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Mechanism and contextualism in psychology 心理学中的机制和情境主义
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/09593543241234654
Robert W. Proctor, Ashley D. Warren
{"title":"Mechanism and contextualism in psychology","authors":"Robert W. Proctor, Ashley D. Warren","doi":"10.1177/09593543241234654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543241234654","url":null,"abstract":"Psychology was established as a separate discipline when it split from philosophy. With the founding of Wundt’s lab and subsequent developments by Külpe, Titchener, and others, psychology was championed initially as a distinct science, in which controlled experiments played a major role. A parallel approach, beginning with Wundt, that eschews causal explanations established through controlled experiments and focuses on qualitative descriptions based on the subjective experiences of individuals, also developed. We describe alternative positions throughout the history of psychology as to whether these approaches accomplish the goals of treating psychology as a natural science. From a historical account, the mechanistic worldview provides a foundation for psychological science, as compared to a contextualistic worldview. We conclude that a mechanistic worldview, as seen in the history of psychology, has appropriate goals for the approach of continuing psychology’s development as a natural science, with the distinction between worldviews remaining a prominent philosophical task.","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Science or not, conceptual problems remain: Seeking conceptual clarity around “psychology as a science” debates 无论是否科学，概念问题依然存在：围绕 "心理学是一门科学 "的争论寻求概念上的明确性
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/09593543231212946
Donna Tafreshi, Kathleen L. Slaney
{"title":"Science or not, conceptual problems remain: Seeking conceptual clarity around “psychology as a science” debates","authors":"Donna Tafreshi, Kathleen L. Slaney","doi":"10.1177/09593543231212946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543231212946","url":null,"abstract":"We argue that the question, “Should psychology follow the methods and principles of the natural sciences?” is not one that should be answered by theoretical psychologists or metascientists; rather, we implore psychological researchers themselves to heed Wittgenstein’s observation that a preoccupation with method and principles risks overlooking important conceptual issues, the clarification of which are necessarily antecedent to consideration of empirical activities. We examine potential conceptual problems that arise when psychological researchers attempt to follow natural science methods and principles without first considering the concepts that are relevant to their scientific pursuits. Drawing primarily from the works of Hacker, Lamiell, and Maraun, we argue against the dogmatic following of any methods or sets of principles. Instead, we posit that natural science methods and principles should be considered on a case-by-case basis after relevant psychological concepts have been carefully considered and empirical investigation has been deemed an appropriate path forward.","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"354 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Should psychology follow the methods and principles of the natural sciences? Introduction to the debate 心理学是否应该遵循自然科学的方法和原则？辩论简介
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/09593543241257916
Markus Eronen, Lisa Osbeck, Kieran C. O’Doherty
{"title":"Should psychology follow the methods and principles of the natural sciences? Introduction to the debate","authors":"Markus Eronen, Lisa Osbeck, Kieran C. O’Doherty","doi":"10.1177/09593543241257916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543241257916","url":null,"abstract":"This debate issue centers on the question of whether psychology should follow the methods and principles of the natural sciences. Answers to this question are often implicitly assumed but rarely explicitly debated among psychologists. This issue contains eight invited contributions by scholars whom we anticipated would have strong and divergent positions on the question. The articles present a broad range of perspectives, ranging from phenomenological psychology to cognitive neuroscience. They broadly line up with a “yes” or “no” answer to the question, four authors favoring a “yes” and four authors a “no” response, although nearly all authors advance more nuanced positions that challenge a simple classification. In this introduction, we first discuss the historical roots of the question and our motivation behind this specific formulation of it. Then we briefly summarize the contributions and place them in a broader context.","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can psychology learn from the natural sciences? 心理学可以向自然科学学习吗？
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/09593543231209342
Gerd Gigerenzer
{"title":"Can psychology learn from the natural sciences?","authors":"Gerd Gigerenzer","doi":"10.1177/09593543231209342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543231209342","url":null,"abstract":"I argue that psychology can learn from the natural sciences and focus on the weight that physics attributes to precise theories. Much of psychology can be increasingly characterized by theory aversion—yet not the kind motivated by positivism. Theory aversion in psychology arises from a conflict between two desires: to come up with a theory, and to avoid the necessary mental effort and time as well as the risk of refutation. The results are ersatz theories, or surrogates. I outline three common, but independent, research practices that avoid building precise theories of psychological processes: the null ritual, which allows researchers to get away with not specifying their research hypothesis; as-if theories, which refrain from modeling psychological processes; and lists of binary oppositions, as in dual-system theories, which consist of vague dichotomies. Psychologists could learn from physics to walk forward on two feet—theory and experiment—rather than hobble on one.","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The methods and principles of the natural sciences are not a diet we need to follow: A close look at the terms of the question 自然科学的方法和原则并不是我们需要遵循的饮食习惯：仔细研究问题的用语
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/09593543241228876
Maarten Derksen
{"title":"The methods and principles of the natural sciences are not a diet we need to follow: A close look at the terms of the question","authors":"Maarten Derksen","doi":"10.1177/09593543241228876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543241228876","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I discuss each of the elements of this special issue’s question, that is, “should,” “psychology,” “follow,” “the methods and principles,” and “the natural sciences,” and first argue that the natural sciences are many and diverse, and the choice to emulate them would still leave plenty of room for variety. There are, moreover, good ontological reasons to resist the urge to restrict what we call “psychology” to the study of human life with the “methods and principles of the natural sciences.” Psychologists should feel free to adopt and adapt (rather than follow) what has been developed in other fields of research in terms of principles, methods, techniques, and instruments. That includes fields of research other than those in the natural sciences.","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Phenomenology and natural science: What kind of a discipline is psychology? 现象学与自然科学心理学是一门什么样的学科？
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/09593543241248128
Frederick J. Wertz
{"title":"Phenomenology and natural science: What kind of a discipline is psychology?","authors":"Frederick J. Wertz","doi":"10.1177/09593543241248128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543241248128","url":null,"abstract":"The historical representation of natural science as the experimental testing of causal hypotheses with reductionistic, mechanistic explanations has been rightly rejected as an exclusive approach for psychology. However, this representation of science is simplistic and misleading. Interdisciplinary science studies show how biology, physics, and empirical psychology include reflection, empathy, imagination, qualitative analysis, and the creative use of ordinary language in natural scientific practice. Beyond causal experimentation in research and mechanistic explanation in theory, practices across all sciences include intentionality, meaning, holism, values, teleology, temporality, and agency in phenomena. Psychophysical subject matter requires unique methodological norms that interrelate intentional meanings and their external physical, vital, and social realities. Understanding psychology’s complex relation to natural science begs for a closer, more probing, comparative examination of the actual practices of scientists. Only on this basis will methodological norms adequately clarify, justify, and integrate the diverse, pluralistic approach required by psychology’s paradoxical identity.","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A case for using methods from natural science in advancing the field of cognitive neuroscience 利用自然科学方法推动认知神经科学领域发展的案例
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/09593543241255335
Myra A. Fernandes
{"title":"A case for using methods from natural science in advancing the field of cognitive neuroscience","authors":"Myra A. Fernandes","doi":"10.1177/09593543241255335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543241255335","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive neuroscience seeks to pinpoint the neural basis of cognitive function. Application of scientific methods can be credited for its advancement within the field of psychology. Past approaches such as phrenology, that linked bumps on the skull to mental capabilities, initially gained popularity, but the lack of experimental testing contributed to its demise. Research in neuropsychology and the use of the double dissociation experimental technique subsequently emerged. Objective measurements of behaviour following selective damage within the brain led to a paradigm shift. More recently, application of the subtraction technique, coupled with the emergence of cognitive neuroimaging tools, has allowed psychologists to isolate and measure specific functions such as language, vision, memory, and recognition of emotion. Importantly, these approaches enable reliable prediction of behaviours, given parameters of brain integrity, a key goal within the field of psychology.","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Epistemic disagreement in psychopathology research and practice: A procedural model 精神病理学研究与实践中的认识分歧：程序模型
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/09593543241263806
Tony Ward, Jacqueline Sullivan, Russil Durrant
{"title":"Epistemic disagreement in psychopathology research and practice: A procedural model","authors":"Tony Ward, Jacqueline Sullivan, Russil Durrant","doi":"10.1177/09593543241263806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543241263806","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical psychology is characterized by persistent disagreement about fundamental aspects of the discipline ranging from what mental disorders are to what constitutes effective treatment. Attempts to address the problem of epistemic disagreement have been frequently based on establishing the correct answer by fiat without identifying and addressing the sources of the disagreement. We argue that this strategy has not worked very well and the result is frequently ongoing and intractable disagreement, with each side in an argument convinced they are correct. In this paper, we outline an epistemic disagreement procedural model intended to assist researchers and clinicians in the field of clinical psychology to identify, explore, and develop inquiry strategies that capitalize on situations where competing knowledge claims are made. The result is a flexible conceptual framework committed to a defensible epistemic pluralism, fallibilism, and contextualism, across the various research tasks constituting the field of clinical psychology.","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Self-transformations in Indian and Western psychology 印度和西方心理学中的自我转变
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/09593543241263822
Randal Tonks
{"title":"Self-transformations in Indian and Western psychology","authors":"Randal Tonks","doi":"10.1177/09593543241263822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543241263822","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Depression and melancholia revisited via Lacan 通过拉康重新审视抑郁症和忧郁症
IF 1.2 4区 心理学
Theory & Psychology Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/09593543241261999
Amanda Diserholt
{"title":"Depression and melancholia revisited via Lacan","authors":"Amanda Diserholt","doi":"10.1177/09593543241261999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543241261999","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47640,"journal":{"name":"Theory & Psychology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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