Criminology & Public Policy最新文献

{"title":"AI, body‐worn cameras, and a potential civilizing effect for officers: Evidence from the Arizona Truleo study","authors":"Michael D. White, Seth Watts, Aili Malm","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70018","url":null,"abstract":"Research Summary Over time, the evidence on the impact of police body‐worn cameras (BWCs) has become increasingly mixed. Though there are numerous contributors to the inconsistent findings (e.g., context, policy, training, culture), one pressing issue involves the failure of law enforcement agencies to review any more than a fraction of the BWC footage generated by their officers. This footage review problem violates a central precondition for the hypothesized civilizing effect of BWCs on officers: their belief that footage will be reviewed. AI‐driven BWC analytics has emerged as a solution that may overcome the footage review problem, but there has been virtually no research on such AI‐based platforms. The current study fills this gap through an evaluation of Truleo in the Apache Junction and Casa Grande Police Departments (AJPD, CGPD). Officers were randomized to Treatment (Truleo) and Control (non‐Truleo) conditions for a 6‐month period, and we compared study groups across a range of measures including Truleo‐generated professionalism, use of force, complaints, stops, arrests, and citations. Treatment officers in both departments were more likely to generate High Professionalism ratings, but group differences fell short of statistical significance. Use of force decreased significantly in AJPD and in some of the pooled models, though the pooled models were sensitive to multiple‐comparisons corrections. The Bayesian probabilities paradigm offers an additional lens for considering the mixed effects with High Professionalism and use of force. Policy Implications Taken together, results suggest Truleo may hold promise for promoting positive behavior change among officers consistent with a civilizing effect. Law enforcement agencies should explore whether AI‐driven BWC analytics can enhance their BWC program, expand their review of footage, and positively shape their officers’ behavior. Additional research is needed in other settings to test the durability of these findings and the value of AI‐generated metrics of police performance (e.g., professionalism). Researchers should consider the significance of research findings from a broader lens that accounts for practitioner perspectives on the meaningful impact of an innovation. Lastly, the results presented here inform the ongoing dialogue over the role of AI in policing.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147744053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of prosecutors’ office caseloads on case processing outcomes","authors":"R. R. Dunlea, Don Stemen","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70017","url":null,"abstract":"Research Summary Contemporary criminal justice discourse frequently highlights rising caseloads as a crisis for prosecutors across the United States. Yet, empirical assessments of how caseloads impact prosecutorial decision making are scarce. This study exploits data on office caseloads and cases disposed between 2021 and 2024 in 19 prosecutors’ offices across Colorado to investigate the impact of office caseload pressure on plea and charge reduction rates. We use a two‐level modeling strategy in which weekly activity is nested within prosecutors’ offices, and caseload pressure is measured using weekly open case counts. While nearly as much variation in outcomes occurs across prosecutors’ offices as across weeks, we find that prosecutors’ offices resolve fewer cases via guilty plea in weeks when caseload pressure is higher. Effects are slightly stronger on dispositions for misdemeanor offenses than felonies. Little relationship between caseload pressure and charge reductions is observed. Policy Implications This study provides useful insight into prosecutorial responses to caseload pressures. Although pleas are traditionally conceptualized as a tool to increase efficiency in case processing, we find little evidence that prosecutors’ offices increase their use of pleas or charge bargaining when caseload pressures are higher. Current rising caseload pressures may incentivize dismissals rather than plea bargains, potentially impacting case outcomes, public safety concerns, and disparities in case processing burdens across sociodemographic groups. The results highlight how staffing in high‐pressure offices, early case reviews, and policies prioritizing cases may ensure caseloads remain manageable or may limit the impact of caseload pressures on case outcomes.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147630706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Law enforcement policies for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A mixed‐methods analysis","authors":"Cooper A. Maher, Brittany E. Hayes, Martha McCullough, Jacquelyn Burckley, Ráchael A. Powers, Amanda K. Simmons, Leigh Anne McKingsley","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70016","url":null,"abstract":"Research Summary Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) face an elevated risk of victimization relative to their peers. Victims with IDD may view police departmental websites or policies to identify available accommodations in deciding to report their experience. The current study employs a convergent mixed‐methods approach to examine the websites of policing organizations across four states to determine the prevalence and nature of disability‐related policies ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 1678), as well as insights from interviews and focus groups with law enforcement professionals ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 27). Findings suggested that policies were rare and often did not directly apply to victims with IDD. Coercive processes underlie the formulation of many disability‐related policies. Moreover, professionals often reported agencies not having policies, despite normative processes supporting the need for policies. Although these findings are important, it remains less clear whether agencies’ websites provide accessible information for crime victims with IDD where language access involves more than just translation. Website content, such as clear descriptions of accommodations, may influence victims with IDD decisions to report. However, gaps in implementation and law enforcement's awareness of these policies can significantly hinder the reporting process for victims with disabilities. Policy Implications Findings highlighted the need for greater transparency with respect to police policies. Agencies need to reconsider the utility of existing policies for victims with IDD, if they exist, in terms of accessing support and overcoming communication and access barriers to seeking help. Policies should also be written in plain language and accessible to <jats:italic>all</jats:italic> victims regardless of disability status.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"44 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pretrial release policy based on risk assessment would reduce unnecessary incarceration, increase racial fairness, and save money","authors":"Jennifer Skeem, Lina Montoya, Christopher Lowenkamp","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70015","url":null,"abstract":"Research Summary Pretrial reform is vital, as nearly 500,000 unconvicted people are held in U.S. jails while awaiting trial. Risk assessment instruments (RAIs) offer data‐driven identification of defendants who are unlikely to reoffend and can safely be released, yet face criticism from across the political spectrum—for potentially perpetuating racial bias or endangering public safety. Moreover, inconsistent judicial application undermines the effectiveness of RAIs. Using data on 146,841 federal defendants, we apply causal analyses with machine learning to estimate the effects of a policy that presumptively releases defendants classified as relatively low risk by the Pretrial Risk Assessment (PTRA). Compared to magistrate judges’ status quo decisions, this approach would reduce pretrial detention by 34.2% and increase successful community releases by 31.8%, with only a 1.6% rise in public safety risk. Black defendants would experience greater benefits (39.0% detention reduction vs. 27.3% for White defendants). Detention cost savings would be approximately $3.5 billion. Policy Implications Although the PTRA outperforms unstructured judgment, it should strongly guide rather than replace judicial discretion. The central challenge is structuring judgment in pretrial decision making. As an initial step, the federal system should expand inclusion of PTRA risk estimates in pretrial reports beyond the current 15% of districts, implementing standardized reporting formats to ensure clear communication and consistent application. For greater impact, policy makers should consider a risk‐based presumptive release framework where defendants below a specified risk threshold are released unless magistrate judges identify specific statutory factors justifying detention. This approach addresses inconsistent RAI application while preserving judicial authority. Implementation will require investment in trust‐building and practice fidelity, but structuring pretrial decisions around validated risk measures promises to enhance fairness, reduce costs, and maintain public safety—outcomes with broad political appeal.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: A Cluster Randomized Experiment of a Life Coaching Intervention Designed to Improve Correctional Officer Mental Health","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147380794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focused deterrence can reduce crime: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and quasi‐experiments","authors":"Anthony A. Braga, Brandon S. Turchan, David L. Weisburd","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70012","url":null,"abstract":"Research summary Crime and violence continue to be problems that plague urban areas across the United States and the globe. One key approach for responding to these problems is “focused deterrence” which includes programs that prevent criminal behavior by blending criminal justice, social service, and community‐based action. While previous systematic reviews have supported the crime control effectiveness of focused deterrence, prior reviews have not included randomized experimental evaluations which are generally recognized to provide stronger causal claims when implemented with fidelity. This updated review of 50 controlled evaluations benefits from the addition of 26 rigorous studies, of which 9 are randomized experimental field trials. This suggests the importance of reassessing the evidence and provides opportunities for additional moderator analyses of program impacts. The overall meta‐analysis suggested that focused deterrence was associated with a statistically significant 23% crime reduction in treatment groups relative to control groups. Meta‐analysis of the 9 randomized experiments suggested focused deterrence generated a smaller 16% crime reduction. Programs designed to reduce gang and group‐involved gun violence were associated with the largest crime reduction impacts. Studies that examined community outcomes generally observed positive impacts. Policy implications A much more rigorous scientific evidence base now exists to support the continued use of focused deterrence to control crime and violence. These analyses, which include randomized controlled trials, provide robust and consistent evidence that focused deterrence reduces crime. Moreover, preliminary results from a group of studies that measure community outcomes, suggest that community residents have positive perceptions of these programs. Program implementation remains challenging with studies noting persistent problems with treatment integrity and sustainability. Further research is also needed to clarify prevention mechanisms so key program activities can be better understood and enhanced.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“It's a start”: Formerly incarcerated adults’ perceptions of second-chance employers and policies","authors":"Megan Denver,&nbsp;Rod K. Brunson,&nbsp;Oscar Navarro","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70010","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Second-chance hiring, or an employer's commitment to hiring (at least some) people with criminal records, is simultaneously an ongoing public movement and an opaque process. To examine perceptions of second-chance policies and employers, we analyzed interview data from formerly incarcerated adults in the Greater Boston area. We find that a small portion was familiar with Ban-the-Box (BTB), a policy that had been in effect locally for more than a decade; after learning about the policy, participants indicated that it was a promising start but could unintentionally provide false hope if employers conduct criminal background checks soon thereafter. We then asked for definitions of criminal record (or in our study context, “CORI”) friendly employers. Participant descriptions fell into three categories: exclusionary, CORI-friendly under certain circumstances, and fully inclusive. Descriptions of the sometimes-friendly employers reflected individualized assessments, where the criminal history and context seemed to matter. Although partial exclusion was not ideal to participants, even the most well-reputed inclusive jobs—those connected to labor unions—carried cautions from union-member participants. Finally, we explored whether submitting evidence of rehabilitation is feasible. Most participants indicated they could readily provide a recommendation letter and/or accomplishments to an employer if provided the opportunity—but few reported having this experience.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Examining the perceptions of job applicants with criminal records can provide insight into both problems and possibilities. Existing counterintuitive empirical findings on BTB may be driven, in part, by job applicants with criminal records not being aware of (and therefore not responding to) policy changes. Even after being informed, skepticism of BTB points to the importance of employer responses throughout the decision process. We recommend four policy pathways: increasing awareness of existing policies, expanding CORI-friendliness through employer engagement, promoting broader culture change, and incorporating positive credentials into individualized assessments through formalized processes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 1","pages":"3-30"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding variation in juvenile life without parole legislation following Miller","authors":"Leah Ouellet,&nbsp;Daphne M. Brydon,&nbsp;Laura S. Abrams,&nbsp;Jeffrey T. Ward,&nbsp;Dylan B. Jackson,&nbsp;Rebecca Turner,&nbsp;J. Z. Bennett,&nbsp;Reese Howard,&nbsp;Ashley Xu","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Miller v. Alabama</i> and <i>Montgomery v. Louisiana</i> restricted states’ ability to impose life without parole for youth under age 18 (henceforth JLWOP). Since <i>Miller</i>, 46 pieces of legislation across 34 states and the District of Columbia have altered JLWOP sentencing policies. The current study provides the first comprehensive and scientific review of this legislation. Using policy surveillance as a methodological guide, we found that a majority of statutes (<i>N</i> = 28) ban JLWOP sentencing, above and beyond the Supreme Court's requirement. Many statutes also extended sentencing reforms and post-conviction relief eligibility to other types of sentencing beyond JLWOP. However, all but one statute still allows either JLWOP or life <i>with</i> parole as a sentencing option for minors convicted of homicide crimes and requires between 15 and 40 years, at minimum, to be served before being eligible for release. Grounding our analysis in institutional theory, we argue that the relative punitivity of the JLWOP reforms enacted was associated with measures of JLWOP institutionalization across states (i.e., pre-<i>Miller</i> JLWOP population and pre-<i>Miller</i> sentencing schema), suggesting that states where JLWOP was more routinely used were more resistant to policy reform.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current study provides implications for future decarceration efforts. Findings suggest that state legislatures are willing to enact post-conviction relief measures (e.g., judicial review or “second look” measures) for individuals convicted of violent crimes to address over-incarceration, deviating from previous decarceration efforts focused on non-violent, low-level offenses. In spite of the promising window for juvenile justice reform that <i>Miller</i> provided, however, these reforms have taken a relatively modest, incremental approach toward altering extreme youth sentencing practices in the United States. Policy makers and advocates seeking to promote sentencing reform efforts should factor in how highly institutionalized a sentencing practice is in each state, as this might inform effective strategies for policy change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 1","pages":"139-168"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9133.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking rules for 911: Dispatching alternative responders in Denver and San Francisco","authors":"Jessica W. Gillooly,&nbsp;Barry Friedman","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70008","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Alternatives to police response to 911 calls have emerged as a leading public safety reform strategy. A key policy implementation challenge lies in determining whether alternative responders, police, or both are most appropriate for a given situation—a decision that largely falls to 911 call takers and dispatchers. This article examines how dispatch organizations have tried to structure these decisions through protocols and decision trees. Drawing on 39 interviews and 20 h of observations with 911 workers in San Francisco and Denver, we argue that these tools, as currently structured, are poorly suited to handle the uncertainty, subjectivity, and ambiguity that characterize many street crisis calls. In the absence of more thoughtfully designed guidance from leadership, we find that dispatch staff routinely work around the rules to attain the response they believe is most appropriate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Addressing the dispatch protocol issue is critical for the success of the alternative response movement. Absent workable protocols, dispatchers sometimes default to sending the police, undermining the progress alternative response promises. Applying our learnings from Denver and San Francisco, this study points to a two-pronged approach that dispatch agencies can use to improve call diversion guidance. First, they can refine existing protocols and decision trees by grounding them in the experiential knowledge of frontline staff. Second, they can supplement these tools with more flexible forms of guidance—such as organizational value statements or collaborative decision-making frameworks—to aid decision making when protocols reach their limits. Together, these changes can produce guidance that is more responsive to the realities of dispatch work and better aligned with the goals of alternative response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 1","pages":"113-137"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug decriminalization and policy alienation among frontline police in British Columbia: A qualitative study","authors":"Sarah Ferencz,&nbsp;Alissa Greer,&nbsp;Amanda Butler","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This qualitative study examines how frontline police officers in British Columbia experienced and adapted to Canada's first formal drug decriminalization policy 1 year after implementation. Drawing on 30 semi-structured interviews and using thematic analysis with a policy alienation and street-level bureaucracy lens, we analyzed how officers felt alienated from the policy process and coped with this experience as frontline implementers. Key themes show that frontline officers experienced processes of policy alienation in various ways: they felt that the policy was misaligned with their frontline perspectives; the Policy undermined their ability to help people in their communities; and legal ambiguity surrounding the Policy was challenging to navigate. Their coping strategies revealed that officers interpreted and executed decriminalization in divergent ways.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings have important implications for policymakers and police leadership considering drug policy reforms. Officers’ feelings of disempowerment and policy meaninglessness, especially in contexts of legal ambiguity, may lead to inconsistent or inequitable enforcement. Strengthening communication across police ranks is critical. Middle managers may help translate reform goals, identify resource gaps, and support effective coping strategies. Legal clarity should extend beyond policy updates to help officers reconcile overlapping laws and reduce liability concerns. While there are limits to policy consultation with frontline officers within the hierarchical structure of police institutions, reform efforts should still engage with frontline officers’ working logics. Training should address harmful attitudes and misunderstandings of drug use, clarify legal boundaries, and mitigate unintended harms of enforcement. Ultimately, effective drug policy reform in a multi-jurisdictional system requires acknowledging how frontline officers interpret and shape policy within institutional constraints.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 1","pages":"63-88"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9133.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}