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Preference evolution, attention, and happiness 偏好演变、注意力和幸福感
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2023-02-14 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12329
Edward Castronova
{"title":"Preference evolution, attention, and happiness","authors":"Edward Castronova","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12329","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present the first model of preference evolution in an environment where the fame of an agent affects selection. Specifically, agents who are famous are more likely to be selected for comparison by other agents. Agents compare happiness, and then switch preferences if the other agent is happier. Without the attention economy, only ‘happy’ preferences survive – happy preferences being those which, when followed, give agents maximal subjective well-being. In an attention economy, however, unhappy preferences can persist if there is incomplete information. With incomplete information, agents may make errors when assessing the happiness of others. Furthermore, famous agents may be systematically less happy than others; empirical happiness research suggests that happiness comes from factors like family and religion, not fame. With these two possibilities in play, ordinary agents may be matched frequently with famous people who seem happy but are not. In these matches, ordinary agents will adopt preferences that actually make them less happy, and this allows unhappy preferences to persist in equilibrium. Our model contributes a theoretical explanation for the empirical finding that people who pay more attention to media generally score lower on scales of subjective well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"76 2","pages":"301-315"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50150649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Hot hand or choking under pressure – Evidence from professional basketball 手部发热或在压力下窒息——来自职业篮球的证据
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12326
Wen-Jhan Jane
{"title":"Hot hand or choking under pressure – Evidence from professional basketball","authors":"Wen-Jhan Jane","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12326","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper examines the existence of a hot hand and whether performing in front of a supportive audience creates a psychological pressure, which may impair performance. Using the task of free throwing in basketball competitions involving National Basketball Association (NBA) regular season and playoff games, I find strong evidence of a hot hand and a negative causal effect of the spectators on the probability of a successful shoot. The results support the hot hand fallacy and are in line with the hypothesis of choking under pressure when performing skill-based tasks. Furthermore, contrary to what would be expected given the evidence in favor of a choking phenomenon, the effect of star players is insignificant. The hot hand effects for stars and non-stars are the same in direction. Finally, efforts increase the performance, and the influence of hot hands and choking are not different between home and away shootings.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"76 2","pages":"223-254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50138626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Political selection when uncertainty is high 不确定性较高时的政治选择
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2023-01-18 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12323
Thushyanthan Baskaran, Zohal Hessami, Temurbek Khasanboev
{"title":"Political selection when uncertainty is high","authors":"Thushyanthan Baskaran,&nbsp;Zohal Hessami,&nbsp;Temurbek Khasanboev","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12323","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Do voters place their trust in tried and tested leaders when uncertainty is high or do they prefer a new slate of leaders who are arguably more competent? To study this question, we make use of hand-collected data on 402,385 candidates who competed in open-list local council elections (1996–2020) in Bavaria. The 2020 elections took place at the dawn of the Covid-19 pandemic, a time of high uncertainty about the future course of events. Using local heterogeneity in Covid-19 outbreaks and related school/daycare closures to proxy the degree of perceived uncertainty across Bavarian municipalities, we show with a difference-in-differences design that councilors' incumbency advantage declined more in exposed municipalities. This decrease in the incumbency advantage is limited to male and non-university educated incumbents, resulting in shifted patterns of political selection. Overall, we conclude that voters select more competent politicians when they face uncertainty about the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"76 2","pages":"161-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/kykl.12323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50136980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Eudaimonic wellbeing and life expectancy Eudaimonic健康和预期寿命
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2023-01-12 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12324
Leonardo Becchetti, Fabio Pisani, Berkan Acar
{"title":"Eudaimonic wellbeing and life expectancy","authors":"Leonardo Becchetti,&nbsp;Fabio Pisani,&nbsp;Berkan Acar","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12324","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate the relationship between eudaimonic wellbeing (sense of life) and subjective survival probability (SSP), a proxy for self-assessed life expectancy. Our econometric analysis uses 220,601 observations of SHARE panel data from 2006 to 2015. We find evidence of a robust and strong positive relationship between eudaimonic wellbeing and subjective survival probability after controlling for self-assessed health, coupled with a negative effect of sense of life on mortality. The magnitude of the first effect is relevant, since the minimum difference (adjusted for fixed effects) between individuals declaring the highest versus the lowest sense of life is a 7-point higher self-assessed probability of being alive at the target age. Together, our two main findings imply that when respondents declare a high sense of life, they self-report a lower mortality risk and their predictions are correct.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"76 2","pages":"179-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50129470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can television reduce xenophobia? The case of East Germany 电视能减少仇外心理吗？东德的情况
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12322
Lars Hornuf, Marc Oliver Rieger, Sven A. Hartmann
{"title":"Can television reduce xenophobia? The case of East Germany","authors":"Lars Hornuf,&nbsp;Marc Oliver Rieger,&nbsp;Sven A. Hartmann","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12322","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Can television have a mitigating effect on xenophobia? To explore this question, we investigate a natural experiment in which individuals in some regions of East Germany could not—due to their geographic location—consume West German television until 1989. By analyzing survey data from the periods before and after German reunification, we provide evidence that individuals who received West German television during the GDR period and were thus more frequently exposed to foreign media have developed less xenophobia. We document that West German television programs positively affected individuals' attitudes towards foreigners and led to a higher likelihood of supporting refugees, for example by donating money to refugee aid. In addition to the survey evidence, we show that regions that could receive West German television before reunification were less likely to vote for extreme right-wing parties during the national elections from 1990 to 2017, and experienced fewer criminal offenses against refugees.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"76 1","pages":"77-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/kykl.12322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50128017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Meta-mining: The political economy of meta-analysis 元挖掘：元分析的政治经济学
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2022-11-25 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12321
Martin Paldam
{"title":"Meta-mining: The political economy of meta-analysis","authors":"Martin Paldam","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12321","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Meta-analysis studies the literature reporting estimates of one parameter, which at present is assumed positive. The purpose of the analysis is to find the best meta-average, which corrects the mean of the estimates for bias. The two main biases are: (i) Publication bias, where the correction nearly always makes the average smaller. (ii) Omitted variable bias, where the correction typically makes the average larger. Consequently, the bias is likely to increase if the correction is for the wrong bias. This allows a game of meta-mining to be played. A case study demonstrates the scope for meta-mining, and that it has been done. The game of meta-mining is surely against the purpose of meta-analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"76 1","pages":"125-140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/kykl.12321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50143755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The strength of gender norms and gender-stereotypical occupational aspirations among adolescents 青少年中性别规范的力量和性别陈规定型的职业愿望
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2022-10-24 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12320
Andreas Kuhn, Stefan C. Wolter
{"title":"The strength of gender norms and gender-stereotypical occupational aspirations among adolescents","authors":"Andreas Kuhn,&nbsp;Stefan C. Wolter","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We empirically test the hypothesis that adolescents' occupational aspirations are more gender-stereotypical if they live in a region where the societal norm towards gender equality is weaker. For our analysis, we combine rich survey data describing a sample of 1,434 Swiss adolescents who attended 8th grade in 2013 with municipal voting results dealing with gender equality and policy. We find that occupational aspirations predominantly follow gender stereotypes and that adolescents living in municipalities with a stronger norm towards gender equality are significantly less likely to aspire for a gender-stereotypical occupation, even after controlling for individual-level controls. At the same time, we also find that the association is surprisingly weak – in the sense that adolescents tend to aspire for gender-stereotypical occupations even in the most gender-progressive municipalities. Moreover, a more detailed analysis shows that the association mainly reflects the intergenerational transmission of occupations from parents to their children and/or regional differences in the prevailing occupational structure. We discuss the implications of these findings and several mechanisms that are consistent with the evidence from our analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"76 1","pages":"101-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50119676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Weaned off public money: The effect of discontinued reception of public cash on firm outcomes 失去公共资金：停止接受公共资金对公司业绩的影响
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2022-08-15 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12317
Peter Grajzl, Jaka Cepec, Barbara Mörec
{"title":"Weaned off public money: The effect of discontinued reception of public cash on firm outcomes","authors":"Peter Grajzl,&nbsp;Jaka Cepec,&nbsp;Barbara Mörec","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12317","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Given the large footprint of the public sector in modern capitalist economies, many businesses are recipients of public money. But how are recipient firms impacted when they are weaned off public money? Drawing on unique data from Slovenia, we assemble a firm-level panel linking comprehensive records on public-sector cash transactions to businesses with detailed annual information on more than 72,000 firms observed between 2015 and 2019. To address endogeneity, we combine matching with difference-in-differences estimation. Weaning-off on average fundamentally disrupts a firm's production and organization, causing a marked decline in output, total assets, and input use, as well as a decrease in productivity and export proclivity. Several effects of weaning-off are contingent on firm age. Younger firms undergo comparatively stronger effects on production operations, but, interestingly, only older firms experience negative effects on productivity and liquidity. Estimated aggregate value-added losses incurred by treated firms fall short of the total amount of public money disbursed to those firms. Thus, from a normative standpoint, diminished transactional involvement of the public sector with firms could potentially generate net social gains. Our analysis offers a new perspective on the repercussions of public sector's involvement in the economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"76 1","pages":"41-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50133181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Islam and democracy 伊斯兰教与民主
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2022-08-04 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12315
Saeed Khodaverdian
{"title":"Islam and democracy","authors":"Saeed Khodaverdian","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12315","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Muslim countries have a lower democracy level on average than the other countries. Yet, this cross-country comparison is not sufficient to blame Islam for the democracy deficit. This issue is related to the numerous fixed characteristics that differ across the countries and that also have an effect on democracy. When the differences are not considered, the estimates mix the effect of the fixed characteristics with the effect that Islam has on democracy. We show this issue for a large set of countries covering the period 1950–2015. In cross-country comparisons, we find a negative link between the share of Muslims in the total population and common measures for democracy. Yet, when the fixed characteristics are considered, the negative link vanishes. Thus, the lower democracy level has to be due to a fixed characteristic; it cannot be associated to (time-varying) Muslim shares. Numerous empirical specifications support this finding. We also measure Islam by the average per-day length of fasting during the month of Ramadan exploring whether the intensity of practicing the core teachings of Islam has a negative effect on democracy. Again, the evidence rejects a negative effect of Islam on democracy. If anything, the effect is positive. The findings are important for social coexistence.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"75 4","pages":"580-606"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/kykl.12315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71934377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ownership and media slant: Evidence from Swedish newspapers 所有权和媒体倾向：来自瑞典报纸的证据
IF 1.9 3区 经济学
Kyklos Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12318
Marcel Garz, Jonna Rickardsson
{"title":"Ownership and media slant: Evidence from Swedish newspapers","authors":"Marcel Garz,&nbsp;Jonna Rickardsson","doi":"10.1111/kykl.12318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12318","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the role of media owners for the political bias of newspapers in Sweden, using an original dataset on outlets, consumer preferences, and ownership between January 2014 and April 2019. We construct an index of slant based on similarities in the language between newspapers and speeches given by members of parliament. Our results indicate that newspapers held by the same owner tend to offer the same mix of slant, rather than aligning their bias with consumer preferences in their area of circulation. Owners are even less inclined to differentiate the slant across outlets before elections, when the political returns to persuasion are high. We find no evidence that owners impose a one-size-fits-all slant because product differentiation is too costly. In addition, we find suggestive evidence of owner-independent bias induced by the writers of opinion articles. The Swedish context illustrates that supply-driven slant cannot be ruled out in market-based media systems if the ties between media and politics are strong.</p>","PeriodicalId":47739,"journal":{"name":"Kyklos","volume":"76 1","pages":"18-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/kykl.12318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50126970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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