{"title":"Reductions of external director liability and corporate payout policy","authors":"Chia-Wei Huang , Chih-Yen Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how director-liability-reduction laws affect corporate payout policies using a difference-in-differences analysis of U.S. firms. While these laws had no significant effect on dividend policies, they substantially increased share repurchase activities and total payouts. The effects are stronger for firms with more blockholders and high-technology companies facing greater litigation exposure. Results support the efficiency enhancement hypothesis, suggesting that reduced litigation threats enable directors to pursue value-maximizing strategies rather than excessive conservatism. The findings contribute to understanding how legal reforms affecting board governance influence corporate payout decisions and shareholder distributions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104583"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kiet Tuan Duong , Thong Trung Nguyen , Huong Thi Xuan Tram
{"title":"Biodiversity risk and corporate debt maturity","authors":"Kiet Tuan Duong , Thong Trung Nguyen , Huong Thi Xuan Tram","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates how biodiversity risks influence corporate debt maturity choices. Utilizing a sample of publicly listed firms in the United States between 2000 and 2023, our findings suggest that exposure to biodiversity risks increases the likelihood that firms will reduce their reliance on short-term borrowing. As firms face significant difficulties in constrained natural resources for their operations under biodiversity risks, they tend to avoid adding inherent risks embedded in short-term debt. However, our paper also finds that larger firm size, diversification across offshoring input countries, and government contracting can help mitigate the adverse impact of biodiversity risks on short-term debt maturities. Our study provides valuable insights for both firms and governments to develop strategies and support mechanisms to address the challenges caused by biodiversity risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104556"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The influence of carbon risk on debt structure","authors":"Hamdi Ben-Nasr , Shabeen Afsar Basha , Syed Shams","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We add to the literature on the effect of carbon risk on the availability and cost of bank loans, by focusing on the impact of carbon risk on the proportion of bank debt relative to total debt. Using a global sample of 58 countries covering the period 2007–2020, we find that carbon risk is negatively associated with bank debt ratio, indicating that high emitter firms are less able to secure bank debt. The findings support our hypothesis that high-emitter firms reduce bank debt to avoid bank scrutiny and it is likely banks avoid lending to high-emitter firms for reputational concerns. Our results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests and addressing endogeneity concerns using several approaches. We add to this literature by distinguishing between the demand-side vs. supply-side. Our channel tests are in line with the demand-side perspective. Indeed, we show that the negative relationship between carbon risk and bank debt is more (less) pronounced in firms with severe agency (information asymmetry) problems. We also provide support for the supply-side perspective. We show that the negative association between carbon risk and bank debt is stronger in financially developed countries and in countries with stringent environmental regulations. We offer many practical and policy implications based on our results. Our study highlights the potential role of banks in aiding climate policy implementation. Furthermore, firms can adopt carbon risk mitigating strategies to amplify their capital sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104591"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does stock market liberalization restrain corporate misconduct: Evidence from research and development manipulation","authors":"Zhida Zhang, Peiheng Ruan, Yuetang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the impact of stock market liberalization on corporate research and development (R&D) manipulation, using data from China's A-share listed firms between 2009 and 2023 and leveraging the Mainland–Hong Kong Stock Connect Program as a quasi-natural experiment. The results show that stock market liberalization significantly reduces firms' engagement in R&D manipulation. This mitigating effect appears to stem from reduced agency costs, improved information transparency, and heightened external monitoring. Cross-sectional analyses further reveal that the effect of liberalization varies depending on investor sentiment, analyst coverage, and industry characteristics. Overall, the study provides new insights into how stock market liberalization can help emerging markets address corporate misconduct.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104595"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corporate reputation, information disclosure and cost of capital","authors":"Zhijie Yang , Zezhong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using data from Chinese listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2011 to 2023, this study comprehensively investigates how corporate reputation influences cost of capital, along with its underlying mechanisms and economic ramifications. Drawing upon information asymmetry and signaling theories, this study constructs a systematic reputation evaluation index framework. It quantifies the cost of capital using the weighted average cost of capital, and a dual-channel analysis reveals the economic value of reputation by focusing on information disclosure quality and financing constraints. Results show that corporate reputation substantially diminishes the cost of capital, specifically by enhancing information disclosure quality and easing financing constraints. This impact is more pronounced in large-scale enterprises, whereas it exhibits no significant effect on small-scale counterparts. This discrepancy highlights the moderating influence of resource endowment and public attention on the relation between reputation and the cost of capital.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104592"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baolin Ma , Siqintana , Kung-Cheng Ho , Shih-Cheng Lee
{"title":"How the Four Asian Tigers navigate systemic risk: A Basel framework perspective","authors":"Baolin Ma , Siqintana , Kung-Cheng Ho , Shih-Cheng Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Basel Framework serves as a guiding model for mitigating risks within corporate systems and aligning financing standards for cross-border financial intermediaries. Following the widespread adoption of the Basel Accords, financial institutions in Asia have increasingly prioritized credit risk management and maintaining adequate capital buffers. Through a review and risk analysis of 26 years of data from 54,477 corporations across the Four Asian Tigers regions, this study finds evidence that undiversifiable systemic risk in overseas investment and financing activities can lead to higher-than-expected losses. The significant increase in systemic risk observed in the Four Asian Tigers regions during the 2008 financial crisis underscores the importance of risk diversification mechanisms, such as credit insurance, which enable banks to distribute their risks through multiple investments and financing channels, as well as managing their capital adequacy ratios through asset selection and management. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that as corporations and industries expand, associated increases in systemic risk may be mitigated through asset-light business strategies, potentially reducing expected losses for asset-heavy corporations and industries. It shows that asymmetrical procyclicality observed in the systemic risk of corporations within the Four Asian Tigers regions must be carefully considered. To this point, this study shows when there is an increase in expected loss due to overseas investment and financial projects during a recession causes banks to increase their capital by reducing their risk-weighted assets (e.g., loans and investments), which can exacerbate international financial crises. Therefore, our findings support the need for a macroscopic early warning system to monitor individual regions and enhance existing risk control mechanisms, contributing to the overall goals of the Basel Framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104593"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital transformation, product market competition, and dynamic adjustment of working capital","authors":"Xiaotao Li , Hua Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on the financial data of China's A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2023, this study empirically analyzes the mechanism by which product market competition influences the deviation of working capital from the target level of enterprises and path of its adjustment speed from a dynamic perspective. Further, it explores the moderating effect of digital transformation on it. The results show that an optimal target value for working capital requirements exists for listed companies in China. Product market competition is one of the key factors affecting this target value. It also significantly impacts the degree of deviation from the target level and the speed of adjustment of working capital requirements. The higher the degree of product market competition, the greater the deviation of actual working capital requirements. From the target level. However, the speed of adjustment to the target level is significantly accelerated. Further research finds that digital transformation can effectively inhibit the amplifying effect of product market competition on the degree of working capital requirements deviation and further strengthen the facilitating effect of product market competition on the speed of adjustment. This study provides a decision-making basis and a theoretical framework for enterprises to optimize working capital allocation, enhance supply chain synergy efficiency, and prevent liquidity risk in the competitive market environment of the digital economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104590"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on the impact of extended life expectancy on household risk asset allocation: Examining the moderating effects of human capital accumulation","authors":"Chenyu Kang , Xiaoyu Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human society is moving toward an era of longevity, health, and wealth. The level of human capital accumulation is an important factor influencing household investment portfolios, and the impact of increased life expectancy on human capital accumulation is becoming increasingly prominent. Based on the theoretical framework of the new dynamic life-cycle asset selection model, this study utilizes panel data from 31 OECD member countries spanning 2003 to 2017 to construct a dynamic panel model. The empirical analysis examines how life expectancy influences household allocations to risky assets, while further investigating the moderating effects of health and educational human capital in this relationship. The study finds that risk asset investment exhibits significant inertia, with current risk asset allocation depending on the proportion of investment in the previous period; increased life expectancy makes residents' investment decisions more cautious, reducing the proportion of risk assets in the portfolio; health human capital and educational human capital significantly increase the holding of risk assets, but the accumulation of human capital brought by increased life expectancy is insufficient to fully offset the cautious effect of life expectancy on risk asset investment. These findings have important practical implications for household investors and financial market development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104586"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tongtong Sun , Ziliang Xie , Yunxing Song , Maopeng Lu
{"title":"Executives' financial background, corporate financialization and corporate innovation","authors":"Tongtong Sun , Ziliang Xie , Yunxing Song , Maopeng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically analyzes the inhibitory effect of CEO financial experience on corporate innovation decisions and its mechanisms using listed companies from 2012 to 2023. Results indicate that CEOs with financial backgrounds considerably reduce corporate innovation, confirming the short-term investment preference and risk aversion tendency associated with financial experience. The degree of corporate financialization plays a notable mediating role between financial background executives and innovation inhibition, as CEOs with financial backgrounds squeeze out research and development investment by increasing financial asset allocation. The inhibitory effect of executives' financial backgrounds is insignificant for Growth Enterprise Market enterprises and significant for main board enterprises.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104580"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The dual effects of supplier stability on corporate innovation: A path dependence perspective","authors":"Chen He , Bo Peng , Yahao Dong , Bofu Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid the escalating trend of trade protectionism, an increasing number of firms have been exposed to critical technological deficiencies following the disruption of their long-term supplier relationships. To explain this phenomenon, this paper explores the impact of supplier stability on corporate innovation from the perspective of path dependence theory. The findings suggest that while stable suppliers enhance a firm's innovative output, they also reduce its propensity for breakthrough innovations, leading firms to focus on incremental innovations and diminishing their motivation to engage in inventive ones. It is observed that deepening technological integration between firms and suppliers, as well as increasing asset specificity, may be key channels through which innovation path dependence is intensified. However, the evidence indicates that enhancing bargaining power and facilitating information exchange among supply chain partners can mitigate these adverse effects, thereby optimizing the innovation advantages of supplier stability. Firms are advised to exercise caution regarding excessive innovation path dependence when establishing stable supply chain relationships, as this could create vulnerabilities if supplier changes occur.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48226,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Financial Analysis","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104585"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}