The role of non-base compensation in explaining the motherhood wage gap: Evidence from Italy

IF 16.4 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Accounts of Chemical Research Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI:10.1111/kykl.12393

Eliane Badaoui, Eleonora Matteazzi, Vincenzo Prete

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Abstract

This paper underlines the importance of accounting for non-base compensation in explaining the motherhood wage gap. We consider two alternative measures of hourly wage using Italian EU-SILC data from 2007 to 2019: the base-wage and the full-wage. The former refers to the contractual base wage, while the latter includes performance-based bonuses, productivity bonuses, commissions, pay incentives, and other extra payments. We address the endogeneity issues of motherhood and examine the effect of motherhood status across various quantiles of the wage distribution for the two hourly wage measures. Empirical findings provide evidence of a motherhood base-wage premium, which becomes nonsignificant when using the full-wage measure, suggesting that non-base compensation is a source of inequality for mothers. These findings are consistent across the wage distribution. Exploring potential heterogeneity across macro-regions and periods, we find no notable regional disparities except minor distinctions for the Southern regions, alongside a decline in the base-wage premium over time and the emergence of a full-wage penalty in recent years. A comparative analysis with a sample of men reveals that fathers enjoy a premium with both wage measures. Nevertheless, fatherhood is also associated with reduced extra remunerations, yet to a lesser extent than motherhood.

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非基准报酬在解释母亲工资差距中的作用：来自意大利的证据

本文强调了在解释母亲工资差距时考虑非基准报酬的重要性。我们利用 2007 年至 2019 年的意大利 EU-SILC 数据，考虑了两种可供选择的小时工资衡量标准：基础工资和全额工资。前者是指合同规定的基本工资，后者包括绩效奖金、生产率奖金、佣金、薪酬奖励和其他额外报酬。我们解决了母亲身份的内生性问题，并研究了母亲身份对两种小时工资衡量标准的工资分布中不同数量级的影响。实证研究结果提供了母亲基础工资溢价的证据，当使用全额工资衡量时，这一溢价变得不显著，这表明非基础报酬是母亲不平等的一个来源。这些发现在整个工资分布中是一致的。在探讨不同宏观地区和不同时期的潜在异质性时，我们发现除了南方地区存在细微差别外，其他地区没有明显的差异，同时随着时间的推移，基薪溢价有所下降，近年来出现了全额工资惩罚。对男性样本的比较分析表明，父亲在两种工资衡量标准中都享有溢价。然而，父亲身份也与额外报酬减少有关，但程度低于母亲身份。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

31.40

自引率

1.10%

发文量

312

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.