Developmental Review最新文献

{"title":"Individual and developmental differences in delinquency: Can they be explained by adolescent risk-taking models?","authors":"Aja Louise Murray ,&nbsp;Jessica Hafetz Mirman ,&nbsp;Lara Carter ,&nbsp;Manuel Eisner","doi":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Delinquency shows an increase in adolescence and is hence often cited as a behaviour explainable in terms of adolescent risk-taking models. In this review we summarise contemporary developmental models of adolescent risk-taking as they apply to delinquency and evaluate the extent to which they are supported by empirical evidence. Dual Systems theory, Fuzzy Trace Theory, the Lifespan Wisdom Model (LWM), and the Developmental Neuro-Ecological Risk-taking Model (DNERM) are all discussed. We highlight that there have been very few direct empirical evaluations of developmental risk-taking models as applied to delinquency; however, indirect evidence supports the core Dual Systems theory claim that a developmental imbalance between sensation-seeking and self-regulation contributes to an adolescent peak in offending. However, this appears to apply particularly to a sub-group of vulnerable youth, as implied by the LWM. Further, risk-taking propensity likely interacts with age-related changes in exposure to risk-conducive situations, as implied by DNERM. There is little evidence to suggest that Fuzzy Trace Theory alone explains developmental changes in risk-taking, though it may help explain how young people learn about risk, as outlined in LWM, Better integration of risk-taking models with criminological perspectives as well as further longitudinal research using appropriate operationalisations of developmental imbalance, modelling individual differences in trajectories, and incorporating measures of exposure to risk-conducive situations will be essential for advancing knowledge of the drivers of engagement in delinquency in adolescence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 100985"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49652265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How fuzzy-trace theory predicts development of risky decision making, with novel extensions to culture and reward sensitivity","authors":"Sarah M. Edelson ,&nbsp;Valerie F. Reyna","doi":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Comprehensive meta-analyses of risky decision making in children, adolescents, and adults have revealed that age trends in disambiguated laboratory tasks confirmed fuzzy-trace theory’s prediction that preference for risk decreases monotonically from childhood to adulthood. These findings are contrary to predictions of dual systems or neurobiological imbalance models. Assumptions about increasing developmental reliance on mental representations of the gist of risky options are essential to account for this developmental trend. However, dual systems theory appropriately emphasizes how cultural context changes behavioral manifestation of risk preferences across age and neurobiological imbalance models appropriately emphasize developmental changes in reward sensitivity. All of the major theories include the assumption of increasing behavioral inhibition. Here, we integrate these theoretical constructs—representation, cultural context, reward sensitivity, and behavioral inhibition—to provide a novel framework for understanding and improving risky decision making in youth. We also discuss the roles of critical tests, scientific falsification, disambiguating assessments of psychological and neurological processes, and the misuse of such concepts as ecological validity and reverse inference. We illustrate these concepts by extending fuzzy-trace theory to explain why youth are a major conduit of viral infections, including the virus that causes COVID-19. We conclude by encouraging behavioral scientists to embrace new ways of thinking about risky decision making that go beyond traditional stereotypes about adolescents and that go beyond conceptualizing ideal decision making as trading off degrees of risk and reward.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 100986"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39622718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rejection sensitivity and negative urgency: A proposed framework of intersecting risk for peer stress","authors":"Julia Lesnick ,&nbsp;Jane Mendle","doi":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper poses a novel theoretical framework for a developmentally-informed mechanism explaining how adolescents who are highly sensitive and reactive to rejection may respond to interpersonal stress in ways that ultimately perpetuate relational difficulties. Specifically, heightened distress from rejection is proposed to activate impulsive reactions that immediately modulate the negative emotions from rejection, but which are socially aversive and thus often come at the expense of long-term relational harmony. We start by exploring the overlap of two dispositions: a hyper-sensitivity to rejection and an escalated reactivity to negative affect. We then trace distal factors underlying the development of both dispositions, the mechanisms through which the convergent effects of these dispositions produce socially aversive responses, and the individual and contextual differences that influence this process and explain the continuum of rash responses to rejection. The developmental and clinical importance of considering sensitivity and reactivity to rejection concurrently is emphasized, with directions for future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 100998"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273229721000538/pdfft?md5=f5b44f39712c216e1be5027a9470538b&pid=1-s2.0-S0273229721000538-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45788066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple pathways of risk taking in adolescence","authors":"Eveline A. Crone ,&nbsp;Anna C.K. van Duijvenvoorde","doi":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this review, we describe multiple pathways that may lead to risk-taking in adolescence. We review behavioral and neuroimaging studies showing heightened risk-taking tendencies and associated neural reward activity in mid to late adolescence, but evidence points to risk taking as highly context and sample dependent. Here, we suggest that individual differences, specifically reward drive, may be a differential susceptibility factor that shows heightened sensitivity in adolescents and that makes some adolescents more sensitive to their environment. Furthermore, we review evidence that an elevated reward drive in mid-adolescence in interaction with prosocial and cognitive development can lead to various trajectories of risk taking. In this review we propose to extend existing models with individual-difference factors, specifically reward drive, and accompanying developmental processes, including cognitive control and prosocial development, that drive the development of multiple pathways of risk taking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 100996"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100996","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42005552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The emergence of empathy: A developmental neuroscience perspective","authors":"Jean Decety ,&nbsp;Claire Holvoet","doi":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Empathy reflects the ability to perceive and be sensitive to the emotional states of others, often eliciting a motivation to care for their well-being. It plays a central role in prosocial behavior and inhibition of aggression. While the development of empathy has traditionally been examined with behavioral and observational methods, a growing body of work in neuroscience using eye-tracking, functional MRI, electroencephalography, electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy, casts new light on the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the capacity to connect with one another and share their subjective states. This article selectively reviews and critically examines the current knowledge on the developmental neuroscience of empathy in early childhood. Deconstructing empathy into functional components such as sensitivity to signals of distress, emotion sharing, perspective taking, and caring for others within the framework of natural sciences, in conjunction with examining their developmental trajectory in early childhood is beneficial to research and theory with implication for psychopathology. This developmental neuroscience perspective advances our understanding of empathy, its underlying mechanisms, and functions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 100999"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46466045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of children’s math attitudes: Gender differences, key socializers, and intervention approaches","authors":"Susan C. Levine,&nbsp;Nancy Pantoja","doi":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The relation of various math attitudes to math achievement has been extensively studied in adolescents and adults. Recently, researchers have begun to examine the math attitude-math achievement relation in young children. We review theories and research on four attitudes relevant to early math learning—math anxiety, math self-concept, mindset, and math-gender stereotype. These attitudes emerge and are related to math achievement by early elementary school. Our review suggests that early math achievement plays an important role in the initial development of either positive or negative math attitudes, which in turn, may initiate a vicious or virtuous cycle that can enhance or undermine math learning. Additionally, gender differences in math attitudes (favoring boys) emerge by early to mid-elementary school. An important future direction involves understanding how early attitudes about math relate to each other, and whether certain constellations of attitudes are prevalent. We also consider three types of math attitudes that key socializers—parents and teachers—hold: general (math-gender stereotypes and mindsets), self-relevant (math anxiety), and child-specific (expectations and value of math for their child or student). Our review highlights a link between key socializers’ math attitudes and associated behaviors, and their children’s math attitudes and math achievement. Based on these findings, we propose the Early Math Achievement-Attitude model (EMAA). An important future direction involves increasing our understanding of how key socializers with different math attitude constellations engage with children around math. Finally, based on our review of these topics as well as intervention studies, we discuss intervention approaches that hold promise for improving young children’s math achievement and math attitudes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 100997"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43175167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving ambiguity: Broadening the consideration of risky decision making over adolescent development","authors":"Neeltje E. Blankenstein ,&nbsp;Scott A. Huettel ,&nbsp;Rosa Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Popular culture often portrays adolescence as a period of peak risk-taking, but that developmental trend is not consistently found across laboratory studies. Instead, <em>meta</em>-analytic evidence shows that while adolescents take more risks compared to adults, children and adolescents actually take similar levels of risk. Furthermore, developmental trajectories vary across different measures of laboratory decision making and everyday risky behavior. Indeed, the psychological concept of “risk” is multifactorial, such that its different factors exhibit different developmental trajectories. Here, we examine how economic risk preference, or the propensity to gamble on uncertain outcomes with known probabilities, is distinct from economic ambiguity preference, or the propensity to gamble on uncertain outcomes with <em>unknown</em> probabilities -- and how economic risk and ambiguity may differentially influence adolescent decision making. Economic ambiguity engages distinct neural mechanisms from economic risk – both in adults and adolescents – and differentially relates to everyday risk-taking. However, to date, it remains elusive how economic ambiguity aversion develops across adolescence, as the relative paucity of such work limits the conclusions that can be drawn. We propose that developmental research into adolescent decision making should consider economic ambiguity as a distinct component within the multifactorial construct of adolescent risk-taking. This will set the stage for future work on economic ambiguity preferences as an explanatory mechanism for behaviors beyond risk taking, such as learning and prosocial behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 100987"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100987","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44790154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a hybrid criminological and psychological model of risk behavior: The developmental neuro-ecological risk-taking model (DNERM)","authors":"Ivy N. Defoe","doi":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adolescents have long been characterized as <em>the</em> stereotypical risk-takers, due to their apparent heightened risk behavior (e.g., delinquency, substance use). Hence, the raising of minimum ages for substance use are common legal actions that presume that limiting the exposure to substances (i.e., “risk exposure”) will decrease such heightened adolescent risk behavior. This ecological concept of risk exposure (access to risk conducive situations) is acknowledged in criminological models—to some extent. However, risk exposure is virtually absent from contemporary psychological models, which focus on neuropsychological development, particularly socio-affective and cognitive control development. Moreover, when theories in these disciplines do consider risk exposure, the ubiquitous developmental (i.e., age-dependent) component of this concept is overlooked. For example, in the real-word, adolescents encounter far more risk conducive situations (both offline and online) than children, which could at least partially account for heightened adolescent risk behaviors compared to children. A meta-analysis (Defoe et al. 2015) on laboratory studies provided suggestive evidence for this assertion. Namely, this meta-analysis showed that in laboratory settings—where risk exposure is equal for all participants regardless of age—children and adolescents are generally equally susceptible to engage in risks. Hence, in the above-mentioned meta-analysis, a hybrid <em>Developmental Neuro-Ecological Risk-taking Model</em> (DNERM) was put forward. DNERM emphasizes an interaction between adolescents’ neuropsychological development and their changing physical- and social- ecology, which is further embedded in a cultural context. The current paper further develops DNERM’s aims, which include bridging contemporary psychology models with criminology models to comprehensively describe the development of risk behavior during the youth period (ages 11–24).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 100995"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273229721000502/pdfft?md5=10fe1fae16b007d7946a0e6585345879&pid=1-s2.0-S0273229721000502-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48476646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescents take positive risks, too","authors":"Natasha Duell ,&nbsp;Laurence Steinberg","doi":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dr.2021.100984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The detrimental outcomes associated with certain risk behaviors during adolescence has perpetuated a narrative<span> that risk taking during adolescence is inherently maladaptive and warrants prevention. This is not the case. In the broadest sense, risk taking is engaging in a behavior with uncertain probabilities of desirable or undesirable outcomes. Whether a risk is considered positive or negative depends on various factors, many of which are culturally defined, including the developmental benefits of the risk, the potential for harm, and social acceptability. Although adolescents take many negative risks, such as substance use and delinquency, adolescents take positive risks, too. Evolutionary theories have pointed to the importance of risk taking for adolescent development. In order to develop a sense of identity, establish autonomy, hone new skills, and take advantage of exciting opportunities, people need to have a willingness to try things they may not like or at which they may fail. This requires a tolerance of risk. Although researchers have speculated about positive risk taking for decades, empirical work on positive risk taking is relatively sparse in the developmental literature. Society has seen many examples of adolescent positive risk taking in the popular media through teen activists, Olympic medalists, and young inventors. Yet, little is understood about what motivates adolescents to take positive risks. To this end, the present paper reviews the literature on positive risk taking from various fields, summarizes existing theories of positive risk taking, identifies what is currently known about positive risk taking from empirical findings, and identifies remaining questions for future research.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 100984"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41958932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding sensory regulation in typical and atypical development: the case of sensory seeking","authors":"Elena Serena Piccardi, T. Gliga","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/tg2xw","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tg2xw","url":null,"abstract":"Sensory regulation, the ability to select and process sensory information to plan and perform appropriate behaviours, provides a foundation for learning. From early in development, infants manifest differences in the strategies used for sensory regulation. Here, we discuss the nature and characteristics of sensory seeking, a key behavioural strategy for sensory regulation often described as atypical in children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. We evaluate theoretical models proposed to clarify mechanisms underlying individual differences in sensory seeking and discuss evidence for/against each of these models. We conclude by arguing that the information prioritization hypothesis holds the greatest promise to illuminate the nature of individual differences in sensory seeking across participant cohorts. This proposal aligns to molecular genetic animal and human evidence, provides a coherent explanation for developmental findings and generates testable hypotheses for future research.","PeriodicalId":48214,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47486103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}