Language and Linguistics Compass最新文献

{"title":"Languages Without Tense","authors":"Maziar Toosarvandani","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Within formal semantics, languages with no exponent of tense, or with optional tense, have begun to be incorporated into the theory of temporality only in the last couple decades. This article traces the development of their study, identifying empirical arguments that arbitrate between competing analyses of tenselessness. How future and past reference is established for root clauses, both in information-seeking exchanges and in narratives, requires differentiating at least three types of tenseless languages. Their temporal systems vary in whether they make use of a topic time, distinct from the eventuality and utterance times, and how they do so. While human language seems to allow for some variation in the temporal interpretation of tenseless clauses, it remains to be seen how constrained this variation is.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Neural Network for Sign Language Comprehension","authors":"Brennan Terhune-Cotter,&nbsp;Karen Emmorey","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sign languages differ dramatically from spoken languages in their linguistic articulators (the hands/face vs. the vocal tract) and in how they are perceived (visually vs. auditorily), which can impact how they are processed in the brain. This review focuses on the neural network involved in sign language comprehension, from processing the initial visual input to parsing meaningful sentences. We describe how the signer's brain decodes the visual signed signal into distinct and linguistically relevant representations (e.g., handshapes and movements) primarily in occipital and posterior temporal regions. These representations are converted into stable sign-based phonological representations in posterior temporal and parietal regions, which activate lexical-semantic representations. The higher-level processes which create combinatorial semantic-syntactic constructions from these lexical representations are subserved by a frontotemporal network of regions which overlaps with the network for spoken languages. The broad outline of this network is partially specific to the visual modality and partially supramodal in nature. Important avenues for future research include identifying and characterising patterns of activation and connectivity within macroanatomical regions which appear to serve multiple functional roles in sign language comprehension.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlates of Object Raising in Mayan","authors":"Justin Royer,&nbsp;Jessica Coon","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mayan languages show variation in the morphosyntactic distribution of absolutive objects. A now commonly-adopted analysis ties this variation to differences in object movement and agreement. In so-called ‘high-absolutive’ languages, objects consistently raise to a position <i>above</i> the ergative subject, where they are targeted for <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ϕ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $phi $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-Agree by a probe on finite <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mtext>Infl</mtext>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${text{Infl}}^{0}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. In ‘low-absolutive’ languages, on the other hand, objects remain low and enter into <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ϕ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $phi $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-Agree with a low functional head, <i>v</i><span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mtext>Voice</mtext>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $/{text{Voice}}^{0}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. This paper surveys the constellation of empirical evidence for this basic division, specifically related to Ā-extraction constraints, the position of absolutive morphemes within the verbal complex, the availability of absolutive marking in nonfinite clauses, and the binding properties of absolutive objects. It then compares an object raising account with alternatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conjoined Comparison and Variation in Degree Semantics","authors":"M. Ryan Bochnak","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conjoined comparisons, consisting of two clauses containing antonymous or positive-negative predicate pairs, are among the most common comparison construction types in the world's languages. As research on degree constructions from a cross-linguistic perspective has increased, so too has the number of studies focused on conjoined comparisons. Although the number of languages that have received in-depth treatment is still fairly small, this growing body of research has already uncovered important aspects of cross-linguistic variation, to the point where we can now begin to hypothesize about the typology of conjoined comparisons. This article summarizes these findings, and takes the first steps towards developing a typology of conjoined comparison constructions, taking into account not only differences between conjoined comparisons, but also the overall degree-behaviour of the languages. It will be emphasized that the existence of conjoined comparison is not diagnostic of the absence of degrees in a language more generally.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding the Typology of Absolutive Syntax in Mayan: Evidence From Northern Mam","authors":"Willie Myers","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Past work on Mayan languages has divided the family into two groups based on syntactic ergativity: ‘high-absolutive’ languages in which objects raise to a position above the ergative subject and enter into Agree with a high probe and ‘low-absolutive’ languages in which objects remain low and enter into Agree with a low probe. This <span>object raising</span> approach has been proposed to correlate with a constellation of syntactic properties, related to Ā-extraction constraints, morpheme order, nonfinite embedding, and binding effects. This paper adds a third option to the typology based on data from a Northern Mam variety in which objects systematically fail to agree. Though it appears to fall outside of the established paradigm, I argue that this ‘no-absolutive’ syntax is also directly predicted by an <span>object raising</span> analysis which locates variation in the presence or absence of [EPP] and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>φ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $varphi $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-probe features on <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mtext>Voice</mtext>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $v/{text{Voice}}^{0}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. To support this, I show how no-absolutive Northern Mam patterns as we would expect across all previously proposed correlates of object raising. This paper functions as Part II to Royer and Coon 2025, also in this volume.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Language Change Across Real and Apparent-Time: Case Studies From Yucatan Spanish","authors":"Jim Michnowicz","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Variationist sociolinguistics possesses two powerful techniques for examining language change across time: real-time analyses, where the relative distribution of variants is compared for two or more different points in time, and apparent-time analysis, where different age groups in the same study are taken to represent different stages of change. While real and apparent-time are often thought of as conflicting methodologies, in reality they work best in tandem, and have been used together since the earliest sociolinguistic studies. The present study examines three case studies based on Yucatan Spanish, a regional variety of Mexican Spanish in contact with Yucatec Maya, that differs in important ways from surrounding dialects. Due to its unique sociolinguistic context, Yucatan Spanish presents an ideal location to study language change in progress, and the case studies detailed will demonstrate how real and apparent-time methods complement each other to provide a more complete picture of language change as it happens.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teaching and Learning Guide for: The Cross-Linguistic Patterns of Phonation Types","authors":"Christina M. Esposito,&nbsp;Sameer ud Dowla Khan","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonverbal Clause Constructions","authors":"Martin Haspelmath","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There are about a dozen well-recognised types of nonverbal clause constructions, but the terminology by which these subtypes are known varies widely. This paper gives an overview of the major types and defines each term carefully, from the perspective of general syntax. For a number of well-established concepts that have no corresponding well-established term, I propose novel terms. There are four major predicational types (classificational, attributional, predlocative and appertentive), and four major nonpredicational types (equational, existential, predpossessive and hyparctic).</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative Growth: When Large Language Models Meet Sociolinguistics","authors":"Dong Nguyen","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large Language Models (LLMs) have dramatically transformed the AI landscape. They can produce remarkable fluent text and exhibit a range of natural language understanding and generation capabilities. This article explores how LLMs might be used for sociolinguistic research and, conversely, how sociolinguistics can contribute to the development of LLMs. It argues that both areas of research will benefit from a thoughtful, engaging collaboration. Sociolinguists are not merely end users of LLMs; they have a crucial role to play in the development of LLMs.</p>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lnc3.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abstract and Acoustic Targets in Phonetic Imitation","authors":"Ivy Hauser","doi":"10.1111/lnc3.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Phonetic imitation (also called convergence or accommodation) occurs when talkers alter their pronunciation towards speech they hear. This can happen spontaneously with only a few minutes of exposure in a laboratory experiment even without instruction to imitate. While there is considerable evidence for spontaneous imitation, in many cases it is not clear exactly which aspects of the model talker are being imitated. It is possible to imitate the raw acoustics of the model's voice or more abstract targets like normalised acoustics of the model's voice, phonological patterns the model exhibits, or speech style. Although there is substantial literature demonstrating convergent speech behaviour, existing work typically does not distinguish between these different types of targets. This has theoretical implications for accounts of imitation and normalisation, methodological significance for analysis of imitation studies, and potential applied significance for how imitation is used in language teaching and clinical speech therapy. This paper will review these issues, discuss the statistical challenges associated with measuring convergence to competing targets, and make methodological recommendations for future studies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47472,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}