Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied最新文献

{"title":"Conspiratorial beliefs and reduced vaccine acceptance: Understanding the role of perspective-taking.","authors":"Cynthia S Wang, Yingli Deng, Jennifer A Whitson, Hooria Jazaieri, Gillian Ku","doi":"10.1037/xap0000560","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surges in infectious diseases often bring illness and conspiratorial beliefs. Such beliefs can hinder the adoption of public health advice, including vaccination. Because conspiratorial beliefs are difficult to reduce once entrenched, it is essential to explore strategies that mitigate their impact on vaccine acceptance. We present perspective-taking as a novel intervention, testing whether the negative association between conspiratorial beliefs and vaccine acceptance is weaker when participants take the perspective of someone holding positive vaccine attitudes. In Studies 1A-1C, participants read excerpts from interviews with COVID-19-vaccinated individuals. Study 2 examined live conversations with individuals holding positive vaccine attitudes and tested the durability of the effects by measuring vaccine acceptance 2 weeks later, assessing whether the moderating effect of perspective-taking arose from enhanced psychological closeness. Studies 3A-3B extended the hypotheses to a fictitious disease to examine generalizability beyond COVID-19. Study 3A used a similar paradigm to Studies 1A-1C and tested the same hypotheses as Study 2. Study 3B assessed the moderating effect of perspective-taking through a public service announcement-style video designed to enhance ecological validity. We found general support for our hypotheses. This research is significant because it can lead to the development of strategies to combat vaccine hesitancy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"257-276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145744801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gray swan neglect: Do forecasters account for low(ish) probability events?","authors":"Dogukan Demircioglu, Faith Hill, Samuel G B Johnson","doi":"10.1037/xap0000576","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Economic choices depend on our predictions of the future. Yet, at times, predictions are not based on all possible outcomes, but instead on the single most likely one, which is treated as though certainly the case-that is, digitally. Four sets of studies test whether this digitization bias occurs in higher stakes economic contexts. When making predictions about the future asset prices, participants ignored conditional probability information given relatively unlikely events and relied entirely on conditional probabilities given the more-likely events. This effect was found for both financial aggregates and individual stocks, for binary predictions about the direction and continuous predictions about expected values, and even when the \"unlikely\" event explicitly had a probability as high as 30%; further, it occurred in incentive-compatible conditions and among financial professionals. Implications for probabilistic cognition and behavioral economics are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147943148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An inductive learning intervention to improve news veracity discernment.","authors":"Ariana Modirrousta-Galian, Tina Seabrooke, Yaniv Hanoch, Nicholas J Kelley, Philip A Higham","doi":"10.1037/xap0000580","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Across three preregistered experiments (total <i>N</i> = 1,135), we tested whether an inductive learning (IL) intervention improved participants' news veracity discernment (i.e., ability to distinguish between true and false news). IL involves learning categories by observing or classifying exemplars. Therefore, in this research, IL involved observing true and false news headlines and classifying them as either \"true\" or \"false,\" with immediate feedback on accuracy. In Experiment 1 (<i>N</i> = 214), the IL intervention significantly improved participants' news veracity discernment compared to the control, but the Bayesian evidence was only anecdotal. In Experiment 2 (<i>N</i> = 483), we incorporated game-design elements into the IL intervention, including performance-contingent badges. Unexpectedly, the effect of the IL intervention decreased. We reasoned that, because the IL intervention involved easy-to-hard classification training, the provision of performance-contingent badges inadvertently made participants more aware of their declining performance. This awareness may have undermined their motivation to learn as the training progressed. Therefore, in Experiment 3 (<i>N</i> = 438), we implemented hard-to-easy classification training instead, and the IL intervention significantly improved participants' news veracity discernment, now with strong Bayesian evidence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147869979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forgetting and blame: When cognitive lapses excuse and when they backfire.","authors":"Matthew Stanley, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong","doi":"10.1037/xap0000581","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forgetting is often cited to explain or excuse failures to meet obligations and duties. But does it actually reduce blame? Across seven preregistered experiments (total <i>N</i> = 6,181), we test when and why forgetting mitigates or exacerbates blame. We find that under ordinary circumstances, appeals to forgetting backfire: Individuals who attribute failures to forgetting are judged as more blameworthy than they are otherwise. People tend to believe that failures attributed to forgetting could have and should have been prevented, and these preventability judgments mediate the effect of forgetting on heightened blame judgments. These heightened blame attributions, in turn, have consequences for compensatory justice, highlighting broader consequences. However, forgetting reduces blame when failures appear less preventable, specifically when individuals exert effort to remember or suffer from cognitive impairments that make remembering more difficult. These findings refine moral psychological theories of blame by showing how judgments of preventability mediate the moral status of cognitive lapses, with broad implications for law, policy, and organizational behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147869993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From clicks to curiosity: Exploring self-directed information seeking as a behavioral manifestation of curiosity.","authors":"Aki Schumacher, Markus W H Spitzer, Hayley K Jach, Yvonne Kammerer, Christian Scharinger, Lisa Bardach","doi":"10.1037/xap0000568","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Information seeking as a behavioral manifestation of curiosity has often been captured with experimental tasks that explicitly prompt information seeking instead of capturing participants' self-initiated exploratory behaviors. This online study (<i>N</i> = 799 English-speaking adults, mostly from the United Kingdom) was conducted in 2023 and combined aspects of experimental curiosity research with more naturalistic exploration methods by introducing a novel experimental setup. Participants freely explored a hypertext on a historical topic, while their self-directed information seeking (i.e., clicks on hyperlinks and reading time) was captured with log data. Participants then completed a knowledge test in which they also reported their confidence in their answers and their curiosity about learning the correct answers. We found that simply choosing to seek additional information (clicking on a hyperlink) did not predict curiosity ratings, whereas the extent of engagement (reading time) did. Moreover, trait curiosity moderated the relationship between confidence and state curiosity, with highly trait-curious individuals maintaining higher state curiosity under low confidence, unlike those with low trait curiosity. This study presents a promising way to assess curiosity in a controlled experimental task resembling real-world learning situations and provides a comprehensive perspective on the dynamic ways in which curiosity is sparked and satisfied. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical thinking classes can reduce common biases: Results from a field experiment.","authors":"Michael Bishop, Adam Feltz, Paul Conway","doi":"10.1037/xap0000571","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Critical thinking classes are ubiquitous in U.S. college curricula. One of their aims is to teach good reasoning skills. To date, there is little systematic evidence that they do this. We report the results of a field experiment (<i>N</i> = 397) that compared undergraduate critical thinking classes taught in a philosophy department to other undergraduate philosophy classes. The results suggest that an appropriately designed critical thinking class can dramatically reduce four common biases in judgment and decision making: honoring sunk costs, inferring causation from correlation, ignoring regression to the mean, and overlooking opportunity costs. The size of the debiasing effects was substantial (Cohen's <i>d</i> > 0.80) and persisted at least 16 months after the class ended. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Metacognitive monitoring of political facts: Effects of political knowledge, political orientation, and cognitive style\" by Fulton et al. (2025).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xap0000563","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reports an error in \"Metacognitive monitoring of political facts: Effects of political, orientation and knowledge and cognitive style\" by Erika K. Fulton, Alicyn E. Ager, Erin Madison and Jeremy Russell (<i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied</i>, Advanced Online Publication, Oct 30, 2025, np; see record 2026-82121-001). The title was incorrectly published as \"Metacognitive Monitoring of Political Facts: Effects of Political, Orientation and Knowledge and Cognitive Style.\" The byline appears as \"Metacognitive Monitoring of Political Facts: Effects On\" and has been corrected to \"Metacognitive Monitoring of Political Facts.\" The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2026-82121-001.) Accurate metacognition is essential to informed political decisions and preventing the spread of misinformation, but research on metacognitive monitoring of political facts, outside of misinformation studies, has not met metacognitive research measurement standards. We addressed this limitation and assessed potential factors (political knowledge, political orientation, and cognitive style) related to this type of metacognitive monitoring accuracy. A sample of 216 Amazon Mechanical Turk participants completed measures of political orientation, political knowledge, and cognitive style, along with a test of political metacognitive monitoring accuracy, between February 2021 and March 2022. Participants were generally overconfident in their political knowledge, especially those with less political knowledge and who were more conservative, with conservatives also showing worse relative metacognitive accuracy. Cognitive style partially explained differences due to political orientation. Our participants were U.S. residents and disproportionately White, male, and lower-to-middle income, so studies of other samples and political contexts are needed for generalizability. Results also build on cue theory, showing that political knowledge and political orientation can act as metacognitive judgment cues. The study highlights the need to improve political metacognitive monitoring accuracy and reveals three targets for intervention: political knowledge, political orientation, and cognitive style. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":"32 1","pages":"79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How future self leads to healthier food decision: Evidence from multiattribute time-dependent drift diffusion model.","authors":"Zefei Chen, Meiqi Lu, Chunchun Chen, Jianping Huang","doi":"10.1037/xap0000556","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People often prioritize immediate gratification over future rewards during decision making, but visualizing the future self can help them consider long-term outcomes more. However, little is known about whether the future self can promote healthier food choices and the computational mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. This study conducted two preregistered experiments to investigate how future self influences food decisions while balancing health and taste attributes. In Experiment 1, participants were randomly divided into two groups: One group saw images of their future selves, while the other saw images of their current selves. Both groups were asked to make decisions between healthy and unhealthy foods. Results indicated that the image of future self increased rates of healthy food choices. To further understand how future self influences the process of decision making, Experiment 2 was conducted, fitting data with a multiattribute, time-dependent version of the drift diffusion model. Results indicated that health attribute entered the process of decision making earlier with a larger weight, whereas taste attribute entered the process of decision making later with a lower weight. These findings demonstrate that the image of the future self can effectively promote healthier food choices, offering important implications for researchers and policymakers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"138-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145514364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metacognitive Monitoring of Political Facts: Effects of Political Knowledge, Political Orientation, and Cognitive Style.","authors":"Erika K Fulton, Alicyn E Ager, Erin Madison, Jeremy Russell","doi":"10.1037/xap0000551","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 32(1) of <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied</i> (see record 2027-40760-001). The title was incorrectly published as \"Metacognitive Monitoring of Political Facts: Effects of Political, Orientation and Knowledge and Cognitive Style.\" The byline appears as \"Metacognitive Monitoring of Political Facts: Effects On\" and has been corrected to \"Me] Accurate metacognition is essential to informed political decisions and preventing the spread of misinformation, but research on metacognitive monitoring of political facts, outside of misinformation studies, has not met metacognitive research measurement standards. We addressed this limitation and assessed potential factors (political knowledge, political orientation, and cognitive style) related to this type of metacognitive monitoring accuracy. A sample of 216 Amazon Mechanical Turk participants completed measures of political orientation, political knowledge, and cognitive style, along with a test of political metacognitive monitoring accuracy, between February 2021 and March 2022. Participants were generally overconfident in their political knowledge, especially those with less political knowledge and who were more conservative, with conservatives also showing worse relative metacognitive accuracy. Cognitive style partially explained differences due to political orientation. Our participants were U.S. residents and disproportionately White, male, and lower-to-middle income, so studies of other samples and political contexts are needed for generalizability. Results also build on cue theory, showing that political knowledge and political orientation can act as metacognitive judgment cues. The study highlights the need to improve political metacognitive monitoring accuracy and reveals three targets for intervention: political knowledge, political orientation, and cognitive style. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"57-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereotypes in artificial intelligence-generated content: Impact on content choice.","authors":"Fei Gao, Lan Xia, Wenting Zhong","doi":"10.1037/xap0000548","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Generative artificial intelligence is reshaping content creation, shifting from human-generated content to artificial intelligence (AI)-generated content from which we choose. A growing concern is the propagation of stereotypes in AI-generated content. Through a preregistered large-scale field study in 2024, tasking ChatGPT, Midjourney, and Canva with generating 1,110 images for multiple scenarios, we find that AI systematically replicates and potentially amplifies sex and racial stereotypes by generating a significantly larger proportion of stereotypical content in a choice set. Five preregistered experiments in 2024 and 2025 (<i>N</i> = 2,994, U.S. adults) further demonstrate that this surplus of stereotypical content increases the likelihood of people choosing it, driven by both its availability and existing stereotypes in people's minds. When AI offers a larger proportion of content aligned with existing stereotypes, it makes such choices more fluent. Conversely, reducing the availability of AI-generated stereotypical content in choice sets decreases individuals' stereotypical beliefs and choices. We further find that increasing awareness of stereotypes in AI-generated content does not prompt self-correction when people are exposed to stereotypes perceived relatively harmless (e.g., women-nurse). Instead, it increases the likelihood of choosing stereotypical content. However, people self-correct when exposed to AI-generated stereotypes perceived as harmful (e.g., Black people-criminal). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"99-116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}