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Network Connections and Board Seats: Are Female Networks Less Valuable? 网络连接和董事会席位:女性网络不那么有价值吗?
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1086/719965
Emma von Essen, N. Smith
{"title":"Network Connections and Board Seats: Are Female Networks Less Valuable?","authors":"Emma von Essen, N. Smith","doi":"10.1086/719965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719965","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate how sizes of professional networks affect the probability of appointment to a supervisory board and whether the effect is gendered. Using an employer-employee data set of the Danish labor market, 1995–2011, we find larger networks to associate with a higher probability of becoming a first-time director. The effect is larger for men. One explanation is that men, compared with women, have more connections to larger and listed firms and to other males—attributes that increase the appointment probability. Women who have connections to incumbent directors before being appointed director have more labor market experience than other directors.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"323 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49173547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Optimal Allocation of Seats in the Presence of Peer Effects: Evidence from a Job Training Program 存在同伴效应的座位优化分配：来自就业培训计划的证据
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1086/719968
M. Baird, J. Engberg, Isaac M Opper
{"title":"Optimal Allocation of Seats in the Presence of Peer Effects: Evidence from a Job Training Program","authors":"M. Baird, J. Engberg, Isaac M Opper","doi":"10.1086/719968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719968","url":null,"abstract":"We model optimal treatment assignment in programs with a limited number of seats and study how the presence of peer effects impacts the optimal allocation rule. We then use data from a randomized control trial to show evidence that there are large peer effects in the context of job training for disadvantaged adults in the United States. Finally, we combine the model and the empirics to show that the program would have had a much greater impact if the assignment choices had accounted for the peer effects.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"479 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43397340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Labor Market Discrimination against Family Responsibilities: A Correspondence Study with Policy Change in China 劳动力市场对家庭责任的歧视:与中国政策变迁的对应研究
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1086/719966
Haoran He, S. Li, Yuling Han
{"title":"Labor Market Discrimination against Family Responsibilities: A Correspondence Study with Policy Change in China","authors":"Haoran He, S. Li, Yuling Han","doi":"10.1086/719966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719966","url":null,"abstract":"China shifted its controversial one-child policy (1979–2015) to a two-child policy in 2016. We take advantage of this unexpected policy change and the heterogeneities in the prechange environment to investigate labor market discrimination against expected family responsibilities. In a two-wave correspondence study before and after the policy change, we sent 8,848 fictitious resumes with ages 22–29 in response to online job advertisements. Their gender and only-child/siblinged status were systematically varied. We find that women—but not men—are subject to labor market discrimination for expected family responsibilities. This discrimination worsens with the increase in women’s reproductive age.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"361 - 387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42789112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Foreign Students in College and the Supply of STEM Graduates 大学外国留学生和STEM毕业生的供应
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1086/719964
M. Anelli, Kevin Shih, K. Williams
{"title":"Foreign Students in College and the Supply of STEM Graduates","authors":"M. Anelli, Kevin Shih, K. Williams","doi":"10.1086/719964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719964","url":null,"abstract":"Do foreign students affect the likelihood that domestic students obtain a STEM degree and occupation? Using administrative student records from a US university, we exploit idiosyncratic variation in the share of foreign classmates in introductory math classes and find that foreign classmates displace domestic students from STEM majors and occupations. However, displaced students gravitate toward high-earning social science majors, so their expected earnings are not penalized. We explore several mechanisms. Results indicate that displacement is concentrated in classes where foreign classmates possess weak English language ability, suggesting that diminished in-class communication and social interactions might play an important role.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"511 - 563"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41859828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
When the Stadium Goes Silent: How Crowds Affect the Performance of Discriminated Groups 当体育场变得安静：人群如何影响被歧视群体的表现
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1086/719967
M. Caselli, Paolo Falco, Gianpiero Mattera
{"title":"When the Stadium Goes Silent: How Crowds Affect the Performance of Discriminated Groups","authors":"M. Caselli, Paolo Falco, Gianpiero Mattera","doi":"10.1086/719967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719967","url":null,"abstract":"Using a natural experiment induced by COVID-19, we test how the sudden absence of fans at football games impacts player performance in Italy. We find that African players, who are most commonly targeted by racial harassment, play better when fans are no longer at the stadium. A similar, albeit weaker, effect is detected among black players. Using official records of racist behavior by fans, we show that performance improves the most on teams that were subject to abuse before the lockdown. Our evidence suggests that racist pressure can harm discriminated groups and lower the overall quality of the game.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"431 - 451"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48154102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Putting the Husband Through: The Role of Credit Constraints in the Timing of Marriage and Spousal Education 让丈夫渡过难关:信用约束在结婚时机和配偶教育中的作用
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1086/719689
Murat F. Iyigun, J. Lafortune
{"title":"Putting the Husband Through: The Role of Credit Constraints in the Timing of Marriage and Spousal Education","authors":"Murat F. Iyigun, J. Lafortune","doi":"10.1086/719689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719689","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States, age at first marriage was lowest and the education gap between husbands and wives was highest during the 1950s. The conventional explanation for such a negative correlation is that early marriage leads to earlier and higher fertility, which in turn prevents women from acquiring education. Here, we propose that early marriages enabled couples to overcome credit constraints in education. A model that includes this motive and mechanism can replicate not only the marriage and education patterns observed in the middle of the century in the United States but also the overall trends over the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"245 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43374210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Borrowing Constraints and the Dynamics of Return and Repeat Migration 借贷约束和回归与重复迁移的动态
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1086/719687
Joseph-Simon Goerlach
{"title":"Borrowing Constraints and the Dynamics of Return and Repeat Migration","authors":"Joseph-Simon Goerlach","doi":"10.1086/719687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719687","url":null,"abstract":"As wages in migrant-sending countries catch up with those in destinations, migrants adjust on several margins, including their duration of stay, the number of migrations they undertake, and the amount saved while abroad. This paper combines Mexican and US data to estimate a dynamic model of consumption, emigration, and remigration, accounting for financial constraints. An increase in Mexican household earnings shortens migration duration but raises the number of trips per migrant. For lower-income migrants, a rise in Mexican wages leads to a more than proportional effect on consumption expenditure in Mexico, arising from repatriated savings.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"205 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44233405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Minimum Wage, Self-Employment, and the Online Gig Economy 最低工资、自主创业和在线零工经济
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1086/719690
B. Glasner
{"title":"The Minimum Wage, Self-Employment, and the Online Gig Economy","authors":"B. Glasner","doi":"10.1086/719690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719690","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the effect of minimum wage increases on work that is not covered by minimum wage laws. I find that minimum wage increases in the early 2000s resulted in small reductions in engagement in traditional self-employment. Following the development of the online gig economy in the 2010s, a 10% increase in the minimum wage increased the number of nonemployer establishments classified as transportation and warehousing services by approximately 2.7%. The counties most likely to exhibit a positive relationship between the minimum wage and participation in uncovered work are those with low labor market concentration and active Uber marketplaces.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"103 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42346798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Education Transmission and Network Formation 教育传播与网络形成
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-01-18 DOI: 10.1086/718981
Vincent Boucher, Carlo L. Del Bello, Fabrizio Panebianco, T. Verdier, Y. Zenou
{"title":"Education Transmission and Network Formation","authors":"Vincent Boucher, Carlo L. Del Bello, Fabrizio Panebianco, T. Verdier, Y. Zenou","doi":"10.1086/718981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718981","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a model of intergenerational transmission of education wherein children belong to either highly educated or low-educated families. Children choose the intensity of their social activities, while parents decide how much educational effort to exert. Using Add Health data, we find that, on average, children’s homophily acts as a complement to the educational effort of highly educated parents but as a substitute for the educational effort of low-educated parents. We also find that policies that subsidize kids’ socialization efforts can backfire for low-educated students because they tend to increase their interactions with other low-educated students.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"129 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47120065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Explaining Recent Trends in US School Segregation 解释美国学校种族隔离的最新趋势
IF 3.8 1区 经济学
Journal of Labor Economics Pub Date : 2022-01-18 DOI: 10.1086/718975
Gregorio Caetano, Vikram Maheshri
{"title":"Explaining Recent Trends in US School Segregation","authors":"Gregorio Caetano, Vikram Maheshri","doi":"10.1086/718975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718975","url":null,"abstract":"From 2002 to 2018, the fraction of minority-segregated public schools in the United States roughly doubled, but the fraction of White-segregated schools decreased at an even faster rate. Endogenous segregation fueled by parents choosing schools on the basis of their racial compositions can in principle dwarf all other determinants of segregation over time because of social multiplier effects. However, we find that demographic change from Hispanic immigration has been the biggest driver of these trends. These findings are particularly pronounced in urban areas, which experienced the largest changes in segregation and are where policy makers are most concerned about the pernicious effects of segregation.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"175 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45133183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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