{"title":"Abstract and Acoustic Targets in Phonetic Imitation","authors":"Ivy Hauser","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Phonetic imitation (also called convergence or accommodation) occurs when talkers alter their pronunciation towards speech they hear. This can happen spontaneously with only a few minutes of exposure in a laboratory experiment even without instruction to imitate. While there is considerable evidence for spontaneous imitation, in many cases it is not clear exactly which aspects of the model talker are being imitated. It is possible to imitate the raw acoustics of the model's voice or more abstract targets like normalised acoustics of the model's voice, phonological patterns the model exhibits, or speech style. Although there is substantial literature demonstrating convergent speech behaviour, existing work typically does not distinguish between these different types of targets. This has theoretical implications for accounts of imitation and normalisation, methodological significance for analysis of imitation studies, and potential applied significance for how imitation is used in language teaching and clinical speech therapy. This paper will review these issues, discuss the statistical challenges associated with measuring convergence to competing targets, and make methodological recommendations for future studies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Substantive Bias in Artificial Phonology Learning","authors":"Shuang Zheng, Youngah Do","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper reviews the research on substantive bias in phonological learning since the publication of Moreton and Pater's paper on structure and substance in artificial phonology learning. The studies are categorised into vowel patterns, consonant patterns, and suprasegmental patterns. The review highlights advancements in experimental paradigms, a more precise definition of phonetic naturalness, and an expanded exploration of various phonological phenomena in the investigation of substantive bias over the past decade. Based on the review findings, we suggest that future research on the impact of substantive bias on phonological learning should include an examination of the articulatory and perceptual foundations of each phonological pattern, along with an analysis of the similarities in features, articulation, and perception.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sound Symbolism in the Lexicon: A Review of Iconic-Systematicity","authors":"David M. Sidhu","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sound symbolism refers to associations between language sounds (i.e., phonemes) and particular properties (e.g., certain shapes). For example, phonemes like /m/ are associated with roundness, while phonemes like /k/ are associated with spikiness. In this paper I review the accumulating evidence that different instances of sound symbolism can be observed as patterns in real words in existing lexicons (e.g., /m/ occurring more frequently in words for round things). The properties examined include shape, size, texture, valence and arousal. Such effects are an instance of both iconicity (words whose forms resemble their meanings) and systematicity (largescale patterns in the forms of related words in a language). I also discuss open questions on the topic, including how such patterns emerge, and their effects on language processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Semantics and Expression of Apprehensional Modality","authors":"Scott AnderBois, Maksymilian Dąbkowski","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Apprehensionality</i> refers to the semantic domain of negative prospective epistemic modality and the formal expressions used to encode it. In this article, we break down the <i>apprehensional situation</i> into five prototypical components: (I) future reference, (II) possibility, (III) negative evaluation, (IV) avertive intent, and (V) a preferred action. In doing so, we propose a framework for comparing synchronic and diachronic aspects of the semantics and expression of apprehensional modality across languages. We discuss several recent formal accounts of three apprehensional morphemes—Francez's account of Biblical Hebrew <i>pen</i>, Dąbkowski and AnderBois's of A'ingae <i>-sa'ne</i>, and Phillips's of Australian Kriol <i>bambai</i>—relate their formalisms to the apprehensional situation schema, and evaluate their predictions. We summarise previous findings on the grammaticalisation pathways towards and among apprehensional morphemes. We find that apprehensionals grammaticalise from a wide range of sources, including components I–IV of the apprehensional schema. Among the apprehensional functions themselves, both subordination and insubordination are commonly encountered.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Truthmaker Semantics and Natural Language Semantics","authors":"Lucas Champollion","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Truthmaker semantics is a non-classical logical framework that has recently garnered significant interest in philosophy, logic, and natural language semantics. It redefines the propositional connectives and gives rise to more fine-grained entailment relations than classical logic. In its model theory, truth is not determined with respect to possible worlds, but with respect to truthmakers, such as states or events. Unlike possible worlds, these truthmakers may be partial; they may be either coherent or incoherent; and they are understood to be exactly or wholly relevant to the truth of the sentences they verify. Truthmaker semantics generalises collective, fusion-based theories of conjunction; alternative-based theories of disjunction; and nonstandard negation semantics. This article provides a gentle introduction to truthmaker semantics aimed at linguists; describes applications to various natural language phenomena such as imperatives, ignorance implicatures, and negative events; and discusses its similarities and differences to related frameworks such as event semantics, situation semantics, alternative semantics, and inquisitive semantics.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Roles of Neural Networks in Language Acquisition","authors":"Eva Portelance, Masoud Jasbi","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>How can modern neural networks like language models be useful to the field of language acquisition, and more broadly cognitive science, if they are not a priori designed to be cognitive models? As developments towards natural language understanding and generation have improved leaps and bounds, with models like GPT-4, the question of how they can inform our understanding of human language acquisition has re-emerged. As such, it is critical to examine how in practice linking hypotheses between models and human learners can be safely established. To address these questions, we propose a model taxonomy, including four modelling approaches, each having differing goals, from exploratory hypothesis generation to hypothesis differentiation and testing. We show how the goals of these approaches align with the overarching goals of science and linguistics by connecting our taxonomy to the realist versus instrumentalist approaches in philosophy of science. We survey recent work having adopted each of our modelling approaches and address the importance of computational modelling in language acquisition studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Challenges and Strategies for Acquiring Adjectives","authors":"Kristen Syrett","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Children acquiring language must learn a variety of words mapping on to different kinds of concepts. Typically, word learning accounts focus on how children strategically acquire words for entities (nouns) and events (verbs). Often underrepresented are word for properties (adjectives). While adjectives, like verbs, may trail behind many nouns in early production, and may not always be required to refer or express truth-conditional meaning, they are essential for distinguishing among entities and events in the world, and communicating clearly in disciplines such as language arts and science. Moreover, nearly every language has the grammatical category of adjectives. It is therefore critical to know what challenges children face in acquiring adjectives, and what supports their acquisition. Here, I outline three main aspects that, together, render the process of learning adjectives both vexing and linguistically intriguing. First, there is cross-linguistic variation in how languages around the world treat words for properties. Second, the syntactic position of adjectives varies across and within languages, and is often correlated with subtle differences in meaning. Third, within the category of adjectives, a wide range of meanings may be encoded. I review findings across these areas that document children's successes and challenges with these aspects of adjective distribution and meaning. To counter these challenges, I end by covering three effective and empirically documented strategies for adjective learning, which rely on attending to key information in both the linguistic and extralinguistic context. I close with a brief discussion of prospects for future research on this topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joanna Porkert, Anna Siyanova-Chanturia, Hanneke Loerts, Anja Schüppert, Merel Keijzer
{"title":"N400 or P600?—A Systematic Review of ERP Studies on Gender Stereotype Violations","authors":"Joanna Porkert, Anna Siyanova-Chanturia, Hanneke Loerts, Anja Schüppert, Merel Keijzer","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.12530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Psycholinguistic studies using the <i>event-related brain potential</i> (ERP) technique have found both N400 and P600 effects for gender stereotype violations. The finding of a P600 effect for this type of world knowledge violation is surprizing given that this component is traditionally associated with syntactic violations. In this paper, we set out to systematically analyse design- and task patterns of ERP studies investigating gender stereotype violations. Based on our review, we propose a scheme that predicts a P600 effect for gender stereotype violations for stimuli comprising entire sentences, and specifically when the gender stereotype serves to establish coherence in <i>inferences</i> (i.e., expecting a specific referent gender or a stereotype-appropriate behaviour of the sentence subject based on the gender stereotype information). We predict an N400 effect for gender stereotype information that does not serve to establish coherence in inferences, as well as in priming paradigms. By extension, our predictive scheme suggests that the N400 may reflect a hybrid process of semantic retrieval and integration, while the P600 may reflect a cognitive process of error monitoring, and mental revision. Our study can aid in the interpretation of previous findings and inform future studies investigating gender stereotyping.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.12530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142089833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Culmination phenomena across languages","authors":"Éva Kardos","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.12528","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lnc3.12528","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines culmination phenomena from a cross-linguistic perspective. It provides an overview of various (non-)culmination readings that sentences in different languages may receive in light of much prior literature on this topic, especially from the past 2 decades. An important goal is to showcase facts of defeasible versus entailed culmination and discuss how scholars have dealt with these facts in recent analyses. Although (non-)culmination phenomena are often approached from a semantic perspective in the literature, in the second part of the paper, I also address questions of syntactic representation regarding verbal predicates associated with maximal versus non-maximal event interpretations. This survey of the empirical landscape ultimately shows that, despite the plethora of works on event culmination, there are still numerous puzzles in need of explanation, especially when culmination is examined from a cross-linguistic angle.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.12528","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phonetic cues to depression: A sociolinguistic perspective","authors":"Lauren Hall-Lew","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.12529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12529","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phonetic data are used in several ways outside of the core field of phonetics. This paper offers the perspective of one such field, sociophonetics, towards another, the study of acoustic cues to clinical depression. While sociophonetics is interested in how, when, and why phonetic variables cue information about the world, the study of acoustic cues to depression is focused on how phonetic variables can be used by medical professionals as tools to diagnosis. The latter is only interested in identifying phonetic cues to depression, while the former is interested in how phonetic variation cues anything at all. While the two fields fundamentally differ with respect to ontology, epistemology, and methodology, I argue that there are, nonetheless, possible avenues for future engagement, collaboration, and investigation. Ultimately, both fields need to engage with Crip Linguistics for any successful intervention on the relationship between speech and depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.12529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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