Neuroradiology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Managing thrombosis risk in flow diversion: A review of antiplatelet approaches.","authors":"Aureliana Toma, Muhammed Amir Essibayi, Mahmoud Osama, Alireza Karandish, Adam A Dmytriw, David Altschul","doi":"10.1177/19714009251313515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19714009251313515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flow diversion is a transformative approach in neurointerventional surgery for intracranial aneurysms that relies heavily on effective antiplatelet therapy. The ideal approach, including the timing of treatment, the use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), and the number of flow-diverter devices to use, remains unknown. DAPT, which combines aspirin with a thienopyridine like clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor, is the standard regimen, balancing thromboembolic protection and hemorrhagic risk. The variable response to clopidogrel, influenced by genetic polymorphisms, necessitates personalized treatment strategies. Alternatives like prasugrel and ticagrelor provide superior efficacy in specific scenarios but require careful consideration of bleeding risks and costs. Platelet function testing plays a critical role in tailoring antiplatelet regimens for patients undergoing flow diversion for intracranial aneurysms. Special considerations were made for ruptured aneurysms, and the implications of the extensive metallic surface of flow diverters on platelet activation were noted. Emerging technologies such as drug-eluting flow diverters and reversal agents for P2Y12 inhibitors suggest a potential shift toward more refined antiplatelet strategies in the future. Personalized medication that is compatible with the stent structure and metal is essential for optimizing patient outcomes in cerebral flow diversion procedures. Ongoing research and multidisciplinary collaboration will be key in refining these strategies and enhancing the safety and efficacy of neurointerventional treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009251313515"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11707768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and characterization of interhypothalamic adhesions in adults: No longer only a pediatric finding.","authors":"Onur Tuncer, Alan D Harrell, David Nascene","doi":"10.1177/19714009251313513","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19714009251313513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Inter-hypothalamic adhesions (IHAs) are parenchymal tissue bridges traversing the third ventricle, previously reported only in the pediatric population. We aim to understand the prevalence of IHA in the adult population, assess their size and location, and ultimately investigate whether IHA volumes correlate with age.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients who underwent routine high-resolution 3D T2WI MRI studies of the temporal bone/internal auditory canal at an otolaryngology clinic between 2008 and 2014 were consecutively selected. The presence of IHAs was confirmed when a parenchymal structure could be traced across the third ventricle, connecting bilateral hypothalamus, and was visible in at least two planes. They were classified based on their location within the third ventricle, considering their connection with hypothalamic nuclei. Patient clinical information were collected from electronic charts. The prevalence and volumes of IHAs were calculated. Associations between age and IHA volume, as well as between IHA type, age, volume, and gender, were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>779 patients, with a mean age of 54.7 years were included. Among them, 44 IHAs were identified within 41 patients, resulting in a prevalence of 5.26% in our cohort. Type 1 IHA was the most frequently encountered type, comprising 70.5% of all cases. No significant correlation was observed between IHA volumes and age. Additionally, no associations were found between IHA type and age, volume, or gender.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IHAs are not exclusive to the pediatric population; they are also present in adults, with a prevalence of 5.26% in patients undergoing temporal bone/internal auditory canal MRI.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009251313513"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11713944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apparent diffusion coefficient and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in predicting response to radiosurgery in patients with vestibular schwannomas.","authors":"Nattapon Pitukkitronnagorn, Chakkapong Chakkabat, Nutchawan Jittapiromsak","doi":"10.1177/19714009251313509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19714009251313509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Predicting treatment response in patients with vestibular schwannomas (VSs) remains challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the use of pre-treatment normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (nADC) values and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics in predicting treatment outcomes in patients with VSs undergoing radiosurgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The MR images of 44 patients with VSs who underwent radiosurgery at our institution were retrospectively reviewed, and the patients were categorized into tumor control (<i>n</i> = 28) and progression (<i>n</i> = 16) groups based on treatment response after treatment initiation, with a median follow-up duration of 29.5 (13-115) months. Pre-treatment nADC values for the whole tumor and solid portion of the tumor were assessed for predictive significance. MRI characteristics were analyzed, including hemorrhage status, tumor morphology, and post-treatment loss of central enhancement. Interobserver reliability was also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Early post-treatment enlargement was associated with tumor progression (<i>p</i> = .024). The mean pre-treatment nADC values for the solid part of the tumor were significantly higher in the tumor control group than in tumor progression group (1.32 vs 1.05, <i>p</i> = .005). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a mean nADC of 1.18 as an optimal cutoff, with sensitivity and specificity of 76.2% and 86.7%, respectively, in predicting treatment response.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The mean nADC values for the solid part of the tumor demonstrated predictive value for treatment response, with implications for treatment planning. Notably, early post-treatment enlargement was correlated with tumor progression. Incorporating these findings into clinical practice may refine treatment strategies for patients with VSs undergoing radiosurgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009251313509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11705299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful use of gadolinium contrast medium for flow-diverter stent placement in a patient with hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast: A case report.","authors":"Shoji Saito, Hitoshi Hasegawa, Hayate Takahashi, Mamoru Ichinohe, Hiroki Seto, Ryosuke Mizuta, Keita Kawabe, Masakazu Sano, Makoto Oishi","doi":"10.1177/19714009251313505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19714009251313505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gadolinium contrast medium can serve as an alternative to iodinated contrast medium when the latter is unsuitable. In this report, we describe a case of a carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm in which angiograms were obtained using gadolinium contrast medium for flow-diverter stent placement due to the patient's history of bronchial asthma and hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast medium. To enhance the visibility of gadolinium contrast medium, which typically provides lower contrast compared to iodinated contrast medium, we employed a contrast-enhancing and noise-reducing protocol on our image-guided therapy system. We performed catheterization and established working angles guided by a roadmap based on previous magnetic resonance angiography, the position of which was adjusted using cone-beam computed tomography performed before the intervention. This approach helped reduce the amount of contrast medium required. The procedure was successful and did not induce hypersensitivity reactions, morbidity, or mortality. Thus, the efficacy of the contrast-enhancing imaging protocol and the magnetic resonance angiography-based roadmap was confirmed. Measures must be taken to address gadolinium contrast medium-specific adverse events, limitations on the amount of contrast medium used, and the issue of low-contrast angiograms.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009251313505"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11707754/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unusual anatomic variation: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery arising from the middle meningeal artery.","authors":"Emilio Lozupone, Simona Scalise, Pietro Trombatore, Alfredo Pauciulo, Vita Direnzo, Francesco Signorelli, Leonardo Barbarini, Adriana Paladini","doi":"10.1177/19714009251313508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19714009251313508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An adult patient was admitted to our emergency department for a first episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed a temporal intracranial hemorrhage and parenchymal edema caused by a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), whose angioarchitecture was better understood through the DSA which showed as intriguing and rare vascular anomaly the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) from the middle meningeal artery (MMA). The endovascular treatment of the DAVF was then successfully performed.This case describes the first case of a PICA arising from the MMA in the literature and highlights as an accurate knowledge of vascular anatomy and its variations is essential for the endovascular treatment of the cerebrovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009251313508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11707755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of perianeurysmal edema following the endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms: A pooled analysis of 48 cases.","authors":"Mohammed A Azab, Hamid Abdelma'aboud Mostafa, Oday Attalah","doi":"10.1177/19714009241303130","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19714009241303130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Perianeurysmal edema occurring after endovascular treatment for cerebral aneurysms is uncommon compared to surgical clipping. The clinical aspects and the exact explanation are poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. We used the following keywords: \"endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms,\" \"perianeurysmal cerebral edema,\" \"perianeurysmal cerebral edema after endovascular treatment endovascular treatment,\" \"intracranial aneurysms with perianeurysmal edema,\" and \"vessel wall enhancement after endovascular therapy.\" For each case, demographic, clinicopathological, therapeutic, and follow-up data were gathered and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Perianeurysmal edema after endovascular treatment has a clear female predilection, with a male: female ratio of 12:29 (25%; 60.41%). The average time from EVT to the onset of edema ranged from 1 day to about 8 years. The aneurysm dimension ranged from 6.8 to 25 mm as the largest size reported. Most patients were asymptomatic (18 [37.5 %]), and headache was the presenting symptom in 10 patients (20.8%). Aneurysmal wall enhancement was reported in 16 (33.3 %) patients with perianeurysmal edema. About 12 patients (25%) developed post-EVT hydrocephalus. The most common coil used was the platinum type (31 [64.58%]). Most of the patients were treated expectantly with follow-up (17 [35.41 %]), while steroids were used only in 14 (29.16%) patients. Most of the patients have their edema resolved (29 [60.41%]) or stable (9 [37.5%]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is growing evidence supporting the incidence of post-embolization inflammatory reactions involving the vessel wall and the surrounding parenchyma; however, the exact clinical perspectives and the predisposing factors are not fully uncovered. This analysis highlights the possible presentations and short-term outcome of patients presenting with perianeurysmal edema after endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009241303130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MRI markers of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in a population study with 791 participants: Exploring reference values and associations.","authors":"Clara Constantinescu, Doerthe Ziegelitz, Carsten Wikkelsø, Silke Kern, Daniel Jaraj, Lina Rydén, Eric Westman, Ingmar Skoog, Mats Tullberg","doi":"10.1177/19714009241303132","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19714009241303132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Epidemiological studies on idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) imaging markers and their normal values are scarce. This population-based study aimed to analyze several morphologic and volumetric iNPH-related imaging markers in a large sample, determining their distribution, diagnostic accuracy, suggested cut-offs, and associations with iNPH symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 791 70 year olds, 40 with radiologically probable iNPH (iNPH_Radiol) and 751 without iNPH features (reference). MRI measures included Evans index (EI), z-EI, brain per ventricle ratio at anterior (BVR_AC) and posterior commissures (BVR_PC), sulcal compression, Sylvian fissure enlargement, callosal angle, diameter of temporal horns, 3^rd and 4^th ventricles, midbrain, and pons. Volumes of ventricles, corpus callosum, and brainstem were computed using automated segmentation. ROC analysis determined imaging markers' cut-offs. Symptoms were evaluated clinically and through self-report.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the reference group, median values (95% CI) for imaging markers were as follows: EI: 0.27 (0.26-0.27), z-EI: 0.28 (0.26-0.31), BVR_AC: 1.69 (1.48-1.90), and BVR_PC: 2.66 (2.24-3.27). Most imaging markers differed significantly between iNPH_Radiol and the reference. Lateral ventricle volumes correlated better with z-EI and BVR than EI (Rs > 0.81 vs 0.68). Optimal cut-off values for z-EI, and BVR_AC and BVR_PC for distinguishing iNPH_Radiol were 0.32, 1.36, and 1.83, respectively. Clinical symptoms correlated moderately with imaging markers (Rs < 0.49 for iNPH_Radiol, <i>p</i> < .01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We report population-based reference values and propose cut-offs for iNPH-related imaging markers and volumetric measurements. Z-EI and BVR are likely superior markers for assessing ventricular enlargement in iNPH. Imaging markers of iNPH correlate moderately with iNPH symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009241303132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11626555/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comatose vertebrobasilar occlusion patient recovering with bilateral hearing loss following full recanalization with mechanical thrombectomy.","authors":"Arsida Bajrami, Songul Senadim, Serdar Geyik","doi":"10.1177/19714009241303087","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19714009241303087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute occlusion of vertebrobasilar artery mostly presents with severe neurologic impairment. Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) as the first clinical symptom on onset is a rare phenomenon. Clinical benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in terms of hearing loss in these cases is poorly understood. We describe a case of a patient with vertebrobasilar occlusion who presented with only sudden bilateral SNHL and recovered poorly in terms of hearing loss after full recanalization with MT. We describe a 52-year-old right-handed male patient with an unremarkable medical history. On admission, he was hypertensive to 200/102 mm Hg; neurological examination was significant for mild right facial palsy and bilateral SNHL, later confirmed by an audiogram. diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) showed infarction of bilateral anterior cerebellum, cerebellar peduncles, and pons with negative flair. Computed tomography angiography showed occlusion in the level of the vertebrobasilar junction. Patients' neurological status deteriorated within hours into a comatose status with anarthria and quadriplegia. He was treated with MT and stenting and full recanalization was achieved. All neurological examination findings have completely resolved, except for the bilateral SNHL. Acute onset of sudden bilateral deafness in isolation or accompanied by vestibular, cerebellar, and/or brainstem signs may indicate large vessel occlusion. Although rapid recanalization with MT helps improve the symptoms, the specific impact over SNHL varies between patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009241303087"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11625400/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative susceptibility mapping of the fear circuit: Associations with silent symptoms in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Ibrahim Khormi, Amir Fazlollahi, Oun Al-Iedani, Rishma Vidyasagar, Scott Ayton, Abdulaziz Alshehri, Bryan Paton, Saadallah Ramadan, Jeannette Lechner-Scott","doi":"10.1177/19714009241303123","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19714009241303123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-term autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects the central nervous system leading to neurodegeneration, and can involve a variety of symptoms. These symptoms can include fatigue, anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline, which may be silent. The objective of this study was to explore changes in brain iron deposition in people with relapsing-remitting MS (pw-RRMS) compared to healthy controls (HCs), with a particular focus on regions of fear circuit. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate relationship between iron deposition in these areas and clinical measurements. <b>Methods:</b> Pw-RRMS and HCs participants underwent brain MRI scans using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to assess iron deposition in the fear circuit between the two groups. The study analyzed correlations between brain susceptibility changes and clinical measurements. <b>Results:</b> We recruited 35 pw-RRMS (mean age = 46.7 ± 11 years; median EDSS = 2.5) and 18 HCs (mean age = 40.6 ± 17.8 years). Our research revealed significant increases in QSM signals relating to iron deposition in pw-RRMS compared to HCs, whole fear circuit (β = 5.82, <i>p</i> < 0.001), caudate (β = 21.48, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and putamen (β = 17.53, <i>p</i> = 0.03), showing the greatest difference. The whole fear circuit and particularly the caudate are strongly associated with fatigue in pw-RRMS. QSM values in the anterior cingulate cortex significantly differed between pw-RRMS with normal and abnormal depression scores (<i>p</i> = 0.007). <b>Conclusions:</b> These results strengthen the relationship between increased iron deposition in fear circuit regions and specific silent symptoms in pw-RRMS. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings and clarify the implications of iron accumulation in MS pathophysiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009241303123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11618841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142781439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olfactory training affects the correlation between brain structure and functional connectivity.","authors":"Abolhasan Rezaeyan, Somayeh Asadi, Seyed Kamran Kamrava, Arash Zare-Sadeghi","doi":"10.1177/19714009241303129","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19714009241303129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>and background: Neuroimaging studies have increasingly found functional connectivity (FC) changes and structural cortical abnormalities in patients with post-traumatic anosmia (PTA). Training and repeated exposure to odorants lead to enhanced olfactory capability. This study is conducted to investigate the correlations between FC and cortical thickness on the olfaction-related regions of the brain in PTA after olfactory training (OT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-five PTA patients were randomly divided in three groups: (1) 9 control patients who did not receive any training, (2) 9 patients underwent classical OT by 4 fixed odors, and (3) 7 patients underwent modified OT coming across 4 sets of 4 different odors sequentially. Before and after the training period, all patients performed olfactory function tests, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Sniffin' Sticks test was used to assess olfactory function. MRI data were analyzed using functional connectivity analysis and brain morphometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Modified OT resulted in heightened activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex and increased FC between the piriform cortex (PIRC) and the caudate cortex. Conversely, classical OT induced increased activation in the insula cortex and greater FC between the PIRC and the pre-central gyrus. Furthermore, after OT, both training groups achieved significantly improved scores in the changes in brain connectivity associated with OT, which were attributable to anatomical measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates that intensive olfactory training can enhance functional connectivity, and this improvement correlates with structural changes in the brain's olfactory processing areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":47358,"journal":{"name":"Neuroradiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":"19714009241303129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11615909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142773599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}