Science Technology & Human Values最新文献_第8页

The Cryopolitics of Human Milk: Thermal Assemblages of Breast Milk in Donation, Banking, and Bioindustrial Research 母乳的低温政治学:母乳在捐赠、银行和生物工业研究中的热组合

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-05-23 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221100868

Carmen Romero-Bachiller, Pablo M. Santoro

{"title":"The Cryopolitics of Human Milk: Thermal Assemblages of Breast Milk in Donation, Banking, and Bioindustrial Research","authors":"Carmen Romero-Bachiller, Pablo M. Santoro","doi":"10.1177/01622439221100868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221100868","url":null,"abstract":"Cold is indispensable when preserving breast milk for later use in ordinary breastfeeding practices and, in addition to other devices such as the breast pump, fridges and freezers have been essential in making human milk a mobile biosubstance. Cryotechnologies become even more important when donated milk has to be preserved for the feeding of hospitalized babies or when, in the form of milk probiotics, it enters the realms of scientific research and industrial production. However, attention to cold only offers one side of the picture, as thawing and heating are essential processes in human milk circulation too. Drawing on research on milk banking practices in Spain, we present three instances where technologies of cold and heat are applied to human milk or its components: hospital banks that collect milk from donors; the practices of lactating women who donate part of their milk to hospital banks, share it informally with other women, or participate in clinical research; and biopharmaceutical companies developing cutting-edge nutritional products employing microbial strains obtained from breast milk. Each of these scenarios resorts to different technological manipulations of cold and heat, generating distinct thermal assemblages where technical questions and sociocultural logics are simultaneously at stake.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"68 1","pages":"805 - 831"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74684840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Socializing Scientists into Interdisciplinarity by Placemaking in a Multi-sited Research Center 在一个多地点的研究中心，通过场所营造将科学家融入跨学科

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-05-22 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221100867

M. Hesjedal

{"title":"Socializing Scientists into Interdisciplinarity by Placemaking in a Multi-sited Research Center","authors":"M. Hesjedal","doi":"10.1177/01622439221100867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221100867","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of physical place for interdisciplinary research collaborations is often taken for granted by scientists and policy makers. One result of this is a trend of funding interdisciplinary research centers where scientists are colocated in the same building. Previous research findings on the matter are, however, ambiguous and show that though geographical proximity clearly matters, proximity is insufficient to foster interdisciplinary collaboration. This paper is based on an ethnographic study of a multi-sited Norwegian biotechnology research center—the Centre for Digital Life Norway (DLN), funded in 2015 to stimulate a transition in biotechnology research toward inter- and transdisciplinarity and digitalization. The multi-sited character makes DLN different from the much-studied trend of colocation of research groups in research centers. The paper asks: how are scientists socialized into an interdisciplinary mentality in a multi-sited research center? The analysis focus on three aspects: place, socialization, and the role of affective features and experiences. The paper’s main contribution is to demonstrate the role of placemaking in motivating for inter- and transdisciplinary collaboration, in particular by allowing for development of affective relations among the participating scientists.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"78 1","pages":"1110 - 1137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83642777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Value Change in Energy Systems 能源系统的价值变化

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-04-11 DOI: 10.1177/01622439211069526

I. van de Poel, B. Taebi

引用次数: 6

Six Days in Plastic: Potentiality, Normalization, and In Vitro Embryos in the Postgenomic Age 六天的可塑性:后基因组时代的体外胚胎的潜能，正常化和

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221090685

T. Moll

{"title":"Six Days in Plastic: Potentiality, Normalization, and In Vitro Embryos in the Postgenomic Age","authors":"T. Moll","doi":"10.1177/01622439221090685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221090685","url":null,"abstract":"Part of the normalization of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) is the premise that the children born from in vitro fertilization (IVF) are no different from their counterparts conceived spontaneously. However, interest in peri-conception health and new epigenetic understandings of biological plasticity has led to some questioning the presumed irrelevance of conception in vitro, and when doing so, describing IVF children as “apparently healthy.” Taking “apparently” and “healthy” seriously, this article explores how modes of attention—ways of naming and framing embryo potentiality—shape understandings of health and normality. I contend that understanding the politics of potentiality, and how they may emerge in a postgenomic age, requires an unpacking of various modes of attention and framing. Ethnographic findings from South Africa’s fertility clinics and emerging literature on epigenetic variation in IVF conception demonstrate how, under a genetic mode of attention, IVF clinics views “abnormality” as fated, unviable, and discardable. Exploring the possibility of answering the postgenomic questions to IVF reveals structural challenges to knowing long-term health implications. Incipient attempts within the fertility clinic at managing these questions shows various strategic techniques, such as leveraging epigenetics to marketable ends and shifts to individual responsibility.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"408 1","pages":"1253 - 1276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84875194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Maternal–Fetal Microchimerism and Genetic Origins: Some Socio-legal Implications 母胎微嵌合和遗传起源:一些社会法律意义

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221090686

M. Shildrick

{"title":"Maternal–Fetal Microchimerism and Genetic Origins: Some Socio-legal Implications","authors":"M. Shildrick","doi":"10.1177/01622439221090686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221090686","url":null,"abstract":"What are the implications of microchimerism in sociocultural and ethico-legal contexts, particularly as they relate to the destabilization of genetic origins? Conventional biomedicine and related law have been reluctant to acknowledge microchimerism—the existence of unassimilated traces of genetic material that result in some cells in the body coding differently from the dominant DNA—despite it becoming increasingly evident that microchimerism is ubiquitous in the human population. One exception is maternal–fetal microchimerism which has long been recognized, albeit with little consideration of the nonmedical implications. Most immediate issues concern the ongoing biomedical debate around whether microchimerism is beneficial in terms of enhancing the body’s range of immunological responses, harmful in provoking autoimmune diseases, or simply neutral with respect to subsequent health. That controversy remains unresolved, but whichever way it develops, I want to extend consideration by insisting that changing biological concerns cannot be separated from sociocultural and ethico-legal effects. Once the diversity of DNA coding in a singular body has been established, relations of kinship, the identification of legal parenthood, and the operation of surrogacy laws are of direct interest. The overriding problematic asks whether our ethical and legal apparatus is able to address such newly emerging questions.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"1 1","pages":"1231 - 1252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89600355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Reproductive Bodies of Postgenomics 后基因组学的生殖体

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221088646

Sonja van Wichelen, Jaya Keaney

引用次数: 1

The Algorithms of Mindfulness. 正念算法。

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-22 DOI: 10.1177/01622439211025632

Johannes Bruder

{"title":"The Algorithms of Mindfulness.","authors":"Johannes Bruder","doi":"10.1177/01622439211025632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439211025632","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes notions and models of optimized cognition emerging at the intersections of psychology, neuroscience, and computing. What I somewhat polemically call the algorithms of mindfulness describes an ideal that determines algorithmic techniques of the self, geared at emotional resilience and creative cognition. A reframing of rest, exemplified in corporate mindfulness programs and the design of experimental artificial neural networks sits at the heart of this process. Mindfulness trainings provide cues as to this reframing, for they detail each in their own way how intermittent periods of rest are to be recruited to augment our cognitive capacities and combat the effects of stress and information overload. They typically rely on and co-opt neuroscience knowledge about what the brains of North Americans and Europeans do when we rest. Current designs for artificial neural networks draw on the same neuroscience research and incorporate coarse principles of cognition in brains to make machine learning systems more resilient and creative. These algorithmic techniques are primarily conceived to prevent psychopathologies where stress is considered the driving force of success. Against this backdrop, I ask how machine learning systems could be employed to unsettle the concept of pathological cognition itself.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"47 2","pages":"291-313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/01622439211025632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39753891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Transfer or Translation? Rethinking Traveling Technologies from the Global South 调拨还是翻译?重新思考来自全球南方的旅游技术

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-01-12 DOI: 10.1177/01622439211072205

Miao Lu, J. Qiu

引用次数: 3

Divisible Governance: Making Gas-fired Futures during Climate Collapse in Northern Australia 可分割的治理:在北澳大利亚气候崩溃期间制定天然气期货

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-01-12 DOI: 10.1177/01622439211072573

Kirsty Howey, T. Neale

{"title":"Divisible Governance: Making Gas-fired Futures during Climate Collapse in Northern Australia","authors":"Kirsty Howey, T. Neale","doi":"10.1177/01622439211072573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439211072573","url":null,"abstract":"Despite widespread acceptance that their emissions accelerate climate change and its disastrous ecological effects, new fossil fuel extraction projects continue apace, further entrenching fossil fuel dependence, and thereby enacting particular climate futures. In this article, we examine how this is occurring in the case of a proposed onshore shale gas “fracking” industry in the remote Northern Territory of Australia, drawing on policy and legal documents and interviews with an enunciatory community of scientists, lawyers, activists, and policy makers to illustrate what we call “divisible governance.” Divisible governance—enacted through technical maneuvers of temporal and jurisdictional risk fragmentation—not only facilitates the piecemeal entrenchment of unsustainable extraction but also sustains ignorance on the part of this enunciatory community and the wider public about the impacts of such extraction and the manner in which it is both facilitated and regulated. Such governance regimes, we suggest, create felicitous conditions for governments to defer, forestall, or eliminate their accountability while regulating their way further and further into catastrophic climate change. Countering divisible governance begins, we suggest, by mapping the connections that it fragments.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"50 1","pages":"1080 - 1109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75144417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Legal Pluralism and Science and Technology Studies: Exploring Sources of the Legal Pluriverse 法律多元主义与科学技术研究:探索法律多元的来源

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/01622439211069659

Bertram Turner, M. Wiber

{"title":"Legal Pluralism and Science and Technology Studies: Exploring Sources of the Legal Pluriverse","authors":"Bertram Turner, M. Wiber","doi":"10.1177/01622439211069659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439211069659","url":null,"abstract":"In introducing the contributions to this special section, we explore the links between social and juridical concepts of normativity and science and technology. We follow the Legal Pluralism challenge to the notion of state law as the sole source of normative order and point to how technological transformation creates a pluralistic legal universe that takes on new shapes under conditions of globalization. We promote a science and technology studies (STS)-inspired reworking of Legal Pluralism and suggest expanding the portfolio of legally effective regimes of ordering to include the normativity generated by materiality and technology. This normativity is amply demonstrated in the case studies included in the papers which make up this special section. We conclude that the inclusion of approaches developed in STS research helps analytically to overcome what we view as an incomplete law project, one unable to deal with the technicized lifeworlds of a global modernity. The contributions to this special section illustrate that technomaterial change cannot be understood without recognition of the role of normative impacts, and conversely, the legal pluriverse cannot be understood without recognition of the normative role of techno-material arrangements.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"23 1","pages":"457 - 474"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89556019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4