alone and with CBASP treatment-as-usual (the combination of both) to determine if there were active ingredients operative in the model. Secondly, we questioned if the dismantling of CBASP should continue in a larger study in an effort to answer the greater dismantling question of whether to administer both SA and IDE separately based on the active ingredient outcomes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The study did achieve visually inspected differential data patterns across the three groups of the dependent measures. Based on these outcomes, a larger dismantling study seems warranted and is recommended.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>We strongly urge that a larger dismantling study using a similar design be conducted in an effort to further the dismantling process of the CBASP model.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139760976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Differences in Shame Among Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder","authors":"Roni Oren-Yagoda, May Rosenblum, Idan M. Aderka","doi":"10.1007/s10608-023-10461-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10461-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Shame is an important emotion in social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, gender differences in shame, as well as the temporal relationship between shame and anxiety in SAD have not been examined. The present study aimed to address these gaps.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Participants were 88 individuals (44 with SAD and 44 without SAD) who completed a 21-day experience sampling measurement (ESM). Specifically, participants reported on their emotions once a day at random times.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Hierarchical Linear Modeling indicated that individuals with SAD reported significantly more shame compared to individuals without SAD. In addition, women reported significantly more shame compared to men. Importantly, gender differences in shame were more pronounced among individuals with SAD compared to those without SAD. Finally, we found that for individuals without SAD, shame on a given day significantly predicted anxiety on the following day among men but not among women, whereas for individuals with SAD, shame on a given day significantly predicted anxiety on the following day among both men and women.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings suggest that shame may play a role in the maintenance of SAD. In addition, our findings suggest that social anxiety disorder may impact women’s experience of shame more than men’s.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"333 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139579480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Average Isn't Good Enough: Identifying Meaningful Subgroups in Clinical Data","authors":"Andrew T. Gloster, Matthias Nadler, Victoria Block, Elisa Haller, Julian Rubel, Charles Benoy, Jeanette Villanueva, Klaus Bader, Marc Walter, Undine Lang, Stefan G. Hofmann, Joseph Ciarrochi, Steven C. Hayes","doi":"10.1007/s10608-023-10453-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10453-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Clinical data are usually analyzed with the assumption that knowledge gathered from group averages applies to the individual. Doing so potentially obscures patients with meaningfully different trajectories of therapeutic change. Needed are “idionomic” methods that first examine idiographic patterns before nomothetic generalizations are made. The objective of this paper is to test whether such an idionomic method leads to different clinical conclusions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>51 patients completed weekly process measures and symptom severity over a period of eight weeks. Change trajectories were analyzed using a nomothetic approach and an idiographic approach with bottom-up clustering of similar individuals. The outcome was patients’ well-being at post-treatment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Individuals differed in the extent that underlying processes were linked to symptoms. Average trend lines did not represent the intraindividual changes well. The idionomic approach readily identified subgroups of patients that differentially predicted distal outcomes (well-being).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Relying exclusively on average results may lead to an oversight of intraindividual pathways. Characterizing data first using idiographic approaches led to more refined conclusions, which is clinically useful, scientifically rigorous, and may help advance individualized psychotherapy approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139579326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Reported and Physiological Reactions to Thin and Non-Thin Bodies: Understanding Motivational Processes Associated with Disordered Eating","authors":"Samantha Wilson, Adrienne Mehak, Sarah E. Racine","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10466-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10466-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>The present study examined the relative roles of approach and avoidance motivation in eating pathology using a multi-method approach combining self-report and physiological measures. The potential effect of internalized ideals and fears was also investigated.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Fifty-seven undergraduate women completed a picture-viewing task in which they viewed images of women’s bodies (thin and non-thin) and affective images. Self-report ratings of valence and arousal were measured along with physiological indicators of approach (postauricular reflex) and avoidance (startle blink reflex) motivation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Greater eating pathology was associated with more negative valence ratings of both thin and non-thin images. There was a significant interaction between valence ratings of non-thin bodies and fear of the unattractive self in relation to eating pathology, such that eating pathology was highest in those who rated non-thin images as more unpleasant and internalized fears of being/becoming unattractive. Thin-ideal internalization did not significantly interact with ratings of thin images to predict eating pathology. There were no significant findings when examining physiological data.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Results from self-report measures suggest that eating pathology is associated with avoidant reactions to both thin and non-thin bodies and highlight the importance of internalized appearance-related fears.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139579479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entrée or Sampler? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Approaches to Single Session Internet-Based Interventions","authors":"Graham C. Bartels, Jennifer S. Cheavens, Daniel R. Strunk","doi":"10.1007/s10608-023-10459-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10459-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Interventions teaching cognitive-behavioral skills feature prominently among evidence-based treatments for emotional disorders. However, the relative impact of interventions that teach one cognitive-behavioral skill in-depth (i.e., an entrée intervention) versus those that provide limited coverage of multiple skills (i.e., a sampler intervention) remains unclear. In this study, we compared these two approaches using unguided single-session internet-based cognitive-behavioral interventions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A total of 657 participants living in the U.S. with elevated depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to the entrée, sampler, or no-intervention control conditions. The entrée approach focused in-depth on developing one skill and the sampler condition introduced three skills. Both interventions lasted approximately 30 min. All participants completed measures of depressive symptoms, loneliness, and coping skill use and quality before the intervention and a week after the intervention.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>There were no condition differences in change in depressive symptoms, coping skill usage, coping skill quality, or loneliness. Those in the sampler condition were less likely to drop out than those in the entrée condition. In addition, condition differences were moderated by initial depressive symptom severity, such that among the more severely depressed the sampler condition led to greater symptom reduction than the entrée and control conditions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>We did not find overall differences between the entrée, sampler, and control conditions on primary outcomes. Nonetheless, the differences that did emerge suggest offering a variety of skills improves retention and provides greater relief for those with high initial depressive symptom severity in single-session internet-based interventions.</p><p><i>Clinicaltrials.gov ID</i> NCT04643964, registered on 11/12/2020.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139560535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of the Death-Implicit Association Test in a Sample of Suicidal Inpatients","authors":"Kayla A. Lord, Tyler B. Rice, Hannah C. Levy, Kimberly S. Sain, Jessica Stubbing, Gretchen J. Diefenbach, David F. Tolin","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10465-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10465-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Research suggests that performance on the Death-Implicit Association Test (D-IAT) converges with explicit indicators of suicide risk (e.g., suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviors). However, the utility of the D-IAT in acute care settings has been questioned given limited studies and inconsistent findings. Additionally, it remains unclear whether the D-IAT incrementally improves the assessment of suicide risk beyond explicit measures.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>The present study evaluated the validity of the D-IAT in a large sample of psychiatric inpatients who attempted suicide within the past two years (<i>N</i> = 203; <i>M</i> age = 32.93 [<i>SD</i> = 12.61]; 50.7% female; 63.5% White; 22.7% Hispanic/Latino). The D-IAT was scored three ways: (1) conventional <i>D</i> scoring where positive scores indicate stronger implicit associations with death, (2) dichotomized <i>D</i> scores where participants were categorized based on positive or negative <i>D</i> score, and (3) <i>DD</i> scoring, which is a novel procedure that differentiates self-identification with death (Me-<i>DD</i>) from a lack of identification with life (Not Me-<i>DD</i>).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p><i>D</i> and Not Me-<i>DD</i> were weakly associated with suicide cognitions, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and wishes to live/die and there were corresponding mean differences based on dichotomized <i>D</i> scores. <i>D</i> and Not Me-<i>DD</i> were also weakly correlated with number of lifetime suicide attempts. Me-<i>DD</i> evidenced fewer significant associations than Not Me-<i>DD</i> suggesting that a lack of association with life may be the central component of <i>D</i> scores.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Findings suggest that the D-IAT may not be a useful standalone measure of suicide risk in high-risk populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"212 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139500115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Associations of Emotion Regulation and Trait Resilience with the Efficacy of Cognitive Processing Therapy for Active Duty Military Personnel with PTSD","authors":"Craig P. Polizzi, Jennifer Schuster Wachen, Casey L. Straud, Jim Mintz, Allison L. Baier, Katherine A. Dondanville, Stacey Young-McCaughan, Brett T. Litz, Jeffrey S. Yarvis, Alan L. Peterson, Patricia A. Resick","doi":"10.1007/s10608-023-10457-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10457-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Military personnel who complete cognitive processing therapy (CPT) can still experience residual symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Gaining a deeper understanding of the characteristics that influence response to CPT may increase the likelihood of treatment success. Emotion regulation and trait resilience are associated with PTSD severity and may influence treatment response in active duty service members with PTSD.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>This secondary analysis explored the association among reports of baseline emotion regulation (Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form) and trait resilience (Response to Stressful Experiences Scale) with PTSD severity reductions in a sample of active duty service members (<i>N</i> = 268) who participated in a clinical trial that compared group-delivered and individual CPT. Population averaged models were utilized to examine if baseline predictors were related to change in PTSD severity from pre- to posttreatment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Trait resilience predicted PTSD severity changes such that participants who reported less trait resilience at baseline demonstrated greater PTSD severity reductions over a course of CPT. There was also a main effect of adaptive emotion regulation on PTSD severity. Post-hoc correlation analyses revealed that baseline adaptive emotion regulation was positively associated with PTSD severity at pre- and posttreatment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Findings imply that service members with lower trait resilience may particularly benefit from CPT. Whether trait resilience moderates PTSD outcomes specific to CPT will require a trial with an alternative comparison treatment arm.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Clinical Trial Registration</h3><p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02173561 (6/25/2014)</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139483439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Remote Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia in Improving Health Status of Patients with Insomnia Symptoms: A Meta-analysis","authors":"Dawei Xu, Zhanjiang Li, Unnah Leitner, Jing Sun","doi":"10.1007/s10608-023-10458-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10458-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Insomnia is highly prevalent and cognitive behavioural therapy is the first-line treatment for it. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of remote cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, specifically, treatment fully delivered through the internet, mobile phones and telephones for sleep and other health outcomes in adults diagnosed with insomnia or reporting insomnia symptoms. This study also aimed to evaluate the effect of various intervention components as subgroup variables to explain the efficacy of remote cognitive behavioural therapy on health outcomes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Randomised controlled trial studies were obtained from five electronic databases. The PEDro scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. A random effect model was used to assess the mean difference, standardised mean difference and standard deviation of the outcome variables. Heterogeneity among the study articles was assessed using <i>I</i>² and <i>Q</i> tests. Egger regression analysis was used to assess publication bias.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Remote cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia had significant and positive effects on improving sleep outcomes, depression, anxiety, fatigue and mental health compared with the control conditions. Its effect on physical health was not significant. The effect of the therapy was enhanced when the total length of intervention was shorter than 6 weeks, delivered via the internet and did not include therapist support.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Remote cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is effective in improving sleep quality, depression, anxiety, fatigue and mental health in insomnia patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139460806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced Belief Updating in the Context of Depressive Symptoms: An Investigation of the Associations with Interpretation Biases and Self-Evaluation","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10608-023-10454-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10454-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <span> <h3>Background</h3> <p>Depressive symptoms are associated with negative expectations and reduced belief updating by positive information. Cognitive immunization, the devaluation of positive information, has been argued to be central in this relationship and predictive processing models suggest that more positive information is associated with greater cognitive immunization.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Methods</h3> <p>In an online experiment, <em>N</em> = 347 healthy participants took part in a performance task with standardized feedback of varying levels of positivity (mild, moderate, extreme). Effects of feedback positivity on cognitive immunization were investigated. Further, depressive symptoms, interpretation bias and participant’s self-evaluation were examined as potential correlates of belief updating.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Results</h3> <p>As expected, participants receiving mildly positive feedback reported a greater amount of cognitive immunization than those receiving moderately positive feedback. However, neither group differed from those receiving extremely positive feedback. Although depressive symptoms did not show the hypothesized association with cognitive immunization, they were associated with a weaker increase in positive expectations following feedback. Exploratory analyses showed associations between self-evaluation and belief updating.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Conclusions</h3> <p>The results suggest that healthy participants engaged in cognitive immunization when feedback was less positive than expected. Depressive symptoms were associated with reduced belief updating, but not with cognitive immunization. Self-evaluation may be a promising factor for future research.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139460887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}