Einstein-Sao Paulo最新文献

{"title":"Ideal time and self-reported time to ejaculate, frequent use of virtual pornography, and disorders of ejaculation among internet users in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. Cross-sectional study.","authors":"Margareth de Mello Ferreira Dos Reis, Eduardo Augusto Corrêa Barros, Leonardo Monteiro, Cristiano Linck Pazeto, Willy Baccaglini, Sidney Glina","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AO1282","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AO1282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Almost half (46%) of adult men living in São Paulo metropolis who responded an anonymous survey think they ejaculate earlier than it would be ideal. Only 10% watched virtual pornography frequently (every day or for several hours 2-4 days a week). No associations were found between ejaculation disorders and frequent use of virtual pornography. ■ About one in every 10 social network male users in São Paulo frequently use virtual pornography. ■ Over half of the respondents believed that the ideal time to ejaculate would be of 15 minutes or more. ■ Frequent use of virtual pornography was not associated with ejaculation disorders.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the association between frequent use of virtual pornography, perceptions of the ideal time to ejaculate, and changes in ejaculation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult men living in São Paulo metropolis responded to an online anonymous survey between May 2019 and March 2020. The questions were about sociodemographics, sexual behavior, frequency and time of virtual pornography use, and responses to three instruments for assessing ejaculation disorders: self-reported estimated time from vaginal or anal penetration to ejaculation; self-assessment of what is a normal, premature, or delayed ejaculation, and the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 528 participants, 27.3% said the ideal time (for them and for the partner) to ejaculate during sex with a partner would be 6-15 minutes, and for 44.1%, longer than 15 minutes. However, 45.8% said they usually ejaculate earlier than the ideal time. Only 55 men (10.4%; 95% confidence interval, 95%CI= 7.9-13.3) participants were frequent users of virtual pornography (defined as the use during solitary masturbation for at least one hour/day every day or many hours/day two to four times/week). Frequent use of pornography was associated with not being heterosexual (odds ratio, OR= 1.81; 95%CI= 1.02-3.23), lower educational level (OR= 2.21; 95%CI= 1.12-4.32) and using virtual pornography during sexual intercourse (OR= 2.58; 95%CI= 1.21-5.48). No associations were observed between frequent virtual pornography use and ejaculation disorders.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Approximately half of the men surveyed are not satisfied with the time they take to ejaculate and around 10% of them use virtual pornography frequently, although this is not associated with ejaculation dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eAO1282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in erythromelalgia management: a case report.","authors":"Renato Ádler Pomilio de Sousa, Luydson Richardson Silva Vasconcelos, Marcus Villander Barros de Oliveira Sá","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RC1236","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RC1236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 49-year-old woman presented with a 16-year history of burning pain, warmth, redness, and edema in both toes, feet, legs and calves. Despite extensive medical testing, including genetic analysis, no specific cause was identified. Initial treatments failed to improve symptoms, leading to impaired quality of life and mental health. Eventually, a six-month course of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy provided complete relief, allowing the patient to resume normal activities. Erythromelalgia is a rare neurovascular condition characterized by pain, warmth, and erythema in the extremities. It can manifest as primary, inherited or sporadic, or secondary to underlying conditions, such as hematological neoplasms. Although genetic studies suggest a pivotal role of a gain-of-function mutation in the Nav1.7 voltage-gated sodium channel in familial cases, the pathogenesis underlying sporadic adult-onset cases remains uncertain. The frequent coexistence of autoimmune connective tissue diseases and the expanding evidence supporting immunotherapies in idiopathic small-fiber neuropathies underscores the possible involvement of adaptive immunity in such conditions. Given the potential complications in untreated patients, risks associated with long-term opioid therapy, and the absence of disease-modifying strategies, intravenous immunoglobulins may offer a more effective approach to pain control than conventional pain relievers, representing a promising direction for understanding the pathogenesis of erythromelalgia.</p>","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eRC1236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tranexamic acid in the management of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.","authors":"Thiago Gebrin, Júlia Pinho Neodini, André Felix Gentil, Eduardo Carvalhal Ribas, Mario Lenza, Arthur Werner Poetscher","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RW0753","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RW0753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability. Tranexamic acid, an antifibrinolytic agent, holds the potential for managing intracranial hemorrhages secondary to traumatic brain injury. However, its efficacy and safety remain subjects of ongoing debate.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To better clarify the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in that context and to evaluate the need for further studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a comprehensive search of seven electronic databases, eight study repositories, and tertiary sources between January 2021 and 2022 for randomized controlled trials involving victims of traumatic brain injury aged 15 or older who received tranexamic acid versus placebo or standard care. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and hemorrhagic complications during treatment. This review incorporated elements of PRISMA guidelines, Cochrane's Risk of Bias assessment, and GRADE to assess evidence quality. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 6,958 references retrieved, 14 of the 17 randomized controlled trials were analyzed, encompassing a total of 15,017 patients. Analyses for all-cause mortality did not reach statistical significance (RR= 0.95, 95%CI= 0.88-1.02 | trial sequential analysis RR= 0.95, 95%CI= 0.87-1.03). However, the analysis of hemorrhagic complications during treatment showed statistical significance for progressive intracranial hemorrhage (RR= 0.82, 95%CI= 0.68-0.99 | trial sequential analysis RR= 0.82, 95%CI= 0.38-1.78). Analyses of secondary outcomes, namely unfavorable neurological outcome and other adverse effects, did not demonstrate statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tranexamic acid use did not demonstrate efficacy based on all-cause mortality but showed a favorable safety profile. Additional clinical trials may shed light on remaining clinical uncertainties. Prospero database registration: CRD42021221949.</p>","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eRW0753"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol consumption among pregnant women in Brazilian capitals: How many, where, and who are they?","authors":"Rinelly Pazinato Dutra, Giulia Piamolini Marques, Mariana Manfredi, Maria Eduarda Rodrigues Martins Chermont de Sá, Ane Priscila Konrad, Samuel de Carvalho Dumith","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AO0754","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AO0754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alcohol consumption during pregnancy poses serious risks to maternal and fetal health, making it a public health concern. This study sheds light on the sociodemographic disparities linked to alcohol use among pregnant women in Brazilian capital cities, highlighting vulnerable groups and regional variations. These findings underscore the urgent need to develop tailored preventive strategies to protect maternal and child health. ■ Any alcohol consumption during pregnancy: prevalence of 11.5%. ■ Excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy: prevalence of 3.0%. ■ Risk factors: older age, low education, and Indigenous ethnicity. ■ Protective factors: being married and living in Northern Brazil.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with alcohol consumption among pregnant women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study examined pregnant women living in Brazilian capitals using information collected by the Noncommunicable Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance System (Vigitel) between 2006 and 2021. This study calculated the prevalence of both excessive and any amount of alcohol consumption by pregnant women and their associations with sociodemographic variables. Multivariate analysis was performed with prevalence ratios based on Poisson crude and adjusted regressions; the threshold for statistical significance was set at p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample comprised 4,734 pregnant women. The prevalence of any amount of alcohol consumption was 11.5% (95%CI = 9.8-13.6), and that of excessive consumption was 3.0% (95%CI = 2.1-4.2); both remained stable throughout the analyzed period. Being 35-54 years old and having low educational attainment were the main factors associated with both consumption patterns. Being Indigenous was highly associated only with excessive alcohol consumption, whereas being legally married and living in Northern Brazil were protective factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings emphasize the need for focused preventive strategies targeting the most vulnerable groups to mitigate alcohol consumption and its associated risks during pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eAO0754"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Azacitidine-induced bullous pemphigoid-like localized toxic reaction.","authors":"Rodrigo Brêtas Emerich Nogueira, Nelson Hidekazu Tatsui, Laura Ramos de Almeida, Marcella Soares Pincelli, Celina Wakisaka Maruta, José Antonio Sanches, Elvira Deolinda Rodrigues Pereira Velloso, Youko Nukui","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RC0699","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RC0699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Azacitidine is a hypomethylating agent recommended for the treatment of patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Here, we report the case of a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome who was not eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and presented with a rare and previously unreported cutaneous side effect after the use of subcutaneous azacitidine. We propose that changing the route of azacitidine administration from subcutaneous to intravenous could potentially decrease the occurrence of bullous pemphigoid-like localized toxic reactions in some patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eRC0699"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severe dengue, aneurysmal sub-arachnoid hemorrhage, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a rare case combination.","authors":"Saboor Mateen, Ajay Mishra, Shivesh Singh, Firdaus Jabeen","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RC1209","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RC1209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue, a vector-borne acute febrile illness caused by members of the Flavivirus genus, has dramatically increased its occurrence worldwide. Neurological complications of dengue range from 2.63 to 40%, and subarachnoid hemorrhage is a rare, but significant manifestation. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome, sometimes secondary to infections such as dengue. This report presents a rare case of severe dengue with subarachnoid hemorrhage and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. A 19-year-old male presented with a 7-day history of fever and myalgia, followed by severe headache and vomiting. Initial examination revealed high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Lumbar puncture confirmed via computed tomography showed a Fisher Grade 2 subarachnoid hemorrhage with a small aneurysm at the junction of the left anterior coronary and anterior communicating arteries. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was diagnosed based on the criteria from 2004, with elevated inflammatory markers, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperferritinemia. The patient was treated conservatively with intravenous fluids, osmotic diuretics, antiepileptics, steroids, and nimodipine. The patient showed clinical improvement and was discharged on the 11th day. Isolated subarachnoid hemorrhage is rare in dengue. The hyperinflammatory state in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which is often overlooked due to nonspecific symptoms, can lead to aneurysm formation and rupture. Persistent fever, cytopenia, and hyperferritinemia should raise suspicion of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in cases of severe dengue with neurological complications. In patients with severe dengue and intracranial hemorrhage, clinicians should remain cautious for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis to reduce the associated morbidity and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eRC1209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing diabetes self-management through the AADE7 self-care behaviors framework: an observational study.","authors":"Denise Machado Mourão, Gean Moreira Silva Santos, Glaucia Cruzes Duarte","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AO1213","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AO1213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Participants had limited exposure to prior diabetes education but improved their understanding of key components of diabetes management, including glucose monitoring, medication, diet, and exercise. Misconceptions regarding insulin use, lipodystrophy prevention, hypoglycemia correction, and appropriate consumption of snacks and carbohydrates were effectively addressed.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to implement a comprehensive and accessible diabetes education program for patients and their families based on the AADE7 framework to enhance diabetes self-management and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational, descriptive, mixed-methods study was conducted using weekly online webinars to deliver AADE7 educational content to participant groups. Data collection involved pre and postintervention assessments of knowledge and participant feedback.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 123 participants (72 with diabetes, 5 with prediabetes, and 46 family members) from various Brazilian regions participated in the study. The majority of family members were female and from low-income backgrounds. Most participants had limited prior diabetes education. The educational sessions improved participants' understanding of diabetes management, including the importance of monitoring blood glucose, administering medication, managing diet, and maintaining physical activity. The program also addressed common misconceptions, including managing insulin types, preventing lipodystrophy, adequately correcting hypoglycemia, and incorporating sweets and other carbohydrate-rich foods into the diet when appropriate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Diabetes education enhances glycemic management; therefore, it should be an integral part of treatment. The AADE7 framework proved highly effective, offering a holistic perspective on diabetes care.</p>","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eAO1213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adequacy of nutritional status and dietary intake of adult and elderly patients with American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.","authors":"Analucia Gomes Lopes Oliveira, Camila Senceite-Costa, Raquel de Vasconcellos Carvalhaes Oliveira, Marcelo Rosandisk Lyra, Benivaldo Ramos Ferreira Terceiro, Frederico Pereira Bom-Braga, Maria Inês Fernandes Pimentel, Armando de Oliveira Schubach, Patrícia Dias de Brito, Cláudia Maria Valete","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AO0992","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AO0992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This cross-sectional study describes the adequacy of nutritional status and food intake in patients with American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis and its relationship with the form of the disease: cutaneous or mucosal. Patients with mucosal have greater nutritional impairment associated with older age and symptoms such as odynophagia, dysphagia, and oropharyngeal lesions, which lead to reduced dietary intake and inadequate intake of micronutrients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Patients with American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis often experience malnutrition, weight loss, and dehydration; however, their eating profile and the degree of interference of disease manifestations on food intake is not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional profile and food intake of patients with American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis before treatment initiation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study of adult and older patients with cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis treated at a reference center between 2011 and 2017. A nutritional consultation was conducted to collect anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary intake data (24-h dietary recalls), which were assessed for adequacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-two patients were included, with a median age of 47.5 (35.0-60.5) years, 82.3% being men, and 59.7% presenting the cutaneous form of the disease. Approximately half of the participants (51.6%) were overweight; however, most had an inadequate intake of selenium (93.5%), calcium (91.9%), magnesium (83.9%), and fiber (66.1%). Patients with mucosal leishmaniasis showed greater nutritional impairment (lower body weight, arm muscle circumference, and serum albumin levels), which was associated with older age and symptoms such as odynophagia, dysphagia, and nasal obstruction, and insufficient zinc intake than those with cutaneous leishmaniasis (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with mucosal leishmaniasis had greater nutritional impairment leading to reduced dietary intake and inadequate intake of micronutrients, which can negatively interfere with disease prognosis and prolong the healing process. Consequently, nutrient supplementation, a nutritional intervention, could increase the effectiveness of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis treatment, by ensuring a good nutritional status, which is essential for tissue recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eAO0992"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ectopic parathyroid and its role in surgical failure.","authors":"Murilo Catafesta das Neves, Marcello Rosano, Rodrigo Oliveira Santos","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AI1403","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025AI1403","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eAI1403"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143503808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative review of nosology and the concept of schizophrenia: criticism and proposal.","authors":"Ricardo Abreu Feijo de Mello, Ary Gadelha, Larissa Leal Freitas, Vitoria Fernandes Sant'Ana, Marcelo Feijó Mello","doi":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RW1131","DOIUrl":"10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RW1131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia diagnostics have evolved to adapt to clinical needs and scientific advances, and the current denominations emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century. Most problems arise while integrating clinical experiences, based on historical psychopathological descriptions, with emerging translational neuroscience research. This study aimed to evaluate the state-of-the-art critics of the current schizophrenia concept and their recommendations for new concepts. We performed a narrative review of the literature and searched for studies published in English in PubMed in the last 2 years which discussed the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Two authors independently selected the studies after analyzing the abstracts. Subsequently, studies were selected for this review by consensus. Twenty-six studies were selected, and all authors, except two, had restrictions on the current categorical model for the diagnosis of schizophrenia owing to the heterogeneity of symptomatology and high frequency of comorbidity. Eight studies proposed changes to the concept of schizophrenia. The central proposition was to adopt psychotic syndrome as a core feature instead of the current concept of schizophrenia. We synthesize these proposals using psychosis as a spectrum that includes schizophrenia as a more severe case at the end of the spectrum.</p>","PeriodicalId":47359,"journal":{"name":"Einstein-Sao Paulo","volume":"23 ","pages":"eRW1131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}