Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied最新文献

Stereotypes in artificial intelligence-generated content: Impact on content choice. 人工智能生成内容中的刻板印象：对内容选择的影响。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000548

Fei Gao, Lan Xia, Wenting Zhong

{"title":"Stereotypes in artificial intelligence-generated content: Impact on content choice.","authors":"Fei Gao, Lan Xia, Wenting Zhong","doi":"10.1037/xap0000548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000548","url":null,"abstract":"Generative artificial intelligence is reshaping content creation, shifting from human-generated content to artificial intelligence (AI)-generated content from which we choose. A growing concern is the propagation of stereotypes in AI-generated content. Through a preregistered large-scale field study in 2024, tasking ChatGPT, Midjourney, and Canva with generating 1,110 images for multiple scenarios, we find that AI systematically replicates and potentially amplifies sex and racial stereotypes by generating a significantly larger proportion of stereotypical content in a choice set. Five preregistered experiments in 2024 and 2025 (N = 2,994, U.S. adults) further demonstrate that this surplus of stereotypical content increases the likelihood of people choosing it, driven by both its availability and existing stereotypes in people's minds. When AI offers a larger proportion of content aligned with existing stereotypes, it makes such choices more fluent. Conversely, reducing the availability of AI-generated stereotypical content in choice sets decreases individuals' stereotypical beliefs and choices. We further find that increasing awareness of stereotypes in AI-generated content does not prompt self-correction when people are exposed to stereotypes perceived relatively harmless (e.g., women-nurse). Instead, it increases the likelihood of choosing stereotypical content. However, people self-correct when exposed to AI-generated stereotypes perceived as harmful (e.g., Black people-criminal). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contrasting guilty minds: Exposure to contrast concepts narrows conceptions of acting knowingly and recklessly. 对比有罪的心理：暴露于对比的概念会缩小故意和鲁莽行为的概念。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000547

Christian Mott, Larisa Heiphetz Solomon

{"title":"Contrasting guilty minds: Exposure to contrast concepts narrows conceptions of acting knowingly and recklessly.","authors":"Christian Mott, Larisa Heiphetz Solomon","doi":"10.1037/xap0000547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000547","url":null,"abstract":"When one person harms another, the way lay jurors describe the perpetrator's mental state-whether they acted \"knowingly\" or \"recklessly\"-can significantly affect their culpability under U.S. criminal law. Five studies conducted in Fall 2017 show that the meanings of these crucial legal terms can shift depending on whether the jury instructions mention an alternative mental state. In Studies 1-3, lay participants, acting as mock jurors, were less likely to say an agent caused a harm \"knowingly\" when they could instead describe the person as acting \"recklessly\"-a less severe but still culpable state of mind. This pattern emerged whether or not participants received legal definitions of these terms. In Study 4, mock jurors were less likely to say an agent acted \"knowingly\" when \"recklessly\" appeared in the jury instructions as a contrast, even when they did not have any way to attribute the contrast term to the agent. In Study 5, mock jurors were also less likely to say an agent acted \"recklessly\" when the possibility of acting \"negligently\" appeared in the jury instructions. These studies provide evidence that \"knowingly\" and \"recklessly\" are contrast sensitive-that is, their meanings can shift based on what contrast concept is salient. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mindful eating and food intake: Effects and mechanisms of action. 正念饮食和食物摄入：影响和作用机制。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000530

Lana Seguias, Danielle Ferriday, Elanor C Hinton, Tina McCaw, Katy Tapper

{"title":"Mindful eating and food intake: Effects and mechanisms of action.","authors":"Lana Seguias, Danielle Ferriday, Elanor C Hinton, Tina McCaw, Katy Tapper","doi":"10.1037/xap0000530","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000530","url":null,"abstract":"A key component of mindful eating is paying attention to the sensory properties of one's food as one eats (\"sensory eating\"). Some studies have found this reduces subsequent food intake while others have failed to replicate these effects. We report four laboratory studies that (a) examine effects of sensory eating on subsequent intake and (b) explore potential mechanisms of action. In each study, participants ate a small high-calorie snack with or without sensory eating and, 5-15 min later, were given larger snack portions from which they could eat freely. Sensory eating reduced intake of the second snack and could not be explained by increased sensory-specific satiety or priming of health-related goals. However, this effect disappeared when we controlled eating rate for the first snack. Given evidence that slower eating increases satiation and reduces intake, we conclude that sensory eating reduces intake by slowing eating rate. Exploratory analyses also revealed that (among nondieters) effects of sensory eating were pronounced when participants reported higher hunger. Thus, for weight management, sensory eating may be most beneficial for those who are naturally fast eaters and/or in situations where people are inclined to eat more quickly, for example, when hungry or in a hurry. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"168-187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143544147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

When job control backfires: A self-control perspective on the effects of job control on well-being and performance. 当工作控制适得其反：从自我控制的角度看工作控制对幸福感和绩效的影响。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000538

Sascha Abdel Hadi, Jan A Häusser, Stacey L Parker

{"title":"When job control backfires: A self-control perspective on the effects of job control on well-being and performance.","authors":"Sascha Abdel Hadi, Jan A Häusser, Stacey L Parker","doi":"10.1037/xap0000538","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000538","url":null,"abstract":"Many job stress models emphasize the importance of job control as a resource that promotes well-being and performance. However, research has started to acknowledge that job control can sometimes also have negative effects. Our study adopts a self-control perspective to investigate these possible downsides. We hypothesized that job control should have negative effects on well-being and performance by enhancing self-control demands. However, we expected that only employees with low levels of trait self-control should experience negative effects of high job control due to increased self-control demands. We conducted a workplace simulation with an experimental manipulation of job control (high vs. low). We asked participants to complete an inbox task with work-related email inquiries and measured subjective well-being, as well as heart rate variability (HRV). Furthermore, we analyzed objective task performance. The findings revealed that, for individuals with low levels of trait self-control, job control negatively affected subjective well-being (i.e., anxiety and fatigue), but not HRV, through enhanced self-control demands. Although there was no evidence for mediating effects of self-control demands regarding performance, we found a (direct) moderation of trait self-control and job control in the form of lower performance of individuals with low trait self-control under high job control conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"188-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retrieval practice versus generating mnemonics: Implications for study strategy use in chemistry. 检索练习与生成记忆法：化学学习策略使用的启示。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000544

Jonathan G Tullis, Di Zhang

引用次数: 0

Influence of supply and demand side factors on willingness to use biodegradable plastic bags. 供给侧和需求侧因素对使用生物降解塑料袋意愿的影响。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000528

Yuhuan Xu, Jianguo Du, Zhaochan Chu

引用次数: 0

Beyond the confidence-accuracy relation: A multiple-reflector-variable approach to postdicting accuracy on eyewitness lineups. 超越置信度-准确度关系：对目击证人阵容预测准确度的多反射器变量方法。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000527

Nydia T Ayala, Andrew M Smith, Gary L Wells

{"title":"Beyond the confidence-accuracy relation: A multiple-reflector-variable approach to postdicting accuracy on eyewitness lineups.","authors":"Nydia T Ayala, Andrew M Smith, Gary L Wells","doi":"10.1037/xap0000527","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000527","url":null,"abstract":"We examined whether the potential to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate decisions on eyewitness lineups could be improved by combining information from three witness behaviors: confidence, decision time, and the language that witnesses use to justify their lineup decisions. We assessed the postdictive potential of these variables for both positive identifications and lineup rejections on both simultaneous and sequential lineups. All three behaviors independently postdicted the accuracy of both positive identifications and lineup rejections for both simultaneous and sequential lineups. The potential to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate lineup decisions was maximized by considering all three variables. Interestingly, the classifier trained to distinguish the language of accurate and inaccurate witnesses appeared to recover a distinction between use of absolute- and relative-judgment strategies. For both simultaneous and sequential lineups, accurate decisions were accompanied by absolute language and inaccurate decisions were accompanied by relative language. The applied implications of this work are clear-accurate witnesses are confident, fast, and reference an absolute-judgment strategy. This work also advances theory on why sequential lineups lead to worse discriminability than do simultaneous lineups. Sequential lineups do not increase use of absolute-judgment strategies, but might make it more difficult to determine the strongest match to memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":"204-227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143544142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling police officers' deadly force decisions in an immersive shooting simulator. 在沉浸式射击模拟器中模拟警察的致命武力决策。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000542

Timothy J Pleskac, Joseph Cesario, David J Johnson, Glen Gagnon

引用次数: 0

Computer-based voice familiarization, delivered remotely using an online platform, improves speech intelligibility for older and younger adults. 基于计算机的语音熟悉，使用在线平台远程交付，提高了老年人和年轻人的语音清晰度。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000536

Wansu Zhu, Emma Holmes

{"title":"Computer-based voice familiarization, delivered remotely using an online platform, improves speech intelligibility for older and younger adults.","authors":"Wansu Zhu, Emma Holmes","doi":"10.1037/xap0000536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000536","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding speech in noisy environments is often challenging but is easier if we are listening to someone familiar-for example, naturally familiar people (e.g., friends, partners) or voices that have been familiarized artificially in the lab. Thus, familiarizing people with voices they regularly encounter (e.g., new friends and colleagues) could improve speech intelligibility in everyday life, which might be particularly useful for people who struggle to comprehend speech in noisy environments, such as older adults. Yet, we do not currently understand whether computer-based voice familiarization is effective when delivered remotely, outside of a lab setting, and whether it is effective for older adults. Here, in an online computer-based study, we examined whether learned voices are more intelligible than unfamiliar voices in 20 older (55-73 years) and 20 younger (18-34 years) adults. Overall, older and younger participants benefited from training, and the magnitude of the intelligibility benefit (approximately 10% improvement in sentence report when the target-to-masker ratio was -6 dB) was similar between groups. These findings demonstrate that older adults can learn new voices as effectively as younger participants for improving speech intelligibility, even given a relatively short (< 1 hr) duration of familiarization that is delivered in the comfort of their own homes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Benefits of pretesting prior to retrieval practice are limited, unless used for prior knowledge-based personalization. 在检索练习之前进行预测试的好处是有限的，除非用于先前的基于知识的个性化。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000540

Thomas Wilschut, Maarten van der Velde, Florian Sense, Bridgid Finn, Burcu Arslan, Hedderik van Rijn

{"title":"Benefits of pretesting prior to retrieval practice are limited, unless used for prior knowledge-based personalization.","authors":"Thomas Wilschut, Maarten van der Velde, Florian Sense, Bridgid Finn, Burcu Arslan, Hedderik van Rijn","doi":"10.1037/xap0000540","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xap0000540","url":null,"abstract":"An abundance of research has demonstrated that both posttesting (also referred to as retrieval practice) and pretesting (asking a learner for an answer to a cue before a study trial has been provided) can enhance the long-term retention of material. While the benefits of retrieval practice have been widely applied in various real-world applications, such as computerized tools that promote the memorization of factual materials, pretesting has seen limited real-world application. In this study, we examine whether and under which realistic digital learning conditions combining pretesting and posttesting can promote learning. In four experiments (total N = 210), we contrast learning conditions in which repeated retrieval practice is preceded by passive study to learning conditions in which retrieval practice is preceded by a test. In the first two experiments, we confirm and extend previous findings by demonstrating that pretesting boosts retrieval accuracy and reduces response times on subsequent retrieval repetitions, regardless of the accuracy of the pretest. We find these effects both when a fixed item repetition schedule is used and with performance-based, adaptive item scheduling that resembles popular digital learning tools. However, after three repetitions of an item, the initial advantage of pretesting disappears, calling into question its usefulness in applied settings that involve spaced repetition. In the final two experiments, we explore a more targeted use of pretesting, leveraging it to assess prior knowledge. Dropping items that were answered correctly during the pretest enhanced overall learning efficiency, especially for learners with moderate to high prior knowledge, without disadvantaging those with low prior knowledge. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0