Applied Physics A最新文献

{"title":"Anomalous Nernst effect as a vector probe of dual magnetic anisotropy in a Co2MnAl Heusler-alloy thin film","authors":"Margarida Ferreira,&nbsp;João Rodrigues,&nbsp;Arthur L. R. Souza,&nbsp;Marcio A. Correa,&nbsp;Artur de Morais,&nbsp;Julian Geshev,&nbsp;Martin Andritschky,&nbsp;Filipe Vaz,&nbsp;Ricardo Simoes,&nbsp;Armando Ferreira","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10350-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10350-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Angular-dependent magnetization and anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) measurements were combined to investigate the relationship between in-plane magnetic anisotropy and thermomagnetic response in an as-deposited 60 nm Co₂MnAl thin film produced by DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The magnetic hysteresis loops exhibit a two-step reversal process, comprising a gradual magnetization rotation followed by a sharper switching event, consistent with two effective uniaxial anisotropy contributions. The angular-dependent ANE curves display pronounced changes in amplitude and shape, reflecting the sensitivity of the measured voltage to the magnetization component transverse to the electrical contacts. When the magnetic field is applied along the voltage-contact axis, the maximum ANE voltage increases linearly with the applied temperature difference, reaching approximately <span>(:33text{}mu:text{V})</span> at <span>(:{Delta:}T=30text{}text{K}:)</span>and yielding an effective voltage responsivity of <span>(S_{eff}=1.09;mu VK^{-1})</span>. Using the estimated temperature difference across the CMA layer, an anomalous Nernst coefficient of <span>(S_{ANE}=0.30;mu VK^{-1})</span>was obtained. Theoretical calculations based on two ferromagnetically exchange-coupled macrospins with distinct uniaxial anisotropies reproduce the principal field- and angle-dependent features of both the magnetization and ANE responses, whereas a purely uniaxial model is insufficient to describe the experimental behavior. These results establish the combined use of magnetometry and angular-dependent ANE measurements as a vector-sensitive approach for probing dual-anisotropy magnetization reversal in structurally disordered Co₂MnAl thin films.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed-assisted orientation engineering of solution-processed Sb2S3 films for efficient solar cells","authors":"Yongsheng Chen,&nbsp;Shiyao Gu,&nbsp;Saad Ullah,&nbsp;Hong Lian,&nbsp;Firoz Khan,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Wang,&nbsp;Shi-e Yang,&nbsp;Ping Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10360-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10360-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sb₂S₃ is a promising eco-friendly semiconductor for high-performance solar cells, however its potential is limited by growth orientation-induced non-radiative recombination and carrier scattering. In this study, the growth parameters of Sb₂S₃ films are compared to those of traditional and seeding-assisted spin-coating techniques, and a growth mechanism is proposed. In-depth investigations are performed to identify how annealing temperatures, spin-coating cycles, and seeding-layer concentration affect the microstructure, crystallinity, preferred orientation, optical characteristics, and photovoltaic performance. X-ray diffraction data showed that adding a seeding layer promotes the growth of Sb₂S₃ crystallites with [hk1] orientation while reducing the undesirable [hk0] orientation. Morphological investigations showed that the seeding-assisted approach promotes grain growth, film compactness, and structural consistency. Additionally, a qualitative growth mechanism based on critical particle size (r₀) and interfacial binding energy is proposed to better understand orientation transition behavior. The seeding layer enhances interfacial contacts between the seed and absorber layers, increasing r₀. For Sb₂S₃ films formed on FTO substrates, the crystallite size is predicted to be 15 nm. The increased crystallite size and steady growth of strongly [hk1]-oriented Sb₂S₃ films lead to improved charge transport characteristics, reduced carrier recombination, and enhanced optical absorption. As a result, the corresponding solar cells show increased photovoltaic performance, notably in terms of fill factor and open-circuit voltage. This study provides a simple and scalable method to improve the performance of solution-processed Sb₂S₃ solar cells, as well as valuable insights into orientation engineering and growth regulation of quasi-one-dimensional chalcogenide semiconductors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled phase-field and lattice Boltzmann modeling of dendritic growth and bubble entrapment during solidification of an Al–4.5 wt.% Cu alloy","authors":"Zhiming Gao,&nbsp;Chuangxin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongtang Gao,&nbsp;Sainan Liu,&nbsp;Yan Liu,&nbsp;Chuanwei Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10333-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10333-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A coupled phase-field/lattice Boltzmann (PF-LBM) framework was employed to investigate the migration, deformation, and entrapment of initially prescribed bubbles during dendritic solidification of an Al–4.5 wt.% Cu alloy. Solidification experiments combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) were performed to characterize the pore morphologies and provide experimental comparison with the numerical predictions. The interactions between dendritic growth and the migration and entrapment of pre-existing bubbles under convective conditions were examined. The interactions between bubble dynamics and dendritic growth in multiphase flow were simulated using a coupled Shan–Chen multiphase flow model and a phase-field lattice Boltzmann (PF-LBM) model. The buoyancy-driven behaviors of bubbles, including rising, deformation, breakup, and coalescence, were found to be strongly influenced by the melt Reynolds number(Re) and Eötvös number(Eo). A reduction in surface tension significantly intensified bubble deformation. During the interaction between bubbles and dendrites, the migration velocity of bubbles gradually decreased and eventually approached zero due to the blocking effect of the growing dendrites, accompanied by pronounced changes in bubble morphology. Furthermore, the coupled evolution behavior of bubbles and dendrites in multiphase flow was strongly dependent on the solidification mode. Under equiaxed solidification conditions, bubbles were confined within interdendritic spaces and exhibited isolated, nearly spherical morphologies as a result of the spatial constriction imposed by multidirectional dendritic growth. In contrast, under columnar solidification conditions, bubbles migrated along the direction of heat flow, where they were pushed and eventually captured by dendrite tips, leading to the formation of elongated pore morphologies aligned with the dendritic growth direction. SEM and XCT observations further revealed isolated and randomly distributed pores within the equiaxed dendritic structure, whereas elongated and directionally distributed pores were observed within the columnar dendritic structure. Quantitative XCT analysis further revealed estimated mean pore sphericities of 0.76 and 0.66 within the equiaxed and columnar dendritic structures, respectively. These experimental findings support the distinct morphological trends predicted by the numerical simulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TH-C16: a first-principles study of a new 2D tetrahexagonal carbon and its BN-doped derivatives","authors":"Wentao Li","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10359-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10359-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exploring novel two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotropes, as well as clarifying the relationship between distinctive networks and associate properties, are essential for the development of next-generation carbon-based nanodevices. Herein, a novel 2D carbon allotrope with periodically arranged tetragonal and hexagonal carbon rings is theoretically predicted and named <i>TH-C16</i>. This new carbon allotrope possesses a distinct buckled morphology, stemming from the <i>sp</i>^<i>3</i>-hybridized carbon atoms. The robust structural stability of the <i>TH-C16</i> framework is comprehensively validated via cohesive energy calculations, phonon dispersion analysis, mechanical elastic constant evaluation, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Owing to the anisotropic geometry, <i>TH-C16</i> exhibits orientation-dependent mechanical behaviors and displays either brittle or ductile features under different in-plane strain directions. Moreover, <i>TH-C16</i> is intrinsically metallic, with electronic states near the Fermi level predominantly contributed by carbon atoms within <i>sp</i>^<i>2</i>-hybridized tetragonal rings. Compressive strain can induce an indirect bandgap in this 2D carbon framework, whereas substituting the <i>sp</i>^<i>2</i>-hybridized tetragonal carbon rings with BN units yields a wide direct bandgap. Furthermore, both the pristine all-carbon network and its semiconducting BN-doped derivative exhibit notable optical anisotropy within the visible-light spectrum. This work not only enriches the family of 2D carbon allotropes but also provides promising material candidates for the design and fabrication of advanced carbon-based nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the mechanical response of MAPbI₃ and FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃ perovskite single crystals using nanoindentation","authors":"Murthy D. Srinivas,&nbsp;Sudhanshu Mallick,&nbsp;Parag Bhargava","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10356-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10356-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organic–inorganic metal halide (OIMH) perovskite single crystals have emerged as promising materials for next-generation photovoltaic applications owing to their superior optoelectronic properties and reduced defect density compared to thin-film counterparts. In this study, the structural, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of MAPbI₃ and mixed-cation FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃ single crystals were systematically investigated. The crystals were synthesized using inverse temperature crystallization and modified inverse temperature crystallization methods. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed optical band gaps of approximately 1.45 eV for MAPbI₃ and 1.44 eV for FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃, indicating their suitability as efficient solar absorbers. Photoluminescence analysis demonstrated enhanced emission intensity and reduced defect density in the mixed-cation crystal. Thermogravimetric analysis showed improved thermal stability for FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃, which remained stable up to 282 °C, compared to 215 °C for MAPbI₃. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of high-quality grain-boundary-free single crystals with excellent crystallinity. Nanoindentation measurements revealed orientation-dependent mechanical behavior in MAPbI₃, with Young’s modulus values of 18.18 ± 1.23 GPa and 17.58 ± 2.01 GPa for the (100) and (112) planes, respectively. The mixed-cation FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃ exhibited higher stiffness and hardness, with a Young’s modulus of 21.16 ± 6.23 GPa and hardness of 1.04 ± 0.23 GPa. Energy-based fracture toughness analysis indicated enhanced crack resistance in the mixed-cation crystal. Furthermore, load-dependent, and creep nanoindentation studies revealed significant indentation size effects and time-dependent deformation. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the mechanical reliability of perovskite single crystals and highlight the advantages of cation engineering for durable and high-performance perovskite solar cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of spinel iron-oxide nanoparticles from indonesian iron sand by high-energy ball milling","authors":"Zahra Ashur Said Mahraz,&nbsp;Puzi Anigrahawati,&nbsp;E. S. Sazali,&nbsp;M. R. Sahar","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10308-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10308-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were prepared from Indonesian iron sand using high-energy ball milling (HEBM) for 3 and 6 h. The structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the resulting IONPs were investigated using XRD, TEM, FTIR, FESEM, and VSM. The XRD patterns exhibited major reflections consistent with a magnetite-type spinel iron-oxide structure, while weak additional reflections could not be assigned unambiguously to a distinct iron-oxide phase using conventional XRD alone. The Scherrer-estimated crystallite size decreased from approximately 30 nm to 25 nm with increasing milling duration. TEM revealed apparent particle sizes of approximately 8 and 5 nm for the 3 and 6 h samples, respectively, with an approximately spherical morphology and a tendency toward agglomeration. The FTIR spectra exhibited Fe–O vibrational bands in the low-wavenumber region. The saturation magnetization (<i>M</i>_<i>s</i>) increased from 49.53 to 73.90 emu g^− 1, while the coercivity (<i>H</i>_<i>c</i>) increased from 107.87 to 151.80 Oe with increasing milling duration. Overall, the results demonstrate milling-duration-dependent changes in the structural, morphological, and room-temperature magnetic characteristics of the IONPs derived from Indonesian iron sand.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Si and Ge addition on strain properties of FeNiMn thin-film alloy prepared by the magnetron co-sputtering","authors":"O. V. Pylypenko,&nbsp;S. I. Vorobiov,&nbsp;O. I. Hunbin,&nbsp;Iu. Iu. Volk,&nbsp;K. V. Tyschenko,&nbsp;V. Komanicky,&nbsp;Yu. O. Shkurdoda,&nbsp;I. M. Pazukha","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10364-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10364-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>FeNiMn and FeNiMnSiGe thin-film alloys were prepared by magnetron co-sputtering under identical technological conditions in order to establish how the addition of the metalloids Si and Ge affects their microstructure, surface morphology, and strain-gauge properties. TEM, SAED, XRD, and AFM were used to analyze crystal structure and surface morphology. Electromechanical testing over the strain ranges ε_<i>l</i>1 = 0–1% and ε_<i>l</i>2 = 0–2% reveals that Si and Ge suppress the mechanical hysteresis and the baseline resistance drift typical of the base ternary FeNiMn thin-film alloy and extends the highly reversible electromechanical response up to 2% strain, while the gauge factor decreases from 7.68 to 1.25 and from 13.75 to 2.50 for the two ranges, respectively. Cyclic loading at 100 °C causes a temporary resistance drift during the first cycle but may be related to partial relaxation of residual growth stresses: after cooling to room temperature, the Fe₂₂Ni₂₀Mn₂₂Si₁₅Ge₂₁ film exhibits a closed hysteresis loop, a strictly linear response, and stable gauge factors of 1.33 and 1.47 with negligible baseline drift. The combination of linearity, cyclic stability, and thermal endurance makes highly doped FeNiMnSiGe films promising sensitive elements for precision strain sensors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of laser ablation in the sub-picosecond and nanosecond regimes with MHz repetition rate at 515 nm and application to graphite","authors":"V. Sanchez,&nbsp;C. E. Cifuentes Quintal,&nbsp;T. Doualle,&nbsp;Y. Pontillon,&nbsp;L. Gallais","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10325-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10325-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Micro-machining with ultra-short (sub-ps) and short (ns) pulsed lasers is used to minimize thermal effects, as the heat-affected zone depends on pulse duration. The distinction between ’cold’ (ultra-short regime) and ’hot’ (short regime) ablation holds for single-shot processes, but for high-repetition-rates, it involves additional effects such as incubation, plasma shielding, and thermal accumulation, making the choice of optimal pulse duration more complex. This study compares laser cutting and engraving using sub-picosecond and nanosecond lasers at the same repetition rate of 0.5 MHz. Experiments on graphite determined ablation properties and optimal processing parameters. A thermal model was used to understand the heat accumulation resulting in incubation phenomenon and allows us to characterize the heat affected zone for a given process. Results highlight the influence of pulse duration and process parameters on efficiency and thermal effects, offering insight for high-repetition rates laser processing of sensitive materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical design and 1D-CNN surrogate modeling of a tunable Graphene/Au/MXene/WS₂/Cu terahertz metasurface for high-sensitivity RI-based glucose sensing","authors":"M. Chairman,&nbsp;S. Gopinath","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10336-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10336-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reliable, non-invasive glucose monitoring remains essential for improving diabetes management, motivating the development of highly sensitive terahertz (THz) biosensors. This study proposes a hybrid Graphene/Au/MXene/Cu metasurface biosensor on a SiO₂ substrate featuring a central copper rectangular resonator, MXene–WS₂-coated V-shaped resonators, concentric gold rings, and a graphene layer to enhance plasmonic field confinement. Full-wave COMSOL simulations and parametric optimization investigated graphene chemical potential (0.1–0.9 eV), incidence angle (0°–80°), and resonator dimensions across four structural configurations. The optimized design achieved a maximum local sensitivity of 1000 GHz/RIU over a glucose refractive index range of 1.335–1.338, with a figure of merit of 10.753 RIU⁻¹ and a quality factor of 4.250 at 0.391 THz. Electric field enhancement reached 9.15 × 10⁷ V/m, while a 1D-CNN surrogate model predicted sensor responses with R² &gt; 0.9992 and MAPE &lt; 0.18%. These numerical findings establish a computationally efficient platform with potential for rapid, label-free THz glucose sensing and provide a basis for subsequent experimental validation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural, dielectric, electrical, and electronic-structure properties of Dy₀.₅Ba₀.₅CrO₃ perovskite","authors":"Ghada Raddaoui,&nbsp;Karim Souifi,&nbsp;Abdullah Saad Alsubaie,&nbsp;Khasan Berdimuradov,&nbsp;Elyor Berdimurodov,&nbsp;Mansur Radjabov,&nbsp;Okhunjon Khasanov","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10331-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10331-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dy₀.₅Ba₀.₅CrO₃ was synthesized using a citrate-based sol–gel method and investigated through structural, microstructural, dielectric, impedance, electrical-transport, and electronic-structure analyses. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement indicated the formation of a predominantly single-phase orthorhombic perovskite structure with Pnma symmetry. The refinement produced (R_p = 4.2%, R_wp = 5.6%, χ² = 2.17), and a goodness-of-fit value of 1.47. Williamson–Hall analysis gave an average crystallite size of approximately 44 nm and a microstrain of. The conductivity increased with temperature, confirming thermally activated semiconducting behavior. Activation energies of approximately eV for DC transport and eV for relaxation were obtained from Arrhenius analysis. The frequency-dependent conductivity followed Jonscher’s universal power law, while the impedance response exhibited thermally activated non-Debye relaxation and a decreasing overall resistance with increasing temperature. Because no equivalent-circuit fitting was performed, separate grain and grain-boundary parameters were not extracted. Oxygen-related defects and chromium mixed valence are discussed as possible contributors to localized transport but are not considered conclusively established without complementary bulk oxygen-stoichiometry measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}