Materialia最新文献

{"title":"Liquid metal/boron nitride thermal grease with optimized thermal conductivity and non-corrosive properties through interfacial modification","authors":"Jiageng Yao ,&nbsp;Yongguang Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyao Zhou ,&nbsp;Danyang Cao,&nbsp;Jiahua Zhu,&nbsp;Liwen Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rise of electronic technologies, chip heat dissipation has become a critical challenge, spurring the need for advanced thermal interface materials. In this study, we developed a novel composite material by integrating boron nitride (BN) with liquid metal (LM) through surface modification using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and silane coupling agent (KH590). This modification enables the effective attachment of BN to the LM surface, forming a continuous thermal channel. When combined with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), KLM/BN@PVP/PDMS composite achieves a high thermal conductivity of 1.5 W/(m·K) and a low interfacial thermal resistance of 0.001565 (m²·K)/W. Importantly, the incorporation of BN not only reduces the fluidity of LM but also prevents LM from corroding aluminum substrates, ensuring the material's safety and stability. This innovative composite offers a promising solution to the heat dissipation challenges faced by electronic devices such as CPUs, GPUs, and LEDs, making it highly valuable for practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying microstructural heterogeneity and its link to dynamic fragility in CuZr metallic glasses","authors":"Saihua Liu,&nbsp;Xiuwei yao,&nbsp;Minhua Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The absence of effective parameters to describe structural heterogeneity impedes the investigation into its correlation with the physical properties of materials. Here, we introduce the use of Moran's index, typically employed in geographical studies to characterize spatial heterogeneity, for the depiction of structural heterogeneity in metallic glasses. By employing molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with Moran's index, we quantitatively assess the degree of microstructural heterogeneity in Cu50Zr50 and Cu64Zr36 metallic glasses and examine its connection to dynamic fragility. Our findings reveal that the spatial structural heterogeneity in the Cu50Zr50 system is significantly lower than that in the Cu64Zr36 system, with a more gradual decrease observed as temperature is reduced, suggesting that Cu50Zr50 possesses a more stable liquid structure. Our study indicates that lower levels of heterogeneity and a diminished temperature dependence of this heterogeneity correlate with stronger dynamic fragility. Furthermore, our methodology demonstrates the potential to be an effective tool for elucidating structural heterogeneity in metallic glasses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102442"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical performance of AISI D2 tool steel after standard and modified deep cryogenic treatment","authors":"Venu Yarasu ,&nbsp;Bojan Podgornik ,&nbsp;Barbara Setina Batic ,&nbsp;Marko Sedlacek ,&nbsp;Črtomir Donik ,&nbsp;Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the potential benefits of cyclic deep cryogenic treatment (CDCT) on AISI D2 cold-work tool steel, focusing on hardness and fracture toughness enhancement and their correlation with structural changes. While conventional deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) at −196 °C has demonstrated positive effects on tool steel properties, the specific long durations of DCT remain a limitation for industrial applications. AISI D2 steel specimens underwent conventional heat treatment and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) at −196 °C for 24 hours, alongside CDCT with 2, 5, and 10 cycles within the same temperature range. The microstructural evolution, phase transformations, residual stresses, hardness, and fracture toughness induced by these treatments were thoroughly analyzed using advanced characterization techniques, including SEM-EDS, EBSD, XRD, and TEM. Macro- and micro-hardness measurements were conducted using Rockwell and Vickers methods, while fracture toughness was assessed using circumferentially notched and fatigue-pre-cracked tensile bar specimens. The results indicate that all samples exhibited comparable bulk hardness values. However, fracture toughness showed significant enhancement with CDCT, with the CDCT2 treatment achieving the highest improvement—68 % greater than that of the conventional treatment. Microstructural analysis reveals refined martensitic structures with nanotwins, stacking faults, dislocations, an enhanced count of small secondary carbides, increased precipitation of nanosized carbides, and lower residual stresses as key contributors to the enhanced mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102433"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144105863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of transformation temperature on the microstructure of an ASTM A335 grade P91 steel isothermally transformed to ferrite","authors":"J.I. Besoky ,&nbsp;C.P. Ramos ,&nbsp;M.I. Luppo ,&nbsp;C.A. Danon","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this contribution the isothermal austenite-ferrite transformation in an ASTM A335 P91 (9Cr1MoVNb) steel was studied regarding the ferrite microstructure obtained after full transformation. First, using the information obtained from dilatometry experiments, the Temperature-Time-Transformation diagram was established for selected experimental conditions. The ferrite average grain size, the ferrite grain size distribution and the precipitated second phases nucleated and grown in the ferritic matrix during transformation were examined as a function of the transformation temperature in the range from 640 °C to 760 °C. For the size distribution of ferritic grains, a study was carried out using the kernel density estimation methodology. As transformation temperature increased, the average grain size showed an increasing tendency, and the ferrite grain size distribution broadened. M₂₃C₆, M₂X and MX precipitated phases were identified in fully transformed samples, but differences in morphology, size and nucleation site of these precipitates were found according to the transformation temperature, i.e. below or above the “nose” of the TTT diagram. The presence of fiber morphology of the precipitates only at low and intermediate temperatures was associated to the grain-boundary nucleation of ferrite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102438"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating artificial neural networks with a classical kinetic model for phase transformation predictions in steels","authors":"Mohammad Zhian Asadzadeh,&nbsp;Bernhard Bloder,&nbsp;Peter Raninger","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we present a hybrid modeling approach that integrates a classical kinetic model with neural networks to predict anisothermal metallurgical transformations. By leveraging neural networks to approximate kinetic parameters, we investigate two model architectures. The first architecture models kinetic parameters as functions of temperature and cooling rate alone, while the second extends this dependency to include phase fractions involved in the transformation. Specifically, the model addresses the decomposition of austenite into four distinct phases, each governed by ordinary differential equations. We train the model on continuous cooling data for a single steel. The results demonstrate that our approach not only accurately replicates the experimental data but also offers robust generalization capabilities within a given chemistry. Finally, we discuss the potential to extend this model to incorporate chemical composition effects and to simulate isothermal transformations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin of enhancement of oxidation resistance of near β-Ti(Al) with addition of Ta: a combinatorial experimental and DFT analysis","authors":"Shivansh Mehrotra ,&nbsp;Kushal Samanta ,&nbsp;Dibyajyoti Ghosh ,&nbsp;Surendra K. Makineni ,&nbsp;Sangeeta Santra","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study examines the effect of alloying tantalum (Ta) with the β-Ti(Al) solid solution on oxidation resistance at the temperatures of 1000 – 1200°C in air. Addition of 7 at.% Ta to β-Ti(Al) enhanced oxidation resistance by 97%. The oxide growth followed a linear growth mechanism in the initial stage, transitioning to a parabolic growth mode as time progressed. Transition from linear to parabolic growth occurred earlier as Ta content increased in the β-Ti(Al) phase. Both Ta-free and Ta-containing β-Ti(Al) formed an external oxide zone (EOZ) consisting of Ta-free rutile (TiO₂) and alumina (α-Al₂O₃). However, the Ta-containing β-Ti(Al) also developed an additional phase, β-Ta₂O₅, in the inward region of the EOZ along with the Ta-containing TiO₂. Presence of inert yttria markers at the oxide/air interface for the Ta-free β-Ti(Al) indicated that oxygen was the primary diffusing component contributing to the oxide growth. In contrast, markers inside the EOZ in the case of Ta-containing β-Ti(Al) suggested that both oxygen and metallic ions were involved in the oxide formation. Microstructural analysis by EBSD revealed columnar and equiaxed grains of TiO₂ growing on either side of the β-Ta₂O₅ grains in EOZ, further supporting the involvement of both oxygen and metallic ions in oxide growth. The enhanced oxidation resistance of Ta-containing β-Ti(Al) was attributed to a change in the defect concentration of TiO₂ as analysed via density functional theory (DFT). A Ti-Al-Ta-O phase diagram at 1200°C was established, and a comprehensive oxidation mechanism was proposed, integrating both experimental and computational insights.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swift heavy ion-induced unevenness of cationic inversion in spinel structures","authors":"Satoru Yoshioka ,&nbsp;Hiroki Tomonaka ,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Yasuda ,&nbsp;Syo Matsumura ,&nbsp;Norito Ishikawa ,&nbsp;Eiichi Kobayashi ,&nbsp;Koji Okudaira","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to investigate the cationic inversions induced by swift heavy ions (SHIs) in aluminate spinel structures. It was found that increasing the fluence of 340 MeV Au ions led to systematic spectral changes at both the Zn <em>L</em>₃-edge and the Al <em>K</em>-edge of ZnAl₂O₄, and at both the Mg and Al <em>K</em>-edges of MgAl₂O₄. In the theoretical XANES investigations, structural models of cationic inversion were built for the highly and slightly disordered configurations using special quasi-random structures (SQS) techniques. These theoretical investigations revealed that for each cation in the SQS models, that the spectral shapes of ZnAl₂O₄ and MgAl₂O₄ were mainly determined by the first nearest neighboring coordination, but were partly influenced by the middle-range configurations. Upon irradiation with SHIs, the experimental XANES results confirmed the generation of the highly disordered local regions that were predicted by the theoretical XANES analyses. As a result, SHI irradiation produced cationic inversions that were not observed in the non-irradiated regions of the spinel structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102435"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manipulating the orthorhombicity of α\" martensite: A novel strategy to tailor yield ratio and break strength–ductility trade-off in titanium alloys","authors":"Diao-Feng Li ,&nbsp;Nan Li ,&nbsp;Chun-Guang Bai ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi-Qiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Zhao ,&nbsp;Fei-Fei Du ,&nbsp;Rui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In addressing the critical challenge of tailoring yield ratio and breaking the strength–ductility trade-off in titanium alloys, we have proposed a novel design strategy by forming a dual-phase microstructure, which consists of primary <em>α</em> phase (<em>α</em>_p) and <em>α\"</em> martensite in a type of titanium (Ti) alloy with an aluminum equivalency ([Al]_eq) of approximately 6 and a molybdenum equivalency ([Mo]_eq) in the range of 7–8 (i.e., Ti-6[Al]_eq-7∼8[Mo]_eq). Through precise manipulation of the orthorhombicity of <em>α\"</em> martensite via solution treatment and low-temperature ageing, the yield strength of the Ti6Al4V5.5Cu (wt.%) model alloy can be progressively enhanced from 465 MPa to 1050 MPa. Meanwhile, the great elongation (<em>ε</em>_p, ∼17 %) and high ultimate tensile strength (UTS, ∼1200 MPa) are preserved, thus achieving a desirable combination of yield strength and yield ratio over a wide range and overcoming the yield strength–ductility trade-off simultaneously. The adjustable yield strength and yield ratio arise from the modulation of the orthorhombicity of <em>α\"</em> martensite, and the great ductility and work-hardening capacity are attributed to the strain-induced continuous transformation of <em>α\"</em> martensite from an orthorhombic structure to a near-hexagonal structure during tensile deformation. The diverse combinations of tensile properties achieved through this <em>α\"</em> martensite orthorhombicity engineering provide new insights for designing versatile Ti alloys, enabling them to meet the demands of various processing and application scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144098878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defects associated with Sn (±Ti) and H in corundum (Al2O3)","authors":"Michael C. Jollands ,&nbsp;Kevin Bishop ,&nbsp;Tyler Smith ,&nbsp;Shiyun Jin ,&nbsp;Etienne Balan","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanisms by which H is incorporated into corundum crystals containing elevated concentrations of Sn is studied using a combination of experimental infrared spectra and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The spectra (both bulk and spatially resolved), along with trace element concentrations, were recorded from samples passing through the laboratories of the Gemological Institute of America. We propose that bands in the FTIR spectra of corundum at 3197, 3235, 3249, 3262 and 3285 cm^-1 can all be attributed to O<img>H stretching associated with defects including one or two Sn⁴⁺, <em>H</em>⁺ and Al-site vacancies. Some of the defects also include Ti⁴⁺, i.e. are mixed Sn-Ti defects. Specifically, we attribute the following bands to these defects: 3197 and 3235 cm^-1: <span><math><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>Sn</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>Al</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>•</mo></msubsup><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mrow><mrow><mi>Al</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>″</mo><mo>′</mo></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mrow><mi>OH</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>•</mo></msubsup><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></math></span> (two configurations); 3249 cm^-1: <span><math><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>Sn</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>Al</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>•</mo></msubsup><msubsup><mrow><mi>Sn</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>Al</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>•</mo></msubsup><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mrow><mrow><mi>Al</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>″</mo><mo>′</mo></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mrow><mi>OH</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>•</mo></msubsup><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>×</mo><mrow></mrow></mrow></msup></math></span><em>;</em> 3262 and 3285 cm^-1: <span><math><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>Sn</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>Al</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>•</mo></msubsup><msubsup><mrow><mi>Ti</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>Al</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>•</mo></msubsup><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mrow><mrow><mi>Al</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>″</mo><mo>′</mo></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mrow><mi>OH</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>•</mo></msubsup><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>×</mo><mrow></mrow></mrow></msup></math></span> (two configurations). All bands show similar polarization behavior, with the strongest absorption when the electric vector is perpendicular to the <em>c</em>-axis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144105864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recrystallization driven softening and heating rate dependencies of FeCrAl nuclear fuel cladding during accident transients","authors":"S.B. Bell ,&nbsp;M.J. Ridley ,&nbsp;N.A. Capps ,&nbsp;R.T. Sweet ,&nbsp;Y. Yamamoto ,&nbsp;C.P. Massey","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A refined understanding of FeCrAl cladding behavior during rapid transients is critical for its potential deployment in light-water reactors. Current assessments focus on transient burst testing metrics such as balloon geometry, burst temperature, and hoop stress, often used as proxies for simpler conventional tensile properties. However, directly correlating isothermal tensile and creep data with accident transient scenarios remains a challenge, although it is essential for high fidelity model development. Recent modeling based on tensile tests up to 800 °C, conducted with both immediate loading and a 10-minute soak, showed that immediate loading better predicts experimental burst temperatures, indicating a thermal softening effect. Building upon this observation, the current study connects transient performance, microstructural evolution, and high-temperature tensile properties by leveraging results from C26M claddings burst tests performed at heating rates of 1–50 °C/s and hoop stresses from 25 to 100 MPa. At 25 MPa, rupture temperatures varied by only 6 °C, but at 100 MPa, the difference reached 116 °C, with faster heating yielding higher burst temperatures. Microstructural analysis identified recrystallization as the primary cause of heating rate-dependent softening, eliminating prior cold-working. <em>In-situ</em> thermomechanical data linked ballooning onset to localized instabilities, similar to ultimate tensile strength behavior in conventional tensile tests. High heating rates correlated with immediate loading tensile data, while lower rates matched soaked data. By linking burst performance to microstructural evolution and tensile properties, this work provides a foundation for more accurate modeling of FeCrAl claddings and potentially other Fe-based materials under accident conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102432"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}