Criminology & Public Policy最新文献

{"title":"Can enhanced street lighting improve public safety at scale?","authors":"John M. MacDonald, Aaron Chalfin, Maya Moritz, Brian Wade, Alyssa K. Mendlein, Anthony A. Braga, Eugenia South","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70006","url":null,"abstract":"Research SummaryStreet crimes are thought to be influenced by changes in ambient lighting; yet, most studies have focused on small‐scale interventions in limited areas. It remains unclear whether enhanced lighting can improve safety on a larger, jurisdiction‐wide scale. This study examined the first 10 months of Philadelphia's citywide rollout of enhanced street lighting. Between August 2023 and May 2024, 34,374 streetlights were upgraded across 13,275 street segments, converting roughly one third of the city's street segments to new LED (light‐emitting diode) fixtures that provide clearer and more even lighting. We assessed the impact of these upgrades on total crimes, violent crimes, property crimes, and nuisance crimes. Our findings reveal a 15% decline in outdoor nighttime street crimes and a 21% reduction in outdoor nighttime gun violence following the streetlight upgrades. The streetlight upgrades may have contributed to 5% of the citywide decline in Philadelphia gun violence during the study period. Qualitative data also suggest that resident perceptions of safety and neighborhood vitality improved after new streetlights were installed.Policy ImplicationsAlthough prior research has mostly focused on small‐scale implementations, our study demonstrates that improvements in street lighting can significantly reduce crime rates across large urban areas. These results support the adoption of energy‐efficient LED street lighting as a crime reduction strategy for cities. Further research is needed to explore the impact of enhanced streetlight interventions on other types of crime and to determine whether the crime reduction benefits are sustained when these upgrades are implemented across the entire City of Philadelphia for an extended period.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Mexican judicial reforms may have fueled crime: Arrest trends and trust erosion","authors":"Catalina Amuedo‐Dorantes, Marilyn Ibarra‐Caton","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70005","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundMexico rolled out state‐led criminal justice reforms between 2000 and 2017 to modernize procedures and improve rule of law. Whether these changes reduced violent crime—especially in cartel‐affected areas—remains uncertain.AimsEstimate the impact of reform implementation on homicides and arrests, and assess mechanisms related to enforcement capacity and public cooperation with law enforcement.Materials & MethodsWe build a municipality–year panel (2000–2017) from death certificates (homicides) and administrative records (arrests). Because states adopted reforms at different times, we use difference‐in‐differences estimators designed for staggered adoption and heterogeneous treatment effects, with rich fixed effects and controls. To probe mechanisms, we analyze nationally representative survey measures of crime reporting, institutional trust, and perceived police/prosecutorial integrity.ResultsReform implementation is associated with a ~25% increase in homicide rates. Over the same horizon, arrest rates fall by >50%. As homicides are less prone to underreporting than other crimes, the homicide increase is unlikely to be a reporting artifact. Survey evidence shows reduced crime reporting, declining trust in institutions, and more negative views of police and prosecutors; effects are strongest in cartel‐affected regions.DiscussionThe pattern is consistent with an erosion of effective enforcement capacity at rollout: fewer arrests and lower public cooperation raise expected returns to violent crime. In high‐violence settings, reforms that change procedures without parallel boosts to investigative and prosecutorial capacity—and without safeguards for witnesses—can weaken deterrence.ConclusionMexico’s staggered judicial reforms coincided with higher homicides and sharply lower arrests. Successful reform in violent contexts likely requires coordinated institutional strengthening (policing, prosecution, witness protection), phased implementation with measurable benchmarks, and strategies to sustain public trust and reporting.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“This is everyone's issue”: Policy entrepreneurs, issue framing, and coalition building in the passage of automatic criminal record expungement","authors":"Elsa Y. Chen, Sarah E. Lageson, Ericka B. Adams","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70003","url":null,"abstract":"Research SummarySince 2018, at least 12 U.S. states have introduced policies to expunge certain eligible arrest and criminal conviction records through automated or algorithmic means. Drawing on interviews with governmental representatives and community stakeholders, this paper identifies strategies used to pass this legislation in Pennsylvania and Utah, the first two states to enact automated expungement policies. We frame our findings around three established theoretical frameworks of public policy making—policy entrepreneurship, issue framing, and coalition building—illustrating their combined strategic importance with data gathered from those involved on the ground in the passage and adoption of automated expungement legislation. The findings add depth and nuance to the policy‐making literature, along with practical implications for future criminal legal reform initiatives.Policy ImplicationsInterviewees consistently described how key policy entrepreneurs played essential roles in the development, passage, and implementation of automated criminal record expungement by strategically framing the issue of criminal record discrimination around core values shared by conservatives and liberals, such as workforce development. Broad bipartisan coalition building enabled the scale‐up of automated expungement policies within states where it has been adopted and has aided diffusion to new states. These findings can inform the approaches taken by advocates of automated expungement and other criminal justice reform initiatives, particularly in conservative or polarized political environments.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144778309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relative and joint effects of gunshot detection technology and video surveillance cameras on case clearance in Chicago","authors":"Eric L. Piza, Nathan T. Connealy, Rachael A. Arietti, George O. Mohler, Jeremy G. Carter","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70001","url":null,"abstract":"Research SummaryClosed‐circuit television (CCTV) video surveillance cameras and gunshot detection technology (GDT) have been widely adopted by police departments in recent years. Most evaluation research on CCTV and GDT has tested the technologies’ effect on crime prevention rather than case clearance rates. The current study contributes to the literature through a matched quasi‐experiment of the relative and joint effect of GDT and CCTV on fatal and nonfatal shooting investigation outcomes in Chicago, IL. Entropy balancing is used to create a weighted control group that closely resembles the treatment group. Logistic regression models incorporating the weights from the entropy matching procedure as probability weights measure the intervention effects. Treatment conditions generated null findings across all models. Although included as a control variable in the models, Chicago's Strategic Decision Support Centers (SDSCs) were positively associated with case clearance in the nonfatal shooting models.Policy ImplicationsThese findings contribute to the knowledge base on police use of technology in gun violence investigations. Similar to prior research, results indicate that technology may not deliver the crime control benefits policy makers anticipate they will receive from their investments. Gun violence represents the United States’ most critical crime problem, with the decrease in clearance rates garnering significant attention in both the academic and practitioner communities. The current study suggests that investments in technology on their own may not directly improve case clearance rates. However, the findings regarding SDSCs indicate they may be a promising model for leveraging the outputs of multiple technologies to assist gun violence investigations. Increased resources should be dedicated to rigorously testing the effect of SDSCs on gun violence investigation outcomes.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cash bail and pretrial compliance: Evidence from a court‐imposed policy shock","authors":"Jennifer E. Copp","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70002","url":null,"abstract":"Research SummaryWe evaluated the impact of an administrative order issued in the early days of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic that aimed to reduce the size of the pretrial population in Palm Beach County, FL, by reducing bond amounts for eligible felony offenses. Our findings revealed that the administrative order was successful in reducing the average bond amounts for individuals charged with eligible felonies and that these reductions corresponded to (1) increases in the likelihood of pretrial release and (2) declines in the average custody length. Furthermore, despite these changes to the odds and pace of pretrial release, we found no evidence to suggest that the administrative order negatively affected pretrial compliance, including new criminal activity and failure to appear in court.Policy ImplicationsThe COVID‐19 pandemic set in motion a range of policy changes to mitigate virus spread within correctional facilities, recognizing the vulnerabilities of correctional environments and incarcerated persons. These changes resulted in immediate reductions to jail populations. However, questions quickly emerged regarding their impacts on public safety, among other considerations. The current investigation evaluated the effect of one such COVID‐19 era policy shock on pretrial detention and misconduct. Our findings revealed that reducing bond amounts for individuals charged with eligible felonies contributed to increased rates of pretrial release and reduced detention lengths without jeopardizing either public safety or court efficiency. Consistent with other recent pretrial research, these findings suggest that by reducing our reliance on money bail, we can reduce financial barriers to release among justice‐involved populations, ease inefficiencies in the courts, and save scarce jail resources by scaling back unnecessary pretrial detention. As the pandemic recedes, evaluations of COVID‐19 era policies can help provide a framework for promising criminal justice reforms that reduce our overuse of incarceration and help contribute to a fair and impartial system.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cluster randomized experiment of a life coaching intervention designed to improve correctional officer mental health","authors":"Frank Ferdik","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70000","url":null,"abstract":"Research SummaryCorrectional officers (COs) are the backbone of the custodial system as they are tasked with critical responsibilities such as safeguarding the welfare of incarcerated populations and maintaining institutional security. Despite their importance, studies have consistently revealed how COs worldwide face high rates of mental illness. Although mental health interventions like Employee Assistance Programs and Critical Incident Stress Management seminars are available, many officers find them stigmatizing and misaligned with their daily stressors. Alternative, evidence‐based programming options are therefore required that can effectively improve the mental health of these essential frontline workers. In direct response to this need, the current study conducted a cluster randomized experiment to evaluate whether a novel life coaching intervention could effectively treat COs mental illness. One county jail in Tennessee received the life coaching treatment, while two other similarly matched jails served as comparison groups. Paired samples <jats:italic>t</jats:italic>‐tests and linear regression models revealed statistically significant reductions in the post‐traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and burnout levels of the experimental group.Policy ImplicationsStudy findings are accompanied by a cost–benefit analysis to support the adoption of life coaching as an alternative mental health intervention that can effectively and economically improve the psychological health of COs. As such, this study may carry policy relevance for those stakeholders around the world wishing to improve CO mental health.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"596 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining public opinion on endorsed punishments for illegal abortion by abortion legality and abortion‐restrictive states before Dobbs v. Jackson","authors":"Lucrecia Mena‐Meléndez, Kristen N. Jozkowski, Brandon L. Crawford, Ronna C. Turner, Wen‐Juo Lo","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12702","url":null,"abstract":"Research SummaryAs a result of the 2022 <jats:italic>Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</jats:italic> decision that overturned <jats:italic>Roe v. Wade</jats:italic>, state lawmakers can and have enacted abortion restrictions, including criminal penalties targeting those who seek, provide, or assist with abortion. Given the current legal landscape, it is imperative to assess public opinion regarding the endorsement of punishments for illegal abortion. We conducted multivariate analyses to assess factors associated with punishment endorsements for an illegal abortion for the pregnant woman and healthcare provider. We also evaluated whether individual beliefs (i.e., abortion legality) and contextual factors (i.e., living in an abortion‐restrictive state) may influence punishment endorsements. Using quota‐based sampling with poststratification weights, we administered an online survey to English‐ and Spanish‐speaking (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 2224) U.S. adults before the <jats:italic>Dobbs v. Jackson</jats:italic> decision. Our findings suggest that punishment endorsements are shaped by individual and contextual factors. Living in an abortion‐restrictive state and punishment endorsement were moderated by attitudes toward abortion legality in a few specific scenarios for the pregnant person. The probability of endorsing no punishment was significantly lower in abortion‐restrictive states compared with non‐abortion‐restrictive states for those who believed abortion should be <jats:italic>illegal in all</jats:italic> (5.91% vs. 16.63%) and <jats:italic>legal in all</jats:italic> cases (27.85% vs. 41.89%). Additionally, for those who believed abortion should be <jats:italic>illegal in all</jats:italic> cases, the probability of endorsing fines was significantly higher in abortion‐restrictive states (35.62%) compared with non‐abortion‐restrictive states (18.77%).Policy ImplicationsFindings point to a disconnect between public opinion and punitive abortion policies. Post‐<jats:italic>Dobbs</jats:italic>, as state legislators further restrict and criminalize abortion, our findings suggest that policies involving punishments beyond therapy or education, or some fines, lack broad public support. This misalignment—potentially rooted in elite influence and divergent moral frameworks—calls for abortion policy grounded in public health, democratic accountability, and moral pluralism.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prosecutor‐driven reform and racial disparities","authors":"Francesca A. Amaral, Aurélie Ouss, Dalila I. Ozier","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12699","url":null,"abstract":"Research SummaryWe use novel, fine‐grained data that covers the entire penal process from arrest to final case disposition, spanning various agencies, including the police department, prosecutor's office, and courts. We exploit sharp changes in practices generated by the adoption of two sets of policies in Philadelphia: one instructing prosecutors to decline low‐level offenses, and the other aimed at reducing supervision length at sentencing. We investigate racial disparities using both racial gaps and the scale of criminal justice involvement as outcomes. Our findings offer nuanced perspectives on how policy influences racial disparities. We find that both policies successfully reduced the scale of criminal justice involvement. However, they did not reduce racial gaps in charging or sentencing. Nevertheless, given the higher frequency of arrests and subsequent criminal justice involvement for Black individuals in Philadelphia, a larger number of Black people benefited from these policies.Policy ImplicationsIn recent years, several jurisdictions in the United States have elected prosecutors who advocate for reducing the scope of criminal justice involvement and addressing racial disparities within it. This paper examines whether specific policy reforms implemented by one such office—in Philadelphia—have effectively reduced widespread racial disparities in the penal system. This study contributes significantly to the growing literature on the impact that scaling back criminal justice can have on racial disparities. Much of the existing research primarily centers on legislative changes. Our work studies the impact of changes in practices within a prosecutor's office—a domain that has generally received less attention. Our research provides valuable insights for both academics and policymakers, as we underscore the importance of considering both racial gaps and the differential number of individuals impacted by the system to fully understand the effects of policies designed to reduce criminal justice interactions.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Everything is technology”: Examining technology access and use among returning citizens","authors":"Kaelyn Sanders","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12701","url":null,"abstract":"Research summaryDigital inequality is a barrier for returning citizens. Yet, much remains unknown about the specific issues they encounter. As the world continues to advance technologically, it is important that we understand returning citizens’ access to and use of technology and how it impacts their ability to reintegrate into society. Framed in the Digital Rehabilitation Model, the current study uses qualitative data from 28 returning citizens to explore their experiences with digital exclusion. Findings show that returning citizens have challenges accessing and using technology in several reentry areas.Policy implicationsThe study's results reflect returning citizens’ need for support to access and use technology for reentry purposes. Specifically, they need assistance with accessing computers and using technology for online job searching, education, and other personal needs. In addition, they also need education on how to maintain online safety. Policy recommendations are given for how correctional facilities can work with existing organizations and frameworks to increase returning citizens’ access to technology, the Internet, and digital skills programming prior to and after release from prison. In addition, concerns about how to maintain prison safety and security while increasing access to technology devices and the Internet are addressed.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions and experiences with police among people who use drugs in the initial year of British Columbia's decriminalization of illegal drugs policy","authors":"Cayley Russell,&nbsp;Geoff Bardwell,&nbsp;Matthew Bonn,&nbsp;Jade Boyd,&nbsp;Elaine Hyshka,&nbsp;Jurgen Rehm,&nbsp;Farihah Ali","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12700","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.12700","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>On January 31, 2023, British Columbia (BC) launched a 3-year pilot initiative decriminalizing the possession of up to 2.5 g of select illegal drugs. The policy aims to reduce stigma, address racial disparities in drug law enforcement, and improve police relations with people who use drugs (PWUD). As part of a national evaluation, we conducted qualitative interviews with 100 PWUD who reported using drugs at least three times a week across BC between October 2023 and February 2024. Participants, diverse in sociodemographics, drug use patterns, and police interaction histories, largely reported an adversarial relationship with police, marked by historical mistreatment and the targeting of individuals based on aspects of their social identity, such as ethnicity, housing status, and other visible markers. Despite police generally adhering to the policy, some participants reported unlawful drug seizures, reinforcing mistrust. Although some noted reduced fear of police, most felt their negative perceptions persisted post-decriminalization, highlighting a need for further police education and training to address stigma and inconsistent enforcement.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings underscore the need for improved police education and training through better standardization, with an emphasis on promoting consistency and increased transparency, particularly in the use of discretion. Training should also address the impact of systemic racism and discriminatory policing practices to foster equitable interactions with PWUD. Further consideration of alternative nonpunitive legal approaches, alongside expanded harm reduction services, treatment options, social supports (such as housing), and community-based initiatives, could be highly beneficial. Continued monitoring and evaluation of the policy's impact on PWUD is essential.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"473-497"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9133.12700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}