Ssm-Population Health最新文献

{"title":"A case-based complexity approach to health inequality: Understanding and tracing place-based differences to enhance policy calibration","authors":"Brian Castellani,&nbsp;Jonathan Wistow","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Health inequalities are not static gradients of deprivation but emergent properties of complex, place-based social systems. This study applied a case-based complexity (CBC) approach, via the COMPLEX-IT platform, to analyse healthy life expectancy (HLE) in 141 English local authorities. The power of CBC lies in moving beyond aggregate-level conclusions to a trajectory-based analysis that captures the configurational dynamics of health inequality. Rather than treating disparities as linear outcomes of deprivation, CBC identifies cluster-specific patterns, offering a more precise policy intervention framework. These clusters are interpreted as <em>traces of complex systems</em>, offering a basis for investigating how socio-spatial processes shape health inequalities over time. We argue that reducing health inequalities requires a shift away from narrowly targeted interventions toward configurational-informed, multi-level governance. This includes recognising the interdependence of places, anticipating cross-cluster effects, and embedding adaptive feedback mechanisms in policy design. The paper also develops a CBC rubric to build on and enhance the analysis provided here. In so doing, our framework also supports a proportionate universalism that is locally calibrated while systemically coherent. By combining a complexity-informed, configurational-based, machine learning set of methods, this paper demonstrates how CBC is a conceptual and methodological advance on policy-relevant approaches for addressing persistent and embedded health inequalities across place.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101903"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147311307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of housing structure and quality indicators in India: An assessment of changes across 720 districts between 2016 and 2021","authors":"Anoop Jain ,&nbsp;Gary Adamkiewicz ,&nbsp;Rockli Kim ,&nbsp;S.V. Subramanian","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extent to which a house is structurally sound is an important marker of housing quality and a determinant of human health. In India, the share of homes that are structurally sound has increased considerably over the past few decades, yet geographical variations persist especially between urban and rural communities. Using data from two rounds of India's National Family Health Survey in 2016 and 2021, we estimated a multilevel model using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo procedure to examine changes in the share of finished, semi-finished, and rudimentary housing in urban and rural communities across India's 720 districts. In urban communities, the share of finished housing increased slightly from 82.9 % (95 % CI: 82.7–83.1) in 2016 to 83.2 % (95 % CI: 83.0–83.4) in 2021. In rural communities, the share of finished housing increased from 41.3 % (95 % CI: 41.1–41.4) in 2016 to 48.5 % (95 % CI: 48.3–48.6) in 2021. However, we found substantial between-district disparities, and that the between-community variation increased in many of the districts that experienced overall improvements in housing quality for all three measures of housing quality between 2016 and 2021. District administrations in India can use these results to understand the quality of housing in their jurisdictions. These results can help district administrators work with national policy makers to refine policies aimed at improving housing quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101899"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergenerational hypertension transmission before and after South Africa's democratic transition","authors":"Winfred A. Avogo","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Apartheid's structural violence produced profound cardiovascular inequalities among Black South Africans through processes that accelerate biological aging (\"weathering\") and transmit health disadvantage across successive generations. Whether South Africa's 1994 political transition interrupted this intergenerational transmission remains unknown. This study tests whether parent-to-offspring hypertension transmission weakened among cohorts born after apartheid's end, using the 1994 transition as a natural experiment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study analyzed 30,438 parent-offspring dyads from five waves (2008–2017) of South Africa's National Income Dynamics Study, representing 11,655 unique offspring aged 18 years and older. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90mmHg or use of antihypertensive medication. Logistic regression models with offspring-clustered standard errors estimated transmission strength by birth cohort (born before 1960; born 1960–1993; born 1994 or later), testing whether socioeconomic factors (education, income, province) attenuated parent-offspring associations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Parent-offspring hypertension transmission remained strong after adjusting for demographics and socioeconomic factors (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.71–1.95). Transmission strength was statistically invariant across birth cohorts, with no significant weakening among those born after 1994 (OR = 1.63) compared with those born during the apartheid era (OR = 1.83). Socioeconomic controls produced minimal attenuation (a 7% reduction), suggesting that biological embedding predominates over structural persistence. Cohort-invariant transmission persisted among Black Africans (OR = 1.77) and Coloureds (OR = 2.05), with birth cohort interactions failing to reach statistical significance in both groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Political liberation dismantled apartheid's legal structures but failed to interrupt intergenerational cardiovascular transmission. The \"Born Free\" generation inherits hypertension vulnerability at rates indistinguishable from apartheid-era cohorts despite improved socioeconomic conditions. This persistence suggests that biological embedding mechanisms transcend political change, requiring interventions that target both structural conditions and biological pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101908"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147521884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of cardiovascular risk factors on educational and regional inequalities in mortality in Spain 2016-2022: An analysis using multiple causes of death","authors":"Enrique Pérez-Miguel ,&nbsp;Sergi Trias-Llimós","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cardiovascular (CVD) mortality is a key component of life expectancy dynamics. CVD mortality is influenced by well-established risk factors and inequalities across and within sub-populations exist. This paper assesses the role of risk factors on educational and regional inequalities in CVD and all-cause mortality in Spain and its regions (2016-2022).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using multiple cause-of-death mortality data, we examine two indicators of CVD mortality: 1) Deaths with CVDs as the underlying cause (CVD mortality); and 2) deaths with CVDs as the underlying cause and a mention in the death certificate of any of the following risk factors: diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obesity, lipidemias and hypertension (CVD mortality with risk factors). We use Poisson models to estimate Relative Index of Inequalities (RII) and counterfactual scenarios to estimate potential gains in life expectancy at age 35 resulting from eliminating educational and regional inequalities in risk factors associated with CVDs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CVD deaths with any mentions of risk factors contributed to approximately one-third of CVD deaths and were strongly associated with CVD mortality and CVD mortality inequalities, especially among females. Eliminating inequalities in risk factors associated with CVDs would yield gains in life expectancy (for Spain: 0.19 years among females, 0.14 years among males), with regional variation. These gains were higher than expected compared to its relative weight on CVD and all-cause mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our results suggest that targeting well-established risk factors is an effective strategy for regional health policies, to improve overall life expectancy and CVD mortality and to reduce socioeconomic inequalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101904"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147327797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrimination, trust, and well-being: dual risk-and-resilience pathways among African immigrants in 29 European countries","authors":"Lawrence E. Ugwu ,&nbsp;Wojujutari Kenni Ajele ,&nbsp;Erhabor Sunday Idemudia","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>First-generation adults born in African countries and living in Europe are under-represented in population health research. We examined links between perceived discrimination, social exclusion, and subjective well-being (SWB), and whether social trust mediates these associations, distinguishing bridging (generalised) from bonding dynamics.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed cross-sectional data from 524 African-born adults in 29 European countries (ESS Round 11, 2023/24) using structural equation modelling to estimate direct and bootstrapped (10,000) indirect paths, adjusting for age, gender, marital status, and length of residence. Model fit was excellent: χ²(4) = 5.524, <em>p</em> = .238, CFI = 0.997, TLI = 0.971, RMSEA = 0.027 (90 % CI [0.000,0.076]). Exclusion–discrimination covariance was negligible (estimate = 0.002, <em>p</em> = .938).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Discrimination was negatively associated with SWB (β = −0.33, <em>p</em> = .01) and with trust (β = −0.22, <em>p</em> = .03). Trust was positively associated with SWB (β = 0.25, <em>p</em> = .01; <em>f</em>² = 0.10). The discrimination→SWB indirect path via trust was small but significant (β = −0.06, <em>p</em> = .04). Social exclusion showed no direct association with SWB (β = 0.02, <em>p</em> = .29) but a small, positive indirect path via trust (β = 0.04, <em>p</em> = .01), consistent with bonding processes. Discrimination explained 3 % of SWB variance (R² = 0.03); trust variance explained was 13 % (R² = 0.13). Covariates were generally non-significant; age showed borderline evidence of a positive association with SWB (β = 0.14, <em>p</em> = .05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Findings suggest discrimination is associated with lower (bridging) trust and poorer well-being. In contrast, social exclusion is associated with a small, trust-mediated (bonding) pathway without a direct SWB benefit. Given the cross-sectional design and absence of race/skin-colour measures in ESS, implications are illustrative: reducing discriminatory experiences and co-designing initiatives that foster intercultural contact (bridging) and community solidarity (bonding) may align with better well-being, pending longitudinal and quasi-experimental confirmation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101883"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Leading causes of death rankings among U.S. adolescents by race and ethnicity: A comparison of two classification schemes” [SSM - Population Health 32 (2025) 101884]","authors":"Shu-Yu Tai ,&nbsp;Ying-Chen Chi ,&nbsp;Joh-Jong Huang ,&nbsp;Ying-Yeh Chen ,&nbsp;Ichiro Kawachi ,&nbsp;Tsung-Hsueh Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101901","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147538791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial determinants of solastalgia in children and young people of the Colombian indigenous community Embera Dobidá","authors":"Felipe Agudelo-Hernández ,&nbsp;Lina Valeria Cuadrado ,&nbsp;Andrés Camilo Delgado-Reyes","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Solastalgia is a factor in understanding the suffering of children and young people of Indigenous communities in Colombia, which, in addition to extractivism, face multiple crises as forced displacement, the recruitment of children and adolescents for war, food insecurity, and the weakening of cultural practices.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine the association between psychosocial factors, as resilience, hopelessness, substance use, family problems, adverse childhood experiences and food insecurity, and solastalgia among two Colombian Indigenous Communities living in polycrisis contexts. It was hypothesized that hopelessness and food insecurity would be positively associated with solastalgia, while resilience would be negatively associated.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Participants (N = 142) comprised all children and young people between the ages of seven and 21 from two Indigenous communities (Embera Dobidá People). Both communities have experienced multiple crises, such as extractivism, migration, and armed conflict, and present high rates of suicidal behavior, food insecurity, and other health problems.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional design was implemented, integrating the study within a broader public mental health intervention program. Participants completed validated instruments, including the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Brief Solastalgia Scale, CRAFFT (Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Family/Friends, Trouble), PACES (Parenting, Behavior, Emotions and Suicidal Risk) and Food Security Scale. Multiple regression analyses were performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Solastalgia was significantly associated with hopelessness, resilience and food insecurity. The regression model explained 55.8 % of the variance in solastalgia scores. Hopelessness emerged as the strongest predictor (beta = .521, p &lt; .001), followed by resilience, family problems, substance use and food insecurity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Among the factors related to solastalgia, proposed explanatory factors include hopelessness, problematic substance use, family problems, adverse childhood events, and structural factors such as displacement and food insecurity. The 99.3 % of participants without a formal reported diagnosis of mental health conditions highlights the limited access to mental health services in these rural areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adult children's unemployment and parental mental health in India: Social and economic heterogeneity","authors":"Rishabh Tyagi ,&nbsp;Anna Baranowska-Rataj ,&nbsp;Alexi Gugushvili","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the relationship between adult children's unemployment and parental mental health. Given India's large inequalities in social capital and income, we examine the heterogeneous effects of these factors on the relationship. We utilise data from the Longitudinal Ageing Survey of India, which includes 73,396 individuals aged 45 and above. We analyse the relationship between the exposure to the unemployment of adult children and the parental risk of depression using the CES-D score, with respondents reporting four or more symptoms out of 10 considered at risk of being “depressed”. We employ inverse probability weighting based on a logistic regression model to form a pseudo-control group, accounting for confounding demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Our findings show a 3.14 percentage points (ppts) increase in absolute terms (and a 12.48% relative increase) in the probability of parental depression risk associated with adult children's unemployment. There are no significant differences between fathers and mothers in the increased risk of depression, but for the unemployment of the firstborn son, there is a significantly higher association of increased risk of depression than for the unemployment of the firstborn daughter. Heterogeneity analyses reveal that among older adults with high social participation, there is no significant increase in their risk of depression associated with their children's unemployment. Similarly, among older adults residing in low and medium-income inequality states, the negative consequences of their children's unemployment are weaker. Overall, we conclude that while adult children's unemployment is associated with an increased risk of parental depression, higher social participation and residing in low or medium-income inequality states might have protective effects on older adults' mental health following their children's unemployment. Governments may consider expanding labour market policies that support youth labour market entry as a means to improve not only the employability of younger individuals, but also the well-being of older generations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101905"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the complexity of associations between tobacco culture in Chinese society and smokers' outcome expectancies: a network perspective","authors":"Yixin Zhao,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Wang,&nbsp;Shiyao Ling,&nbsp;Kexin Peng,&nbsp;Hongyu Li,&nbsp;Lian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Chinese unique sociocultural context surrounding tobacco reinforces smoking behaviors, potentially through its influence on smokers’ expectancies of smoking-related outcomes. Network analysis effectively explores the intricate relationship between social tobacco cultural attitudes and smoking outcome expectancies among Chinese smokers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study included 1382 current smokers. A mixed graphical model was employed to construct internal and combined networks of social tobacco cultural attitudes and smoking outcome expectancies. Additionally, node strength centrality, edge weights, and stability were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the network of social tobacco cultural attitudes, sharing cigarettes (jingyan or sanyan) was identified as the central node (Str = 0.855). For smoking outcome expectancies, stimulus/state enhancement exhibits the highest strength centrality (Str = 0.860). In the total integrated network of smoking outcome expectancies and social tobacco cultural attitudes, social facilitation outcome expectancies demonstrated the highest strength centrality between the two variables (Str = 0.894).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In this study, social facilitation outcome expectancies were central in the combined network of social tobacco cultural attitudes and smoking outcome expectancies, showing a direct and positive link to multiple tobacco cultural attitudes. This finding illustrates how sociocultural factors are interconnected with individual expectancies of smoking outcomes, identifying the central positioning of social facilitation expectancies variables within the sociocultural attitudes–outcome expectancies network. These insights provide new perspectives for developing culturally adaptive tobacco control interventions, such as reshaping tobacco cultural symbols to promote “smoke-free weddings” and “refusing cigarette gifts.”</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear associations and threshold effects between built environment features and schizophrenia incidence: Implications for healthy city planning","authors":"Jian Song ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Jun Cheng ,&nbsp;Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Rong Song ,&nbsp;Weizhuo Yi ,&nbsp;Rubing Pan ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Jin ,&nbsp;Xulai Zhang ,&nbsp;Hong Su","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The built environment is a key intervenable target for public health, yet its nonlinear and threshold relationships with schizophrenia incidence remain poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed township-level schizophrenia incidence (2019–2023) in Anhui, China, using data from the National Severe Mental Disorder Registration System. Built environment features were derived from multi-source geographic data. We characterized spatiotemporal patterns and modeled associations using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and an interpretable XGBoost model explained by SHAP values.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean annual incidence was 13.46 per 100,000, with significant spatial clustering (Moran's I = 0.47, P &lt; 0.001). The SHAP-XGBoost model outperformed both OLS and GWR. Key built environment predictors included population density, NDVI, distance to blue space, street connectivity, and blue space area. These factors exhibited complex nonlinear relationships with schizophrenia risk; for example, population density showed a U-shaped association with a risk threshold around 15,000 persons/km². Interaction effects between multiple features were also identified.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides robust evidence that the built environment is significantly and nonlinearly linked to schizophrenia incidence. The identified thresholds and interactions offer concrete, actionable guidance for urban planning aimed at mental health promotion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47780,"journal":{"name":"Ssm-Population Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101898"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}