{"title":"बुद्धका क्रान्तिकारी विचारहरू","authors":"Raj Bahadur Rana","doi":"10.3126/hj.v15i1.63981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v15i1.63981","url":null,"abstract":"क्रान्ति शब्द ल्याटिन रेभोल्युशियोबाट व्युत्पन्न अंग्रेजी रेभोल्युशनको समानान्तर मानिने ‘अवस्थापलट’ अर्थसँग दाँजेर हेर्दा भगवान बुद्धको कैयौँ वचन र धर्म देशनाहरूमा समाजमा भएका विकृति तथा विसंगति विरुद्धको आवाज र सन्देश प्रवाह भएको पाइन्छ । बुद्धको जीवन संघर्षलाई हेर्दा पनि तत्कालिन समाज सुधारको निमित्त क्रान्तिको सुरुवात स्वयम् बाटै गरेको देखिन्छ । समाजमा महिलाप्रतिको हीन दृष्टिकोण, उच्च नीच, विभेद, अन्धविश्वास र अनैतिकताप्रति कडा संघर्ष गरेको पाइन्छ । उनले गाउँ, सहर, निगम र देश देशान्तरमा अशिक्षाबाट जगाउने काम गरे । अज्ञानताबाट ज्ञानतर्फ, अनैतिकताबाट नैतिकतातर्फ, अन्धो परम्पराबाट प्राकृतिक यथार्थतर्फ, दुःखबाट सुखतर्फ, विभेदबाट समानतातर्फ जगाउनु उनको जीवन संघर्ष नै रह्यो । आफ्नै जीवनकालमा कठोर प्रयास र अभ्यासबाट दुःख अन्त्यको सत्य ज्ञान बोध गरी बुद्धत्व प्राप्त गर्नु आफैँभित्रको ठूलो क्रान्ति मान्न सकिन्छ । जब उनी बुद्ध बने तब उनले साँच्चै सम्पूर्ण क्लेश रूपी दुःखमाथि विजय प्राप्त गरे । त्यही चारआर्यसत्यको ज्ञानमार्फत् समाजलाई जगाउने अभियान रूपी क्रान्तिको सुरुवात गरे । उक्त बुद्धको अभियान रूपी क्रान्तिमा समाज परिवर्तनका थुप्रै आयामहरू देख्न सकिन्छ । ती आयामहरूलाई समाज परिवर्तनको संवाहक मान्न सकिन्छ । सिङ्गो बुद्धको अभियान रूपी क्रान्ति शील विनयको जगमा आधारित छ । मानिसको चित्त शुद्ध नभएसम्म व्यक्तिमा साँचो परिवर्तन आउन सक्दैन । किनकी चित्तको क्लेशलाई दमन गर्नाले मानवमा भएको पशुत्व हट्न गइ असल चरित्रवान मानव बन्दछ । जसले कहिल्यै असामाजिक काम गर्दैन । यो शील विनय बिना कदाचित सम्भव छैन । शील विनय, ज्ञान, अभ्यास, आचरण आदिको माध्यमबाट समाजलाई सुधार गर्ने काम भएकोले उनको यो अभियान सामाजिक क्रान्तिको रूपमा अत्यन्तै महत्वपूर्ण छ ।","PeriodicalId":47458,"journal":{"name":"Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140226938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"२००७ सालको सशस्त्र क्रान्ति तयारीमा नेपाली कांग्रेस","authors":"Badri Narayana Gautam","doi":"10.3126/hj.v15i1.63980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v15i1.63980","url":null,"abstract":"प्राचीन कालदेखि नै आर्य र मंगोलमूलका मानिसहरू मिलेर हिन्दु र बौद्ध सभ्यताको संगमस्थल बनाउँदै सवल एवं आत्मनिर्भर मुलुकमा रूपान्तरण गरेको नेपाल विभिन्न जाति र तिनका संस्कृति बिच आपसी अन्तत्र्रिmया भएको देशका रूपमा चिनिन्छ । सहिष्णुता र समन्वयको अनुपम उदाहरण प्रशस्तै पाइने नेपालले सानो भए तापनि विश्वमै सबै भन्दा बढी विविधता भएको देशको पहिचान प्राप्त गरिसकेको छ । आधुनिक नेपालका निर्माता पृथ्वीनारायण शाहले विविधता बिच एकता कायम गरी सबै वर्ग र तप्काको साथ सहयोगमा विजय अभियान थालेर योग्य व्यक्तिको कदर गर्ने परम्परा बसाली साधारण रैती दुनियाका छोराहरूलाई कुशल सेनानायक बनाएर एकीकृत राज्य निर्माणमा विशिष्ट योगदान जुटाउने काम गरेकाले सफलता प्राप्त गरेका थिए । उनको निधन पछिका दिनहरूमा उत्तराधिकारीहरूबाट एकीकरण अभियानलाई निरन्तरता दिन खोजे तापनि जनताको साथ सहयोगको महत्त्वलाई उपेक्षा गर्ने काम भएपछि सुरु भएको गुटबन्दीका अन्तमा पारिवारिक राणाशासन स्थापना भएर पारिवारिक निरङ्कुश तन्त्रमा परिणत भयो । राजा र जनता बिच ठुलो पर्खाल लगाइएको अवस्थाभैmँ बनाएका राणाहरूले राजालाई खोपाको देवताभैmँ बनाएर नेपाल र नेपालीको भाग्य विधाताकै शैलीमा शासन गर्न थालेपछि देशभित्र विरोधका आवाजसम्म नै निषेध गरेकाले भारतीय भूभागलाई आधारभूमि बनाएर स्थापना भएको नेपाली कांग्रेस हतियारका बलमा गतिशील राणाशासन फाल्न सशस्त्र क्रान्ति बिना नसकिने निष्कर्षमा पुगेको हो । प्रजातान्त्रिक विधि र पद्धतिको स्थापनाका लागि सशस्त्र क्रान्ति गर्ने निर्णय गरेको नेपाली कांग्रेसले निर्णायक प्रहारका लागि नै भारत केन्द्रित भएर तयारी पूरा गरेको थियो । वी.पी. एवं सुवर्णशमशेरको पहलमा निर्णय गरेर थालेको अन्तिम तयारी क्रममा राजाको वैधानिक नायकत्वमा प्रजातान्त्रिक व्यवस्था स्थापनाको घोषणा गर्नु नै क्रान्ति सफलताको मूल आधार थियो ।","PeriodicalId":47458,"journal":{"name":"Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"राणाकालमा मुलुकी बन्दोवस्त अड्डाको संक्षिप्त सिंहावलोकन","authors":"Murari Krishna Gautam","doi":"10.3126/hj.v15i1.63979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v15i1.63979","url":null,"abstract":"नेपालको इतिहासमा १४–१५ सेप्टेम्बर १८४६ ई. १ को मध्यरात कोतपर्व जस्तो दुःखान्तकारी भयानक दुर्घटना घट्यो । यो घटनाले जंगबहादुर कुँवर नेपालको राजनीतिमा उदाए । उनले राणाशासनको जग बसाले । कोतको पटाङ्गिनीबाट बसेको राणशासनको जग १०४ वर्षसम्म कायम रह्यो । त्यसैले यो घटनालाई नेपालको इतिहासमा एउटा महत्त्वपूर्ण युगान्तकारी घटनाको रूपमा चित्रण गरिन्छ । राणाशासन एकात्मक, केन्द्रीकृत, निरंकुश, जहानियाँ र हुकुमी तन्त्रमा आधारित थियो । प्रशासनिक संगठन र त्यसका संरचनाहरू श्री ३ प्राइमिनिस्टरको मातहतमा रहने गरी सुनिश्चित गरिएका हुन्थे । केन्द्रिय, जिल्ला स्तरीय एवं स्थानीय स्तरका सबै प्रशासनिक निकायहरूमा राणा परिवार तथा उनीहरूका नजिकका वफादार नातेदारहरूको एकाधिकार कायम रहने गर्दथ्यो । शक्तिको अत्यधिक केन्द्रिकरण र अधिकाधिक अधिकार प्रयोग गर्न राणा प्राइमिनिस्टर सधँै प्रयत्नशील रहने गर्दथे । राष्ट्रिय हितभन्दा पारिवारिक हित र समृद्धिमा देशको ढुकुटी दुरूपयोग भैरहेको थियो । राणाकालीन प्रशासनिक व्यवस्थामा मुलुकी बन्दोवस्त अड्डा वृहत क्षेत्राधिकार कायम रहेको निकै शक्तिशाली प्रशासनिक निकाय थियो । यसले वर्तमानको गृहमन्त्रालय जस्तै किसिमका आन्तरिक शान्ति सुरक्षादेखि देशको प्रशासनिक संयन्त्रलाई चुस्त दुरुस्त राख्न महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्दथ्यो । त्यतिमात्र नभएर मुलुकका आर्थिक क्षेत्रका विषयहरूलाई दृष्टिगत गरेर कार्य गर्ने जिम्मेवारी दिइएको थियो । चन्द्रशम्शेरको समयमा यो अड्डा अझ शक्तिशाली संरचना बन्न पुगेको थियो ।","PeriodicalId":47458,"journal":{"name":"Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140225599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"आर्थिक सवालमा बुद्ध शिक्षाको महत्त्व","authors":"Anirudra Maharjan","doi":"10.3126/hj.v15i1.63975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v15i1.63975","url":null,"abstract":"यस धर्तीमा मानिसको सृष्टिपश्चात् समयक्रमसँगै सभ्यताको विकास हुँदै आजको आधुनिक समाजको रूपमा विकसित भई हरक्षेत्र तथा हरपलमा मानव जीवनमा आर्थिक पक्ष जोडिन थाल्यो । विहान उठेदेखि नसुतेसम्म अनि गर्भधारणदेखि मृत्यु पश्चात्सम्म नै आर्थिक पक्षले गाज्न थालेसँगै आर्थिक क्रियाकलाप चलायमान भई आर्थिक सम्पतिको संकलन तथा संरक्षणको महत्त्व तथा आवश्यकता रहन गयो । वर्तमान जटिल जीवनशैलीमा आर्थिक सम्पन्नताको लागि मानव समाजमा हुने/नहुने, वैध/अवैध, नैतिक/अनैतिक क्रियाकलाप बढ्न गई समाजमा अपराध तथा भ्रष्टाचारजन्य घटना एवं शारीरिक तथा मानसिक तनावले ग्रसित बनाएको वर्तमान परिवेशमा उपरोक्त विकृति तथा विसंगतिको निराकरणको खातिर आर्थिक पक्षसँग सम्बन्धित सम्यक आजिविका, शील तथा नैतिक आचरण, हिरी र ओतप्प, राज्यको कर्तव्य, आयको वितरण, सम्पत्ति संरक्षण, चार सम्पदा, चार सुखसहित आर्थिक सवलताको लागि गरिने कार्य तथा क्रियाकलाप वा व्यवसायसँग जोडी गृहस्थीहरूको सुखमय जीवनयापनको लागि सोसँग सम्बन्धित विषयको उत्थानसहितको बुद्धको धर्म देशना तथा उपदेश आजभन्दा २६०० वर्ष अघिको तत्कालिन परिस्थितिमा जति महत्व रहेको थियो वर्तमान घडीमा अझ सान्दर्भिक, महत्वपूर्ण तथा उपयोगसिद्ध रहेको छ ।","PeriodicalId":47458,"journal":{"name":"Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140226554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical Dimensions of the 9/11 Attacks in America","authors":"Saleem Dhobi","doi":"10.3126/hj.v15i1.63973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v15i1.63973","url":null,"abstract":"The causes of the September eleven attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon—the financial and military powers of the United States of America respectively—have been manifold. The inquiry into the historical veracities demonstrates that political, cultural and ideological have been the primary foundations of the conflict between the Americans and the perpetrators of the horrific incidents that took lives of many and left uncountable number of people traumatized. This paper investigates into the potential causes of the tragedy based on the secondary data from different scholarly writings of the post-9/11 attacks. The findings exhibit whatever the reasons have been of the attacks is traumatic and can trigger the clash between Western and Islamic civilizations at any momentum. Since the origin of divergence between the Western countries and the Middle Eastern nations lies in the political history that draws the line between these two civilizations which have collided against each other at different phases. The 9/11 attacks on the icons of American economy and militarism have not taken place in vacuum. Rather there have been diverse factors that led both Osama bin Laden—the commander-in-chief of Al-Qaeda and the Americans in general and the mainstream Americans in particular. The tragedy was the apex of their clash as perceived in the history of human civilization. ","PeriodicalId":47458,"journal":{"name":"Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Awareness and Use of Family Planning Methods among Married Women in A Community","authors":"Asmita Awal, Ambika Chand","doi":"10.3126/hj.v15i1.63969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v15i1.63969","url":null,"abstract":"Family planning/contraception reduces the need for abortion, especially unsafe abortion, reduces infant mortality, helps prevent HIV/AIDs, reduces adolescent pregnancies and helps to slow down increasing population growth. Over 60% of unintended pregnancies end in abortion, safe or unsafe, legal or illegal. An estimated 45% of all abortions remain unsafe and hospitalizes about 7 million women a year in developing countries. A descriptive cross-sectional research was carried out in ward no.14, Kathmandu Metropolitan city. The objective of this study was to find out awareness and use of Family planning method among married women in a community. Non probability, purposive sampling method was used. Sample size was 68 married women. The respondents mean age was 33.1 years and standard deviation was 6.5 years. All of the respondents (100%) were familiar with condom, pills, depo-provera, female sterilization whereas 95.6% heard about implants. Almost all of the respondents (98.5%) stated implants prevents pregnancy for 5 years and half of them (47.1%) were aware implants doesn't interfere with breast feeding. major source of information regarding family planning methods was from health professionals (80.8%) Whereas husband (13.2) level of awareness regarding family planning methods where 1.5% of the respondents had inadequate awareness, 54.3% had moderately adequate awareness and 44.1% of the respondents had adequate awareness. there is no significant association with age (0.479), duration of marriage (0.325), occupation (0.146) of the mother with level of awareness regarding family planning methods.","PeriodicalId":47458,"journal":{"name":"Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140225925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Analysis of Sequence and Series","authors":"Yogendra Prasad Shah","doi":"10.3126/hj.v15i1.63974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v15i1.63974","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a comprehensive exploration of sequences and series, fundamental concepts in mathematics with wide-ranging applications. Starting with an introduction to sequences, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, the discussion extends to finite sequences and n-tuple sequences. Arithmetic and geometric series are explored, with formulas for their sums. The article delves into the properties of sequences and series, discussing convergence, divergence, and absolute convergence. Various types of sequences, such as bounded and monotonic sequences, are defined, and the Cauchy Criterion is introduced as a criterion for the existence of the limit of a sequence. Elementary facts about series, including absolute convergence and the number e as the sum of a series, are covered. Additionally, the concept of sequences of functions is introduced. The article concludes by emphasizing the significance of sequences and series in fields like higher mathematics, art, science, technology, and finance, showcasing their crucial role in decision-making, financial analysis, and risk assessment across diverse disciplines.","PeriodicalId":47458,"journal":{"name":"Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development and Democracy: Society, State, and Market in the Development Process","authors":"Ram Bahadur K.C.","doi":"10.3126/hj.v15i1.63972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v15i1.63972","url":null,"abstract":"This article tries to analyze the relationship between development and democracy from the vantage point of prior well-informed and substantive participation of stakeholders in development processes. It focuses on the processes of prior well-informed and substantive participation of stakeholders that are followed (or not followed) in the land development projects. Land development projects focus on accumulating stakeholders’ odd- or irregular-sized non-serviced parcels of land, and re-arrange them in smaller plots with road, drainage, open space, and other necessary infrastructure facilities. The issue of ‘development and democracy’ has been assessed from the dimensions of society, state, and market relations. Moreover, how the market is capitalizing on the situation created by the inadequate national policy as well as the ineffective roles of development agents have also been assessed.","PeriodicalId":47458,"journal":{"name":"Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tribhuvan University Pioneering Higher Education in the History of Nepal","authors":"Manoj Kumar Karna","doi":"10.3126/hj.v15i1.63971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v15i1.63971","url":null,"abstract":"As per the requirement of changes in higher education to meet the global challenges in the different time beings, Nepal has been witnessing the formal education planning since 1955 and especially the high level education commission since 1983 with various updates in every step. Historically, Tribhuvan University (TU) is the only central and the eldest university of Nepal which carries about eighty percent weight of higher education and its activities are demonstratively a sample for other universities of Nepal. Currently, Nepal has seventeen universities and still there are many in the pipeline. Despite having many sources of higher education in Nepal, the brain drain is a major problem here. This research article consults different book, websites, report and the relevant recent media sources to make a true sense of the qualitative research. A historical brief study of higher education of Nepal, the planner and the stake-holders will get insights for quality education so that the universities like TU will retain its glorious image again.","PeriodicalId":47458,"journal":{"name":"Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140225717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}