Past & Present最新文献

The Political Crisis of British Keynesianism, 1973–1983 英国凯恩斯主义的政治危机，1973-1983

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtaf012

Colm Murphy

{"title":"The Political Crisis of British Keynesianism, 1973–1983","authors":"Colm Murphy","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtaf012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtaf012","url":null,"abstract":"In histories of Western political economy in the 1970s–1980s, Keynesianism is conventionally depicted as a victim of neoliberal ascendancy. Building on revisionist scholarship, this article looks beyond neoliberalism to explain the fate of Keynesianism in the transforming political economy of the United Kingdom in its global contexts. It explores a neglected case study: the intense controversies sparked by the Keynesian policy makers Wynne Godley and Francis Cripps. Responding to stagflation and strikes, Godley and Cripps demanded sweeping import controls to forestall mass unemployment and reverse Britain’s ‘decline’. They became celebrity economists, attracting admiration and opprobrium from government ministers and officials, political parties, journalists, and the City. Their arguments raised thorny questions, not just over economic policy, but also over Britain’s domestic statecraft and geopolitical relations after empire, during the Cold War, and inside the European Community. Revisiting these debates underscores the destabilizing impact of de-industrialization. It also reveals that (geo)political calculation determined the fate of Keynesian policy making more directly than neoliberal ideology. Godley and Cripps’s failure therefore illuminates a deeper political dilemma for fin-de-siècle Keynesians across Europe: upon which territorial order could they, and should they, exercise demand management as globalization accelerated? This question continues to shape Western politics in the twenty-first century.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lordship in the Later Middle Ages: A Round Table Discussion 中世纪晚期的领主制度：圆桌讨论

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtaf011

Frederik Buylaert, Sandro Carocci, Thijs Lambrecht, Christian D Liddy, Alice Rio, Tristan W Sharp, Alice Taylor, Chris Wickham

{"title":"Lordship in the Later Middle Ages: A Round Table Discussion","authors":"Frederik Buylaert, Sandro Carocci, Thijs Lambrecht, Christian D Liddy, Alice Rio, Tristan W Sharp, Alice Taylor, Chris Wickham","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtaf011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtaf011","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few years, a number of articles have featured in Past and Present on the subject of late medieval lordship. Three were accepted within a four-month period between July and October 2023 (Christian D. Liddy, ‘The Making of Towns, the Making of Polities’; Tristan W. Sharp, ‘Seigneurial Predation in the Late Medieval Feud’; Frederik Buylaert, Thijs Lambrecht, Klaas Van Gelder, and Kaat Cappelle, ‘The Political Economy of Seigneurial Lordship in Flanders’). The three pieces approached the subject in quite different ways, and with very different findings; at the same time, they were clearly talking about the same thing, and all were concerned with assessing more closely what lords took from, and had to offer to, local societies, and their social and/or economic impact. This seemed a good opportunity to hold a workshop to place the articles in conversation with each other in order to identify commonalities, reflect on the wider field, and prompt more general questions. The round table took place on 17 June 2024 at King’s College London. The version presented here is a revised and edited transcript, but aiming to retain the feel of the original oral conversation. A brief opening section introduces the articles to give context to the discussion.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Company-State at Home: The East India Company and the Fiscal System in Eighteenth-Century Britain 国内的公司-国家：东印度公司与18世纪英国的财政制度

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtaf009

Karolina Hutková, Ernesto Dal Bó, Lukas Leucht, Noam Yuchtman

{"title":"Company-State at Home: The East India Company and the Fiscal System in Eighteenth-Century Britain","authors":"Karolina Hutková, Ernesto Dal Bó, Lukas Leucht, Noam Yuchtman","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtaf009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtaf009","url":null,"abstract":"The significance of the state’s fiscal system for military capacity, colonization, trade, and economic development is a long-studied topic. Much scholarship has focused on Britain and the emergence of its fiscal-military state. This article shows that fiscal capacity was not created only by government bureaucracies: the ‘company-state at home’ model presented here complements the narrative of the ‘fiscal-military state’ by showing that much fiscal revenue from trade was realized through the action of the English East India Company (EIC). Lacking the capacity to enact exhaustive laws, carry out complex calculations, or effectively manage a large bureaucracy, the English state relied on the administrative capacity of the EIC to collect customs on the East Indies trade. The institutional solution of allowing the EIC to collect revenues overcame the administrative challenge of customs revenue collection. This solution was made possible by the EIC’s administrative capacities and sustained by alignment between Company and state interests. The role of the EIC in British state development suggests a symbiotic lens through which to study the relationship between the state and corporations, which can be applied across time, space, and state objectives.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Orality, State Power, and the Labour of Policing in Colonial Bengal, c.1850–1947 口述、国家权力和孟加拉殖民地的警察劳动，1850 - 1947年

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2025-04-13 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtaf005

Partha Pratim Shil

{"title":"Orality, State Power, and the Labour of Policing in Colonial Bengal, c.1850–1947","authors":"Partha Pratim Shil","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtaf005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtaf005","url":null,"abstract":"In colonial Bengal, the average police constable was largely unlettered. Nevertheless, constables were at the frontline in the enforcement of colonial law. This paradox of an unlettered constabulary enforcing the letter of law defies the familiar logic in the historical scholarship on British India that associates the written word with histories of state power and orality with histories of subaltern classes. In a departure from the existing literature on the significance of writing and documentary power for modern state-making, this article uncovers a world of orality at the heart of state power. To do this, the article deploys a labour history method to the vast archive of the colonial police and explores the play of orality in the labouring lives of police constables in colonial Bengal. In the nineteenth century, colonial officials responded to the illiteracy of their constabulary workforce by organizing oral instruction in law at police stations. The constable heard the law as speech rather than grasping it as text. In this aural space, his consciousness became a site for the reinterpretation of the law, refracted through the operation of the security labour market, his conditions of work, and the modes of constabulary training. Moreover, oral modalities structured how the police worked on the streets, and police officials, despite complaining about the illiteracy of constables, exploited this illiteracy to consolidate the violent power of the colonial police.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Technological Unemployment in the British Industrial Revolution: The Destruction of Hand-Spinning 英国工业革命中的技术性失业：手工纺纱的毁灭

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtae049

Benjamin Schneider

{"title":"Technological Unemployment in the British Industrial Revolution: The Destruction of Hand-Spinning","authors":"Benjamin Schneider","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtae049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtae049","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the elimination of hand-spinning in Britain during the Industrial Revolution and shows that it produced large-scale technological unemployment. First, it uses new empirical evidence and sources to estimate spinning employment before the innovations of the 1760s and 1770s. The estimates show that spinning employed 8 per cent of the population by about 1770. Next, the article systematically analyses the course, extent and locations of technological unemployment produced by mechanization using more than 200 detailed qualitative sources. Evidence from more than 2,000 observations by contemporary social commentators, county agricultural surveys and the 1834 Poor Law Commission’s Rural and Town Queries shows the breadth and duration of unemployment following mechanization. The destruction of hand-spinning began to impact women and households in the 1780s, and the effects persisted until at least the mid 1830s. This technological shock likely had an unequal effect on family incomes that resulted from variation in household composition and local labour market conditions. The findings demonstrate that unemployment must be incorporated into analysis of the impacts of industrialization on living standards and they highlight the potential long-run costs of job-replacing technology.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143813894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Slavery, Prosperity, and Inequality in Roman Pompeii 罗马庞贝的奴隶制、繁荣与不平等

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtaf006

Seth Bernard

{"title":"Slavery, Prosperity, and Inequality in Roman Pompeii","authors":"Seth Bernard","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtaf006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtaf006","url":null,"abstract":"Historians of premodern economies, in contrast to modern ones, have only infrequently contemplated the economic contribution of slavery. Here, I suggest that quantitative and statistical tools allow us to evaluate the place of slavery in an early economy, using Roman Pompeii as a case study. At the time of its destruction in 79 ce, Pompeii appears prosperous, having benefitted from the economic development thought to have characterized the Roman world. Recent discoveries, meanwhile, shed new light on the conditions of working classes and slaves throughout the city. These narratives can be seen to form two sides to the same coin, as Pompeii’s prosperity was created in large part thanks to slave labour. The connection is supported by constructing a probabilistic model, which suggests some 6 million sesterces (HS) flowed every year to Pompeii’s masters through their exploitation of slaves. Slave owning probably formed the largest single income source for the urban economy. This scale of income is shown to be consistent with recent reconstructions of wealth and income inequality in the city. The results not only speak to slavery’s profound importance to Pompeii’s prosperity, but they encourage a recentring of labour and slavery in Roman economic history.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143653358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dams and the Deep Earth: The 1967 Koyna Earthquake and Human Agency in the Anthropocene 水坝和地球深处：1967年科伊纳地震和人类世的人类机构

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtae037

Elizabeth Chatterjee, Sachaet Pandey-Geeta Mantraraj

{"title":"Dams and the Deep Earth: The 1967 Koyna Earthquake and Human Agency in the Anthropocene","authors":"Elizabeth Chatterjee, Sachaet Pandey-Geeta Mantraraj","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtae037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtae037","url":null,"abstract":"On 11 December 1967, a large earthquake devastated the village of Koynanagar in Maharashtra, western India. Many blamed the new Koyna hydroelectric dam nearby. Prompting international inquests, Koyna became perhaps the world’s most famous case of reservoir-induced seismicity, a novel type of earthquake triggered by human activities. We use the dam’s history to explore the emergent consciousness of human geophysical agency that characterizes the Anthropocene, the putative new epoch when humans have become a planetary-scale ‘force of Nature’. The dam was explicitly designed as a geotechnical assemblage, a blending of technology, mountain topography, monsoon waters and rock. Striking a supposedly stable region, the 1967 earthquake revealed the more-than-human unpredictability of this composite. Scientists began to trace a radically new form of human agency at work, which owed its effects to complex chains of causality that extended deep underground and backward into deep history. Yet there was remarkably little policy fallout. Dam construction only accelerated in seismically active areas. The debates over reservoir-induced seismicity showed that human geotechnical agency could be read in diametrically opposed ways: as a source of anxiety or hubris, or simply irrelevant to practical policy making, thereby presaging today’s debates over human planetary stewardship in the Anthropocene.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Economic Change, Silver, and the Plague of 664–687 in England 经济变革、白银和664-687年英格兰的瘟疫

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtae048

Rory Naismith

引用次数: 0

Plague Correspondence, Rumour, and Mistrust in the Late Medieval Crown of Aragon 中世纪晚期阿拉贡王室的瘟疫通信、谣言和不信任

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2024-12-11 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtae041

Abigail Agresta

引用次数: 0

The Atmosphere in Spatial History: Digital Evidence and Visual Argument 空间历史中的大气：数字证据和视觉论证

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtae042

Luca Scholz

{"title":"The Atmosphere in Spatial History: Digital Evidence and Visual Argument","authors":"Luca Scholz","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtae042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtae042","url":null,"abstract":"Taking its cue from the weather wars that unfolded around the Alps in the eighteenth century — conflicts between neighbouring towns and polities attempting to divert storms by firing cannons at clouds — this article studies the representation of an environment rarely seen in spatial history: earth’s atmosphere. A survey of maps in different historiographical traditions, climate history foremost, reveals a visual repertoire that is effective for determining the physical properties of weather and climate but detaches the atmosphere from its human and non-human environments. A more recent genre of historical maps employs algorithmic methods of layering data to represent the atmosphere at local scales and in close connection with the human environment yet remains committed to a physicalist vision of weather and society. Returning to the Alpine weather wars, the article introduces a sequence of maps that attempt to represent past storms as they were understood and confronted by the armed farmers at the foot of the Alps: steerable entities trapped in an atmo-terrestrial force field where physical, political and religious influences collided to determine the ways of weather. The wider proposition is for historians of atmospheric environment to craft cartographic arguments that complement the range and ambition of their prose.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0