Criminology & Public Policy最新文献

{"title":"Stressed, understaffed, and stuck: Examining organizational stressors and job satisfaction in U.S. prisons","authors":"Vivian Aranda‐Hughes","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research Summary This study applies the job demands–resources (JD–R) framework to examine how workplace conditions shape correctional staff emotional stress and job satisfaction. Using survey data from 9656 Florida Department of Corrections employees across 50 state prisons, the study tested whether emotional stress mediates the relationship between workplace demands and job satisfaction and whether perceptions of facility management moderate these effects. Drawing on a larger mixed‐methods project informed by interviews and focus groups with staff, the study examined three organizational demands: officer shortages, a lack of experienced officers, and structural job constraints. A moderated mediation path analysis was used to assess direct, indirect, and conditional relationships. All three demands were associated with higher levels of emotional stress, which, in turn, was linked to lower job satisfaction. In addition, perceptions of effective facility management buffered the negative relationship between emotional stress and job satisfaction and weakened the indirect effects of workplace demands. Policy Implications The findings indicate that addressing correctional workplace stress requires attention to staffing pressures, as well as to broader organizational conditions that shape employee well‐being. Strategies such as targeted recruitment, staffing incentives, and flexible scheduling may help alleviate workforce strain in understaffed facilities. At the same time, the results indicate that leadership quality and organizational support may play important roles in shaping how correctional staff experience emotional stress and job satisfaction. Leadership development initiatives that strengthen supervision, communication, conflict de‐escalation, and mentorship capacity may therefore help improve workplace climate within chronically strained correctional environments. Additional organizational supports, including peer support initiatives, resilience training, and mental health resources tailored to correctional settings, may further assist staff coping and improve institutional functioning.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148934154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing patrol time in crime hot spots: Replicating the “Koper Curve”","authors":"Christopher S. Koper,Lester Wollman,Simen Oestmo","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research Summary In a study published more than 30 years ago, Koper found that patrol visits to crime hot spots were most effective in deterring crime and disorder when they were 11–15 min in length. This finding, popularly known as the “Koper Curve,” has had a substantial influence on police practice and research. Although the efficacy of this strategy has been demonstrated in many field studies, Koper's analysis, which was based on observational data collected during the Minneapolis Preventive Patrol Experiment, has not been replicated in other settings. In this study, we seek to replicate and extend the Koper Curve finding by investigating the initial and residual deterrence patterns of more than 152,000 hot spot patrols conducted by police in 10 U.S. cities. Employing survival analysis to examine the time from each patrol to the next officially recorded crime incident, we also find that patrols in the range of 11–15 min are generally associated with the greatest reduction in the risk of a new crime. This pattern holds across the full sample and is similar in eight of 10 cities. Further, we find no evidence in any location that patrols are more effective when longer than 15 min. Policy Implications Our study supports the general guideline that everyday routine hot spot patrols should be about 11–15 min in length (and no longer) for optimal efficiency and effectiveness. Following this guideline should help prevent crime and disorder in hot spots while making efficient use of police resources and minimizing overpolicing of these locations. Further research is needed, however, on the optimal frequency of hot spot patrols, best activities for officers to conduct during these patrols, and the theoretical mechanisms that govern the initial and residual effects of patrol at micro units of place and time.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148934153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving policing by improving crime prevention: Ron Clarke and the Center for Problem‐Oriented Policing","authors":"Michael S. Scott, Graeme R. Newman","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/> This essay serves as both a personal tribute to Ronald V. Clarke, professor emeritus of criminal justice at Rutgers University, who died in June 2025, and as a brief history of the establishment of the Center for Problem‐Oriented Policing.","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"346 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148754340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focused deterrence can reduce crime: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experiments","authors":"Anthony A. Braga,&nbsp;Brandon S. Turchan,&nbsp;David L. Weisburd","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Crime and violence continue to be problems that plague urban areas across the United States and the globe. One key approach for responding to these problems is “focused deterrence” which includes programs that prevent criminal behavior by blending criminal justice, social service, and community-based action. While previous systematic reviews have supported the crime control effectiveness of focused deterrence, prior reviews have not included randomized experimental evaluations which are generally recognized to provide stronger causal claims when implemented with fidelity. This updated review of 50 controlled evaluations benefits from the addition of 26 rigorous studies, of which 9 are randomized experimental field trials. This suggests the importance of reassessing the evidence and provides opportunities for additional moderator analyses of program impacts. The overall meta-analysis suggested that focused deterrence was associated with a statistically significant 23% crime reduction in treatment groups relative to control groups. Meta-analysis of the 9 randomized experiments suggested focused deterrence generated a smaller 16% crime reduction. Programs designed to reduce gang and group-involved gun violence were associated with the largest crime reduction impacts. Studies that examined community outcomes generally observed positive impacts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A much more rigorous scientific evidence base now exists to support the continued use of focused deterrence to control crime and violence. These analyses, which include randomized controlled trials, provide robust and consistent evidence that focused deterrence reduces crime. Moreover, preliminary results from a group of studies that measure community outcomes, suggest that community residents have positive perceptions of these programs. Program implementation remains challenging with studies noting persistent problems with treatment integrity and sustainability. Further research is also needed to clarify prevention mechanisms so key program activities can be better understood and enhanced.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 3","pages":"407-437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9133.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: A Cluster Randomized Experiment of a Life Coaching Intervention Designed to Improve Correctional Officer Mental Health","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>RETRACTION</b>: F. Ferdik, “A Cluster Randomized Experiment of a Life Coaching Intervention Designed to Improve Correctional Officer Mental Health,” <i>Criminology &amp; Public Policy</i> (Early View): https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.70000.</p><p>The above article, published online on 14 June 2025 in Wiley Online Library, has been retracted by agreement of the author; the Editors-in-Chief, Ojmarrh Mitchell and Jacinta M. Gau; the American Society of Criminology; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. Following concerns raised by a third party, the author worked collaboratively with the journal to examine the underlying materials. During this process, several unresolved inconsistencies were identified that prevented the study's results from being independently reproduced. In addition, the author clarified that a data‑imputation procedure had been used but not explicitly detailed in the original manuscript, and that some statistical files were no longer available for verification. These issues limit the ability to fully validate the analyses. Out of an abundance of caution and respect for the scientific record, all parties agreed that a retraction was the most appropriate corrective action.</p>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9133.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147380794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hidden inhumanity of incarceration: Quantifying the suffering caused by banning sexual intimacy behind bars","authors":"Justin T. Pickett,&nbsp;Francis T. Cullen,&nbsp;Alexander L. Burton,&nbsp;Cheryl Lero Jonson,&nbsp;Nathaniel M. Schutten,&nbsp;Velmer S. Burton, Jr.","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Correctional institutions generally ban consensual sexual intimacy among incarcerated people—a policy that traces historically to homophobic bias and persists today because of institutional inertia and untested claims about its security benefits. Is such sexual deprivation cruel and inhumane? Using a novel experimental method—relative harm valuation (RHV)—in two national surveys, we investigate public opinion on sex bans, quantifying the perceived suffering that would result from sexual deprivation. The results are striking. Most respondents prefer criminal victimization to the loss of sex and believe sexual deprivation is more agonizing than negative life events involving illness, injury, job loss, and infidelity. About half of respondents prefer to be flogged or caned over suffering a permanent sex ban, and one-fourth prefers to have a body part (e.g., hand) amputated. Our data also reveal that only a minority of respondents opposes allowing consensual sexual intimacy behind bars, and most believe that prohibiting sex encourages rape.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Policy makers and correctional officials should reconsider banning consensual sexual intimacy among incarcerated people for two reasons. First, it is a form of nonjudicial punishment that causes suffering and violates human dignity. Second, it is a policy that lacks empirical backing, given the absence of relevant research. We argue for a new “golden rule” of corrections: If a correctional policy, such as banning masturbation or consensual sex, inflicts suffering on incarcerated people, it should be tested experimentally to see if it has any benefits. Given that our findings (and others) show that sex is a basic human need, experiments are needed to test whether it is possible to relax prohibitions on consensual sexual intimacy (and masturbation) behind bars without compromising institutional safety.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 3","pages":"551-576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148286568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning to predict violence: Deep learning approaches to violent crime prediction during pretrial release","authors":"Matthew DeMichele,&nbsp;Ian A. Silver,&nbsp;William Parkin","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70022","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates whether deep learning models—specifically feedforward neural networks—can enhance the prediction of new violent criminal arrests among individuals released pretrial. Using data from a large southeastern county, we evaluate four neural network configurations varying in depth, regularization, and class imbalance adjustments. Results show that incorporating class weighting and threshold tuning notably improves recall of rare violent events, with the best performing model identifying 57% of individuals arrested for violent crimes while maintaining stable false positive (FP) rates. We estimate counterfactual risk estimates among detained individuals, revealing that although some violent events may be averted through detention, this comes at the cost of detaining large numbers of FPs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Improving the identification of individuals at risk for violent crime during pretrial release is a critical public safety priority, yet prevailing tools offer limited recall for such rare events. This study shows that neural networks, when properly calibrated, can improve detection of high-risk individuals without increasing FP rates. However, algorithmic advances alone are insufficient; progress requires modernizing criminal justice IT infrastructures to enable interagency data linkages and real-time analytics. Most current data systems lack the contextual and behavioral features necessary to capture latent risk. Ultimately, system improvement efforts should move away from mechanisms like monetary bail and toward evidence-based supervision strategies, paired with investments in data modernization and cross-agency collaboration to strengthen the predictive foundation of pretrial assessments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 3","pages":"527-549"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148286646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Law enforcement policies for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A mixed-methods analysis","authors":"Cooper A. Maher,&nbsp;Brittany E. Hayes,&nbsp;Martha McCullough,&nbsp;Jacquelyn Burckley,&nbsp;Ráchael A. Powers,&nbsp;Amanda K. Simmons,&nbsp;Leigh Anne McKingsley","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) face an elevated risk of victimization relative to their peers. Victims with IDD may view police departmental websites or policies to identify available accommodations in deciding to report their experience. The current study employs a convergent mixed-methods approach to examine the websites of policing organizations across four states to determine the prevalence and nature of disability-related policies (<i>n</i> = 1678), as well as insights from interviews and focus groups with law enforcement professionals (<i>n</i> = 27). Findings suggested that policies were rare and often did not directly apply to victims with IDD. Coercive processes underlie the formulation of many disability-related policies. Moreover, professionals often reported agencies not having policies, despite normative processes supporting the need for policies. Although these findings are important, it remains less clear whether agencies’ websites provide accessible information for crime victims with IDD where language access involves more than just translation. Website content, such as clear descriptions of accommodations, may influence victims with IDD decisions to report. However, gaps in implementation and law enforcement's awareness of these policies can significantly hinder the reporting process for victims with disabilities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings highlighted the need for greater transparency with respect to police policies. Agencies need to reconsider the utility of existing policies for victims with IDD, if they exist, in terms of accessing support and overcoming communication and access barriers to seeking help. Policies should also be written in plain language and accessible to <i>all</i> victims regardless of disability status.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 3","pages":"463-490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9133.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTED: A cluster randomized experiment of a life coaching intervention designed to improve correctional officer mental health","authors":"Frank Ferdik","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70000","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Correctional officers (COs) are the backbone of the custodial system as they are tasked with critical responsibilities such as safeguarding the welfare of incarcerated populations and maintaining institutional security. Despite their importance, studies have consistently revealed how COs worldwide face high rates of mental illness. Although mental health interventions like Employee Assistance Programs and Critical Incident Stress Management seminars are available, many officers find them stigmatizing and misaligned with their daily stressors. Alternative, evidence-based programming options are therefore required that can effectively improve the mental health of these essential frontline workers. In direct response to this need, the current study conducted a cluster randomized experiment to evaluate whether a novel life coaching intervention could effectively treat COs mental illness. One county jail in Tennessee received the life coaching treatment, while two other similarly matched jails served as comparison groups. Paired samples <i>t</i>-tests and linear regression models revealed statistically significant reductions in the post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and burnout levels of the experimental group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Study findings are accompanied by a cost–benefit analysis to support the adoption of life coaching as an alternative mental health intervention that can effectively and economically improve the psychological health of COs. As such, this study may carry policy relevance for those stakeholders around the world wishing to improve CO mental health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 3","pages":"605-635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pretrial release policy based on risk assessment would reduce unnecessary incarceration, increase racial fairness, and save money","authors":"Jennifer Skeem,&nbsp;Lina Montoya,&nbsp;Christopher Lowenkamp","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9133.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pretrial reform is vital, as nearly 500,000 unconvicted people are held in U.S. jails while awaiting trial. Risk assessment instruments (RAIs) offer data-driven identification of defendants who are unlikely to reoffend and can safely be released, yet face criticism from across the political spectrum—for potentially perpetuating racial bias or endangering public safety. Moreover, inconsistent judicial application undermines the effectiveness of RAIs. Using data on 146,841 federal defendants, we apply causal analyses with machine learning to estimate the effects of a policy that presumptively releases defendants classified as relatively low risk by the Pretrial Risk Assessment (PTRA). Compared to magistrate judges’ status quo decisions, this approach would reduce pretrial detention by 34.2% and increase successful community releases by 31.8%, with only a 1.6% rise in public safety risk. Black defendants would experience greater benefits (39.0% detention reduction vs. 27.3% for White defendants). Detention cost savings would be approximately $3.5 billion.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the PTRA outperforms unstructured judgment, it should strongly guide rather than replace judicial discretion. The central challenge is structuring judgment in pretrial decision making. As an initial step, the federal system should expand inclusion of PTRA risk estimates in pretrial reports beyond the current 15% of districts, implementing standardized reporting formats to ensure clear communication and consistent application. For greater impact, policy makers should consider a risk-based presumptive release framework where defendants below a specified risk threshold are released unless magistrate judges identify specific statutory factors justifying detention. This approach addresses inconsistent RAI application while preserving judicial authority. Implementation will require investment in trust-building and practice fidelity, but structuring pretrial decisions around validated risk measures promises to enhance fairness, reduce costs, and maintain public safety—outcomes with broad political appeal.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"25 3","pages":"491-526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}