MaterialiaPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102576
Xinyi Zhang , Zhenzhen Zhu , Xin Xin Gong , Dawei Zhang , Ningrui Sheng , Guangcan Tan , Huayu Liu , Honge Wu
{"title":"Eu3+- doped lead-free Cs2ZnCl4 perovskite for LED applications","authors":"Xinyi Zhang , Zhenzhen Zhu , Xin Xin Gong , Dawei Zhang , Ningrui Sheng , Guangcan Tan , Huayu Liu , Honge Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zero-dimensional (0D) lead-free halide perovskites have attracted significant interest due to their low toxicity and remarkable broadband emissions. Herein, 0D lead-free Cs<sub>2</sub>ZnCl<sub>4</sub>: Eu<sup>3+</sup> perovskites were synthesized via co-precipitation. Under 274 nm excitation, these materials exhibit strong red emission and exceptional thermal stability, retaining > 50 % of initial photoluminescence (PL) intensity after heating to 130 °C. Furthermore, both PL intensity and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show minimal variation across three consecutive thermal cycles relative to the pristine state. Systematic optimization yielded an optimal material with a 5.64 µs PL lifetime. This system demonstrates significant potential for red-emitting light-emitting diode (LED) applications, exhibiting Commission International de L’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.554, 0.341) and a correlated color temperature of 1404 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialiaPub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102575
Bo Peng , Xingrun Shan , Zhiheng Zhao , Haiwei Zheng , Jinchuan Jie , Shinji Muraishi , Jianbin Liu , Tingju Li
{"title":"The role of interfacial misfit on the interaction between dislocation and heterogeneous interface in Cu/Fe bimetal laminated composites","authors":"Bo Peng , Xingrun Shan , Zhiheng Zhao , Haiwei Zheng , Jinchuan Jie , Shinji Muraishi , Jianbin Liu , Tingju Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterogeneous interface can increase the strength of bimetal laminated composites (BLCs) significantly through interaction effect with dislocation line, and the interfacial misfit plays an important role during interaction process. The present study performed discrete dislocation dynamics on the Cu/Fe BLC to investigate the interaction mechanisms between dislocation and heterogeneous interface with or without misfit. The interfacial misfit dislocations were characterized and stress/strain fields were calculated by TEM and geometric phase analysis. Different dislocations of single dislocation (SD), dislocation pair (DP) and dislocation array (DA) were located at the interface to investigate the interactions between them and dislocation line inside crystal. The results show that one side of SD promotes the motion of dislocation line while the other side prevents its motion. The positive stress field at the center of the DP formed by the superposition of two dislocations accelerates the motion of dislocation line, while the negative stress field has obstruction effect. DA consisting of periodic dislocations distributed at the interface has strong pinning effect on the movement of dislocation line inside crystal, making it difficult to cross the interface. The strengthening effect is more significant when the interface and misfit dislocations act as strong obstruction roles. These findings suggest that the formation of misfit dislocations due to large differences in lattice constant has large strengthening effect on BLCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialiaPub Date : 2025-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102566
Moharam Habibnejad Korayem, Ahmad Reza Rahnavard Ronizi, Mahboube Mehrabani
{"title":"Plastic and viscoplastic contact mechanics modeling of biological disk-shaped nanoparticles: Human red blood cell","authors":"Moharam Habibnejad Korayem, Ahmad Reza Rahnavard Ronizi, Mahboube Mehrabani","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interactions between materials and components, particularly at the nanoscale, involve contact phenomena that result in force transmission, deformation, and motion. A deeper investigation reveals that such contacts occur not only at the macroscopic level but also at the atomic scale. In this context, atomic force microscope emerges as a powerful tool, enabling precise analysis of these interactions with nanometric resolution. Contrary to the assumptions of classical contact mechanics theories, which often rely on the assumption of purely elastic behavior, this study adopts an innovative approach to explore plastic and viscoplastic behaviors in disk-shaped nanoparticles, especially in biological nanoparticles such as red blood cells. By developing advanced nonlinear models and considering a more realistic disk geometry as a representative of biological nanoparticles, a novel framework is proposed that allows for more accurate prediction of mechanical responses under time-dependent loading conditions. The key innovation of this work lies in integrating advanced theoretical modeling with experimental investigations using atomic force microscope to examine the biomechanical behavior of human red blood cells. Experimental data indicate that red blood cells exhibit a quasi-disk shape with a diameter of 9.19 ± 0.02 μm and an adhesion force of 110 ± 0.2 μN. The viscoplastic CVISC model provided more accurate estimates of indentation depth (520 nm) and contact area (13,500 nm²) compared to classical plastic models (350 nm depth, 9,000 nm² contact area). This research significantly advances the understanding of nanoscale contact mechanics in biological systems and offers valuable insights for biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialiaPub Date : 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102565
Sajad Shirzad , Ali Kassab , Apratim Chakraborty , Christopher Pannier , Zhen Hu , Georges Ayoub , Pravansu Mohanty
{"title":"Influence of infill architecture on shrinkage, microstructure, and mechanical properties in paste extrusion 3D printed stainless steel","authors":"Sajad Shirzad , Ali Kassab , Apratim Chakraborty , Christopher Pannier , Zhen Hu , Georges Ayoub , Pravansu Mohanty","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal Paste Deposition is an emerging additive manufacturing method that extrudes metal paste to form green parts, which are subsequently sintered for densification. This study investigates the influence of infill pattern on the macro- and microstructural properties of sintered 316 L stainless steel parts. Comprehensive experimental characterization, including porosity analysis, grain size measurement, phase identification, 3D scanning, and nanohardness testing, was conducted across multiple surfaces and regions. Results revealed that porosity and elastic modulus varied with both infill geometry and local position. Grain size remained consistent across all patterns and locations, averaging ∼50 µm. Nanoindentation measurements revealed that hardness values remained within the expected range for 316 L stainless steel (2.6–4.5 GPa), showing minimal variation across different regions. Pores were predominantly circular, with circularity values ranging from 0.96 to 0.99, suggesting effective surface-energy-driven densification. Among all tested patterns, the “grid” infill pattern achieved the highest densification and stiffness due to increased bead overlap. A bead-level finite element simulation, using reconstructed geometries from G-code, captured localized shrinkage, porosity evolution, and grain growth trends, showing good agreement with experiments. These results validate the simulation framework and highlight the importance of infill design in optimizing part performance and reliability. All findings reported here are specific to parts fabricated at 50% nominal infill density and processed under the studied sintering conditions (12 h cycle with 4 h hold at 1380°C).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102565"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialiaPub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102564
Oviya Sekar , F. Irine Maria Bincy , M. Ehthishamul Haque , M. Jose , Ikhyun Kim , S.A. Martin Britto Dhas
{"title":"Exploring dielectric switching in zinc telluride during exposure to an acoustic shock wave: A structural and optical perspective","authors":"Oviya Sekar , F. Irine Maria Bincy , M. Ehthishamul Haque , M. Jose , Ikhyun Kim , S.A. Martin Britto Dhas","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the dielectric switching behavior of zinc telluride (ZnTe) subjected to controlled acoustic shock-wave loading using a semi-automatic Reddy tube. Dielectric measurements were conducted on samples exposed to 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 shock pulses. The dielectric constant (ε<sub>r</sub>) showed strong frequency dependence, with ε<sub>r</sub> decreasing from 264 (pristine at 100 Hz) to 51.3 (100 shocks), followed by increases to 142 (300 shocks) and 228 (400 shocks). This enhancement at 300 shocks corresponds to a shock-induced phase transition from the cubic F-43m to the Fm-3m phase. The dielectric loss (tan δ) initially ranged from 0.0155 (pristine at 100 Hz) to 0.1598 (100 shocks) but decreased sharply to 0.4326 (300 shocks) and further to 0.0230 (400 shocks), demonstrating dielectric switching behavior. Impedance spectroscopy revealed the highest Z′ and Z″ at 300 shocks, indicating maximum resistive and capacitive contributions due to defect density and interfacial polarization. An electric modulus analysis confirmed non-Debye relaxation with relaxation peak shifts and broadening of arcs, while the conductivity increased significantly to 7 × 10<sup>-6</sup> S/cm at 400 shocks. These findings confirm that ZnTe exhibits tunable dielectric switching under shock-induced stress, making it a promising candidate for adaptive high-frequency dielectric and capacitive device applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialiaPub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102563
Chengfeng Jiang , Jinwang Sun , Haiyan Chen , Lei Liu , Chuanchang Li , Dou Zhang
{"title":"Optimized energy storage performance in HZO3ZO12 thin films through modulation of deposition temperature and film thickness","authors":"Chengfeng Jiang , Jinwang Sun , Haiyan Chen , Lei Liu , Chuanchang Li , Dou Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dielectric capacitors are critical for energy storage applications, especially in pulsed power systems, owing to their ultrahigh power density and ultrafast charge/discharge capabilities. Among them, HfO₂-based thin films are particularly promising for micro-energy storage devices. In this work, double-layered Hf₀.₅Zr₀.₅O₂(3 nm)/ZrO₂(12 nm) (HZO3ZO12) films are deposited across a wide temperature range (80–225 °C) to systematically investigate their energy storage performance. A machine learning-assisted multi-objective optimization approach is employed to identify the optimal deposition temperature, revealing 128 °C as the ideal condition for maximizing energy storage properties. Further thickness optimization based on this deposition temperature is used to enhance the performance, achieving an excellent energy storage density of 113 J/cm³ at an applied electric field of 9.1 MV/cm. This study demonstrates a powerful strategy combining machine learning with experimental design to optimize dielectric capacitors, providing a roadmap for developing high-performance energy storage materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102563"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialiaPub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102560
Aniruddha Das , Nicholas Derimow , Jared Tarr , Nik Hrabe , Jordan Weaver
{"title":"Understanding the effects of metal powder feedstock heterogeneity on the laser powder bed fusion process","authors":"Aniruddha Das , Nicholas Derimow , Jared Tarr , Nik Hrabe , Jordan Weaver","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Powder reuse is important to reduce the cost and improve the sustainability of laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) additive manufacturing. Several powder reuse strategies involve the blending of unused feedstock powder with used powder, which assume that the bulk properties of blends are sufficient knowledge for decision making. Here we consider how potential chemical heterogeneity within a blend may occur locally in the dispenser (e.g., a relatively high fraction of one component of the blend compared to the expected ratio). This becomes particularly important when the usage histories of the constituent powders in the blend have significant differences. A set of experiments was designed to introduce controlled heterogeneities in the dispenser and assess the effects on the spreading process and printed parts. Specific layer-wise heterogeneities were created by switching back and forth between powder feedstocks (IN718 and CoCrMo) during a build, as an analogous but more easily measurable situation compared to mixing and tracking reused powders of the same alloy. The Co concentration was spatially mapped parallel to the build height for lightly sintered powder capture capsules and solidified parts to determine how these heterogeneities manifest in the process before and after laser melting. The melting process in PBF-LB was determined to cause significant elemental redistribution as opposed to the initial powder spreading process, which had little contribution. In every case, the starting inhomogeneity diluted in intensity but increased in spatial size to more than twice the programmed layer thickness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialiaPub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102562
Zhan Yan , Jing Wang , Fu Wang , Haiyang Song , Yang Liu , Dichen Li , Jiantao Wu
{"title":"The effect of porosity content on the high-temperature mechanical properties of DZ409 superalloy","authors":"Zhan Yan , Jing Wang , Fu Wang , Haiyang Song , Yang Liu , Dichen Li , Jiantao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>DZ409 alloy is a new type of directional solidification nickel-based high-temperature alloy, which has excellent comprehensive performance. It can become a candidate alloy for the new generation of heavy-duty gas turbine blade materials that consider multiple properties. However, in the actual production process, shrinkage porosity often occurs in the castings, which seriously affects the mechanical properties. To investigate the effect of shrinkage porosity on the typical mechanical properties of DZ409 alloy in near service conditions (650 °C and 950 °C), Additionally, the tolerance limits of porosity for the basic mechanical properties of the DZ409 superalloy were determined, tensile experiments were designed on DZ409 specimens with different porosity amounts at 650 °C and 950 °C. The results indicate that the influence of micropores on tensile properties is non-monotonic. Furthermore, this non-monotonic influence law was verified through numerical simulation. This result indicates that when the pore content is within a limited range, its impact on the mechanical properties of directional castings is limited. The correlation between shrinkage porosity defects, mechanical properties, and microcracks has been studied, and the corresponding mechanisms have also been discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asymmetric Li-Coated PEO–PVDF-co-HFP Membrane with Graphene Oxide as Next-Generation Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries","authors":"Yer-Targyn Tleukenov , Yessimzhan Raiymbekov , Mukagali Yegamkulov , Arailym Nurpeissova , Zhumabay Bakenov , Aliya Mukanova","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pursuit of safer and more efficient electrolytes is central to the development of next-generation lithium batteries. In this work, a hybrid gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was engineered by combining poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with poly(vinylidene fluoride-<em>co</em>-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-<em>co</em>-HFP) and functionalized with graphene oxide (GO). The introduction of GO disrupted PEO crystallinity and enhanced segmental motion, yielding a fourfold increase in ionic conductivity compared to the pristine polymer matrix. At an optimal loading of 1.5 wt%, the GPE achieved 1.29 × 10⁻⁴ S·cm⁻¹ while maintaining structural integrity and interfacial stability. To further boost performance, a thin lithium coating was deposited on the GPE surface, promoting uniform ion flux and reducing interfacial resistance. When paired with ZnO–Zn₃N₂ thin-film anodes, the modified GPE delivered stable cycling with capacities of 350–370 mAh g⁻¹ and 264 mAh g⁻¹ retained after 200 cycles at 0.1C, alongside Coulombic efficiencies exceeding 97 %. These findings highlight a synergistic design strategy that combines nanofiller engineering with interfacial modification to advance solid-state and gel-based lithium batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialiaPub Date : 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102558
Yuanyuan Zuo , Shuai Yuan , Xuefeng Han , Xin Tian , Zhaoshuai Gao , Lingfeng Xu , Hengtao Ge , Peizhi Zhao , Hongfu Jiang , Jinrong Wang , Junfu Ni , Yu Gao , Jianwei Cao , Zhongshi Lou , Wei Sun , Deren Yang
{"title":"Inclusion-related ridge breakage in large-diameter floating-zone silicon","authors":"Yuanyuan Zuo , Shuai Yuan , Xuefeng Han , Xin Tian , Zhaoshuai Gao , Lingfeng Xu , Hengtao Ge , Peizhi Zhao , Hongfu Jiang , Jinrong Wang , Junfu Ni , Yu Gao , Jianwei Cao , Zhongshi Lou , Wei Sun , Deren Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-diameter Floating-zone (FZ) silicon, particularly 8-inch crystals, is essential for high-voltage devices like insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and fast recovery diodes (FRDs), yet its production is hindered by low crystal growth yield due to ridge breakage defects. This study investigates inclusion-induced ridge breakage mechanisms in mass-produced 8-inch FZ silicon, using 8-inch (100) and 5-inch (111) crystals, with the latter employed to study bulk defect propagation. Through scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and mechanochemical polishing, we identified two mechanisms: surface-origin carbon inclusions, likely silicon carbide particles from graphite wear at the initial heating stage, induce twin formation, while bulk-origin microcrystalline silicon inclusions trigger dislocations and cracks. Numerical simulations revealed that central and edge high-stress zones amplify inclusion effects, with stress scaling linearly with diameter, exacerbating breakage in 8-inch crystals. A stress-inclusion interaction model explains how inclusions narrow the tolerable stress window. These findings advocate optimizing preform rod preparation and heating processes to minimize inclusions, enhancing yield for 8-inch FZ silicon in high-performance electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}