Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied最新文献_第4页

Exemplar learners and rule learners: Stable tendencies or malleable preferences? 榜样学习者和规则学习者：稳定的倾向还是可塑的偏好？

IF 2.6 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000509

Min Kyung Hong, Lisa K Fazio

{"title":"Exemplar learners and rule learners: Stable tendencies or malleable preferences?","authors":"Min Kyung Hong, Lisa K Fazio","doi":"10.1037/xap0000509","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000509","url":null,"abstract":"When learning new concepts, students tend to use either exemplar-based learning strategies (e.g., memorizing specific examples) or rule-based learning strategies (e.g., abstracting general rules). Prior research suggests that participants' strategy choices during learning depend on individuals' preexisting learning tendencies, with some people being exemplar learners and others rule learners. Yet, strategy choices are also influenced by how the study materials are taught (rule-focused or exemplar-focused). The present study examined how these two factors interact using an alphanumeric symbol addition task. We examined whether exemplar learners would switch to using rule-based strategies when given rule-focused training and if rule learners would fail to learn the rule when given exemplar-focused training. We found that both rule and exemplar learners used a rule-based strategy after a rule-focused training and neither group learned the rule after an exemplar-focused training. Our results suggest that individuals can be shaped to adopt either rule-based or exemplar-based strategies during learning, regardless of their inherent learning tendencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"331-343"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139736459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Speeding lectures to make time for retrieval practice: Can we improve the efficiency of interpolated testing? 加快讲课速度，腾出时间进行检索练习：我们能否提高插值测试的效率？

IF 2.6 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000494

Evan F Risko, Junwen Liu, Laura Bianchi

引用次数: 0

Better to bend than to break? Effects of rule behavior on dominance, prestige, and leadership granting. 宁折不弯？规则行为对支配力、威望和领导力授予的影响。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000502

Astrid C Homan, Florian Wanders, Annelies E M van Vianen, Gerben A van Kleef

{"title":"Better to bend than to break? Effects of rule behavior on dominance, prestige, and leadership granting.","authors":"Astrid C Homan, Florian Wanders, Annelies E M van Vianen, Gerben A van Kleef","doi":"10.1037/xap0000502","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000502","url":null,"abstract":"How people handle rules can influence their social standing in the eyes of others, including their appeal as leaders. It stands to reason that people prefer to grant leadership to individuals who follow rather than break the rules. However, preferences for rule abiders are less evident than one might expect. To enhance understanding of people's responses to (counter)normative behavior, we (a) introduce the concept of rule bending-behavior that infringes a rule without technically breaking it-and (b) draw on the dominance/prestige framework of social rank to illuminate the underlying processes that drive responses to such behavior. In two experiments (Study 1: N = 149; Study 2: N = 480, preregistered), we show that rule breaking (compared to rule abiding) signals relatively high dominance and low prestige, which undermine leadership granting to rule breakers. We further found that rule benders are seen as relatively high on both prestige and dominance, which renders them more attractive as leaders than rule breakers. Finally, we show that the attractiveness of nonabiders as leaders increases under competition when their apparent dominance becomes an asset. We discuss how rule bending relates to rule abiding and rule breaking and consider implications for understanding and managing rule-bending behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"344-358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Representational-mapping strategies improve learning from an online statistics textbook. 表象映射策略改善了在线统计教科书的学习效果。

IF 2.6 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000474

Icy Yunyi Zhang, Maureen E Gray, Alicia Xiaoxuan Cheng, Ji Y Son, James W Stigler

{"title":"Representational-mapping strategies improve learning from an online statistics textbook.","authors":"Icy Yunyi Zhang, Maureen E Gray, Alicia Xiaoxuan Cheng, Ji Y Son, James W Stigler","doi":"10.1037/xap0000474","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000474","url":null,"abstract":"Using multiple representations is an important part of learning and problem-solving in science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields. For students to acquire flexible knowledge of representations, they must attend to the structural information within each representation and practice making relational connections between representations. Most studies so far have only attempted to help students connect between multiple representations in the lab or short-term classroom interventions, with the intervention largely separated from students' authentic learning. The present study developed a representation-mapping intervention designed to help students interpret, coordinate, and eventually translate across multiple representations. We integrated the intervention into an online textbook being used in a college course, allowing us to study its impact in a real course over an extended period of time. The findings of this study support the efficacy of the representation-mapping intervention for facilitating learning and shed light on how to implement and refine such interventions in authentic learning contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"293-317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9612870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantitative effects of overlay clutter and information access effort: Examining the scan-clutter trade-off in displays with geospatial maps. 叠加杂波和信息获取难度的定量影响：研究地理空间地图显示中的扫描-杂波权衡。

IF 2.6 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000512

Amelia C Warden, Christopher D Wickens, Benjamin A Clegg, Francisco R Ortega

{"title":"Quantitative effects of overlay clutter and information access effort: Examining the scan-clutter trade-off in displays with geospatial maps.","authors":"Amelia C Warden, Christopher D Wickens, Benjamin A Clegg, Francisco R Ortega","doi":"10.1037/xap0000512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000512","url":null,"abstract":"Overlaying images from multiple geospatial databases increases clutter and imposes attentional costs by disrupting focusing attention on each database and dividing attention when comparing databases. Costs of overlay clutter may offset the benefits of reduced scanning between two images displayed separately. In two experiments, we examine these attention issues using computational metrics to quantify clutter. We also examine how the scan-clutter trade-off is modified by different levels of clutter, display separation, and task attentional requirements. Participants viewed information from a geographical terrain database and a schematic map database and made judgments that required focusing attention on either database or integrating information across both. In Experiment 1, databases were presented as either overlaid or adjacent displays, and in Experiment 2, as either overlay, adjacent, or more separated displays. Results showed that response time was modulated by the magnitude of clutter, spatial separation, and task type. Results also revealed that clutter costs dominated those of spatial separation, particularly in tasks requiring focused attention. A computational feature congestion metric of clutter effectively predicted performance but could be improved by incorporating an overlay component, which amplified the costs of clutter. The results provide design guidelines for overlay displays (e.g., head-mounted displays) that will minimize the scan-clutter trade-off. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141082646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Morality in minimally deceptive environments. 最小欺骗环境中的道德。

IF 2.6 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000476

Panagiotis Mitkidis, Sonja Perkovic, Aaron Nichols, Christian T Elbæk, Philipp Gerlach, Dan Ariely

{"title":"Morality in minimally deceptive environments.","authors":"Panagiotis Mitkidis, Sonja Perkovic, Aaron Nichols, Christian T Elbæk, Philipp Gerlach, Dan Ariely","doi":"10.1037/xap0000476","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000476","url":null,"abstract":"Psychologists, economists, and philosophers have long argued that in environments where deception is normative, moral behavior is harmed. In this article, we show that individuals making decisions within minimally deceptive environments do not behave more dishonestly than in nondeceptive environments. We demonstrate the latter using an example of experimental deception within established institutions, such as laboratories and institutional review boards. We experimentally manipulated whether participants received information about their deception. Across three well-powered studies, we empirically demonstrate that minimally deceptive environments do not affect downstream dishonest behavior. Only when participants were in a minimally deceptive environment and aware of being observed, their dishonest behavior decreased. Our results show that the relationship between deception and dishonesty might be more complicated than previous interpretations have suggested and expand the understanding of how deception might affect (im)moral behavior. We discuss possible limitations and future directions as well as the applied nature of these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"48-61"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9486740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of controllability, resources, and effort in reducing prejudice against "unmarried" mothers. 可控性、资源和努力在减少对“未婚”母亲的偏见中的作用。

IF 2.6 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000504

Doo Syen Kang

{"title":"The role of controllability, resources, and effort in reducing prejudice against \"unmarried\" mothers.","authors":"Doo Syen Kang","doi":"10.1037/xap0000504","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000504","url":null,"abstract":"The term \"unmarried\" mothers is widely used in South Korea to indicate that carrying a baby without marriage is not culturally acceptable. A societal stigma, which single mothers experience, causes more abortion and doubles the burden of parenting alone. This study aimed to identify what type of information (onset/before pregnancy controllability, offset/after pregnancy ability and effort) contributes to reducing stigmatization toward unmarried mothers. The findings showed that offset effort information has a robust impact on participants' cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses toward mothers of newborns out of wedlock across the three studies (n = 275; n = 266; n = 227, respectively) with different targets (a minor and an adult of 25 years old) and different participants (college students and adults above 30 years old). This pro-effort bias increased behavioral intentions of helping single mothers through the moderators of onset controllability and offset ability and the mediators of cognitive and affective responses. In particular, Study 2 found individual differences, such as type of interpersonal attitude, gender-role attitude, and family communication style moderated the relationship of offset effort with behavioral intentions. Mothers who made an effort to build a better future were ascribed fewer negative stereotypes, evoked more positive emotions, and were considered to deserve more help and support from the public. The findings have implications for communication interventions to lower prejudice against unwed mothers in South Korea. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"74-90"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136399713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stereotypes and emotions as moderators of risk and race in judgments about juvenile probationers. 在对青少年缓刑犯的判断中，刻板印象和情绪是风险和种族的调节因素。

IF 2.6 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000496

Taylor Petty, Richard L Wiener

{"title":"Stereotypes and emotions as moderators of risk and race in judgments about juvenile probationers.","authors":"Taylor Petty, Richard L Wiener","doi":"10.1037/xap0000496","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000496","url":null,"abstract":"Little research has explored the psychological mechanisms underlying racial disparities in the juvenile justice system. In Phase 1, of our mock officer paradigm, participants completed a stereotype content model survey comparing ratings of warmth and competence between juvenile delinquents and other social categories. In Phase 2, participants reviewed a predisposition investigation and made predictions about offender dangerousness and adherence to probation. Randomly assigned to experience fear, anger, or a neutral emotion, participants reviewed either a Black or White juvenile with no risk information versus low-, moderate-, or high-risk information. Participants stereotyped juvenile delinquents as low in warmth and competence and found those individuals extreme on these dimensions more dangerous. However, in some situations, stereotypical warmth interacted with emotions, risk, and race to exert a protective influence; in other situations, it was neutral, and in still others it was detrimental to the youth. For example, fearful participants provided lower dangerousness ratings to a White, high-risk offender as stereotypic warmth increased but this protective effect disappeared for high-risk Black offenders. Furthermore, irrespective of race, increases in warmth predicted higher dangerousness for low- and moderate-risk youth supporting the activation of a less \"cold\" stereotype that makes youthful offenders appear more dangerous. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"91-107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41177279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Racial bias in perceptions of children's pain. 对儿童痛苦认知中的种族偏见。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000491

Kevin M Summers, Shane Pitts, E Paige Lloyd

{"title":"Racial bias in perceptions of children's pain.","authors":"Kevin M Summers, Shane Pitts, E Paige Lloyd","doi":"10.1037/xap0000491","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000491","url":null,"abstract":"Across eight experiments, we investigated whether adult perceivers (both lay perceivers and elementary school teachers) evaluate children's pain differently depending on the child's race. We found evidence that adults varying in racial and ethnic identities (but primarily White) believed 4- to 6-year-old Black children felt less pain than 4- to 6-year-old White children (Experiments 1-7), and this effect was not moderated by child sex (Experiments 6-7). We also examined perceptions of life hardship as a mediator of this race-to-pain effect, finding that adults evaluated Black children as having lived harder lives and thus as feeling less pain than White children (Experiments 1-3). Finally, we examined downstream consequences for hypothetical treatment recommendations among samples of both lay perceivers and elementary school teachers. We found that adults' perceptions of pain sensitivity were linked with hypothetical pain treatment decisions (Experiments 5a-7). Thus, we consistently observed that adults' race-based pain stereotypes biased evaluations of 4- to 6-year-old children's pain and may influence pain care. This racial bias in evaluations of young children's pain has implications for psychological theory and equitable treatment of children's pain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"135-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10171838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scrolling through fake news: The effect of presentation order on misinformation retention. 滚动浏览假新闻：呈现顺序对错误信息保留的影响。

IF 2.6 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000480

Yashi Edelijn, Vilde Dille Øvreeide, Steven Verheyen

{"title":"Scrolling through fake news: The effect of presentation order on misinformation retention.","authors":"Yashi Edelijn, Vilde Dille Øvreeide, Steven Verheyen","doi":"10.1037/xap0000480","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000480","url":null,"abstract":"Sharing information in real time leaves little room for double-checking. This leads to an abundance of low-quality information that might later need to be corrected and provides a foundation on which false beliefs can arise. Today, the general population often consults digital media platforms for news content. Because of the sheer amount of news articles and the various ways digital media platforms organize material, readers may encounter news articles with faulty content and their subsequent corrections in various orders. They might read the misinformation before the corrected version or vice versa. We conducted two studies in which participants were presented with two reports of a news event: one report that included a piece of misinformation and one report in which that misinformation was retracted. The order in which the two reports were encountered was manipulated. In Study 1, the retraction contained an explicit reminder of the misinformation; in Study 2, it did not. Neither Study 1 nor Study 2 found an effect of presentation order on misinformation reliance. These findings run counter to predictions by those accounts of the continued influence effect that suggest a better encoding of retractions and subsequent lesser reliance on misinformation when retractions are encountered first. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"16-32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9522376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0