Ethics & Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Informed consent, multiple relationships, and confidentiality: a comparison across four countries","authors":"M. Leach, J. Akhurst","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2152340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2152340","url":null,"abstract":"There are approximately 60 codes of ethics developed by national and regional psychological associations around the world, and there is wide variability in their structures, formats, lengths, and degree to which they can be enforced. Enforcement implies that there is sufficient infrastructure within a particular psychological association to intervene should a psychologist engage in unethical behaviors. Many ethics codes include principles and standards, though they are not always structured and indicated as such. In many countries principles are considered aspirational and include constructs such as beneficence, integrity, and respect. They are generally not considered enforceable because of the non-behavioral specification associated with them. Standards, however, are often considered enforceable and include behavioral components. Recent works investigating international components of professional psychological ethics include developments in the area of principles and standards. The most notable development in the area of principles is the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists (see, Gauthier, 2022). This document represents common principles found in most countries and cultures around the world. It includes the principles of Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples, Competent Caring for the WellBeing of Persons and Peoples, Integrity, and Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society. It has been directly implemented into different ethics codes (e.g., Guatemala) and is a source of foundational principles from which psychological associations can draw when developing codes of ethics. The internationalization of ethical standards has received some attention over the years, yet little is still known about their cross-cultural relevance. Leach and colleagues have engaged in the majority of work in this area, by comparing ethics codes and determining which standards are found most and least often internationally. Comparisons have been made to determine the overlap in areas such as competencies (Kuo & Leach, 2017), duty to protect (Leach, 2009), and research (Leach et al., 2012). This research area indicates consistencies across ethics documents internationally and common values and practices found for the psychology profession, regardless of country. However, this research line has its limitations. While this area of research allows for insights into common practices within psychology across the globe, it has not investigated the meanings attached to terms and their applications in sufficient depth. National codes of ethics may share common ethical standards (e.g., competence), but what is not known is how such standards are interpreted across different cultures and countries. This paper is the first known attempt to delve into the interpretation of different ethical standards. More specifically, practically all codes have standards of care regarding informed consent, multiple relationships, and confidentiality","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"231 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43919801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confidentiality, informed consent, and multiple relationships in four emerging regions","authors":"J. Akhurst, M. Leach","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2152339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2152339","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a rapid increase in the globalization of professions since the turn of the century, and this has been true for the psychology profession as well. Psychological research evidence, theories and practice have spread rapidly, influenced in no small part by ever-widening access of diverse people to technologies, as well as increased dissemination and sharing of training and resources. There is also an evidence base of increased mental health concerns (e.g., Furukawa & Kessler, 2019) in many contexts, and in the spread of ideas from psychology to ameliorate symptoms and tackle these occurrences more widely than before. In parallel, psychologists have faced increasing demands to demonstrate their accountability both to the people with whom they consult (often as their clients become more aware of their rights), as well as to organizational or institutional settings in which they work (Greenberg & Smith, 2008). Ethics is therefore a central element of their work. Ethical practice is at the core of the discipline of psychology and is often one of the first modules covered in introductory training. Francis (2009) wrote of the need to expose aspiring professionals to ethics in the formative stages of their training, as a means to set the foundation of expected professional behaviors. The nature of the content of what is ethically covered in training as well as continued professional development is thus of important interest. Codes of ethics comprise an important component of ethics training. Sinclair (2012) traced a number of historical influences upon the development of ethical codes of practice, highlighting both the influence of existing medical codes, as well as events that have underscored the need for such. She noted that prior to the Modern Era, there were ethical documents such as the “Ayurvedic Oath of Initiation” from India; the Hebrew “Oath of Asaph”; the Persian “Holy Abbas’s Advice to a Physician”; the “Seventeen Rules of Enjuin” from Japan; and the “Five Commandments and Ten Requirements” influenced by Confucian thought in China. These documents all pre-date modern developments and contain elements that overlap with more recent professional ethics codes. Unfortunately, over the past few decades many of the ethical codes for psychologists were initiated by national psychological organizations influenced by predominant thinking in the developed or “Western” world, also characterized as White, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic (WEIRD; e.g., Azar, 2010). Leach and Gauthier (2012) commented on the need for culturecenteredness of codes of ethics, because these are developed within a specific cultural milieu and are reflective of the values of that culture. That said, when developing ethics codes, there has been a lot of borrowing of ethics standards and principles across countries, but it is unknown how they are actually interpreted and implemented across countries, given the influences of different cultures. For example, ","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"175 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46633427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rising to our Obligation to Give","authors":"Diana Quito","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2023.2185619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2023.2185619","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"430 - 431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45058278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical aspects of psychological work in Ukraine: past, present, and future","authors":"Valeriia Palii","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2152030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2152030","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents an attempt to analyze the specifics of ethical norms in the work of psychologists in Ukraine, with an analysis of historical preconditions, current challenges and cultural characteristics. Ukraine, as a modern developing country striving for integration into the European space, is intensively developing psychology and trying to overcome the problems that it has today. Having well-trained psychologists, psychology in Ukraine has many vulnerabilities, such as the lack of legislation in this field and licensing. Professional communities, by virtue of their competencies, strengthen psychology in Ukraine through an attempt to implement ethical standards and highlight problematic topics. The article contains a review of Ukrainian psychologists’ understandings of confidentiality, informed consent and multiple relationships. This paper is an analysis and attempt to explain to the reader potential areas of growth and the unique cultural formations that we have in our practical work today. This exploration includes factors such as the features of importance in the relationship between a psychologist and a client in the Ukrainian context, and the historical, social, economic, cultural, and political factors that influence the perception of ethical standards among Ukrainian psychologists.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"220 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48162185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical codes in the Arab region: comparisons and differences","authors":"B. Khoury, L. Akoury-Dirani","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2152817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2152817","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Within the professional practice of psychology the code of ethics characterizes what is morally right or wrong, by means of a set of principles, values, and standards of conduct. While there are numerous international mental health organizations that incorporate ethical guidelines such as the APA and EFPA; these codes still fall short in providing guidelines for psychologists working in non-western cultures, especially when there are no universally adopted and valid cross-cultural ethics codes. This paper explores various challenges psychologists in the Arab region face when using a western code which does not reflect the values and traditions of their culture. A comparison of several ethical codes from different Arab countries is presented, with a focus on challenging areas of interest such as confidentiality, informed consent and multiple relationships.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"193 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49611187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moral positive illusion: self–other valuation difference in moral foundation theory","authors":"Tiantian Mo, Jiarui Sui, Yujie Zhao, Xinyue Zhou","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2134134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2134134","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT People tend to be unable to evaluate themselves accurately in many areas. One such area is their own and others’ morality. The current research explores the self–other moral valuation difference in the context of moral foundation theory. We propose that people generally have a moral positive illusion. Specifically, people overestimate their own morality and underestimate the morality of others. Two studies provide converging evidence that individuals underestimate the average moral valuations of others on the five dimensions of moral foundation theory. In particular, we demonstrate three moderators for moral positive illusion: moral foundation type, gender, and political identity. Specifically, compared with the binding foundations, people have greater moral positive illusions based on the individualizing foundations; compared to men, women have greater moral positive illusions; and compared with liberals, conservatives have greater moral positive illusions based on the binding foundations.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"684 - 701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moral stress and coping: relationship with long-term positive reactions and PTSD indication in military personnel","authors":"G. Larsson, S. Nilsson, Rino Bandlitz Johansen, G. Waaler, Peder Hyllengren, Alicia Ohlsson","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2131553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2131553","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates the relationship between moral stress reactions and resulting coping efforts in severely morally challenging situations. Long-term positive reactions and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicators following morally challenging situations are also studied. The sample consisted of cadets and officers (n = 332) from Norway and Sweden. Long-term positive reactions were found to be associated with limited moral stress reactions during the challenging episode and frequent use of acceptance and positive reappraisal coping strategies. Long-term high scores on a PTSD indicator scale covaried with high scores on Openness, a strong moral stress reaction, and frequent use of instrumental coping strategies. The main conclusion is that the immediate moral stress reaction and coping strategies following morally challenging situations appear to be related to both positive long-term reactions and to indicators of PTSD.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"15 1","pages":"672 - 683"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87763696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The choice of deontological, virtue ethical, and consequentialist moral reasoning strategies by pre- and in-service police officers in the U.K.: an empirical study","authors":"Andrew Maile, Aidan P. Thompson, Shane J. McLoughlin, K. Kristjánsson","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2124995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2124995","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing upon cross-sectional research with pre- and in-service police officers in the U.K. (N = 571), this paper reports on the moral reasoning strategies favored by the respondents in dealing with bespoke work-related moral quandaries specific to the professional practice of policing. The dominant form of moral reasoning in dealing with those dilemmas was deontological (rule-based). The second most frequently selected reasoning strategy was virtue ethical. Further analysis of the police research data indicated that those with an undergraduate degree were significantly more likely to adopt virtue ethical and consequentialist-utilitarian reasoning strategies than those who did not have an undergraduate degree.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"14 1","pages":"637 - 655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74384788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ageism and employee silence: the serial mediating roles of work alienation and organizational commitment","authors":"Rui Dong, Wanxin Yu, S. Ni, Qiaolong Hu","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2126843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2126843","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ageism is a common phenomenon in the workplace, despite being unethical. Although previous studies have explored the many negative effects of ageism on employees, employee silence has rarely been empirically tested as a negative outcome. Therefore, we explored the positive relationship between ageism and employee silence and its underlying mechanism. A total of 416 working adults completed two time-lagged surveys, with items measuring ageism, work alienation, organizational commitment, and employee silence, administered four weeks apart. The results indicate that work alienation and organizational commitment have serial mediating effects on the relationship between ageism and employee silence. Ageism led to employees experiencing more work alienation, leading to harmful consequences for their organizational commitment and to employee silence. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings in this paper.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"66 1","pages":"702 - 721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78680816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sharing for relief: associations of trauma-focused interviews and well-being among war-affected displaced populations in the Middle East","authors":"Hawkar Ibrahim, Katharina Goessmann, F. Neuner","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2122466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2122466","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nonmaleficence is a key ethical value of research among vulnerable populations. Trauma-focused research typically includes detailed interviews about traumatic life events and post-traumatic symptoms. This raises concerns about causing distress and harm for the affected individuals. We aimed to determine the immediate effects of trauma-focused interviews on participants’ wellbeing. We developed the brief Distress and Harm Scale (DH7) for the assessment of current symptoms of distress and urge to harm oneself or others. Using data from 332 Iraqi and Syrian children and both of their parents (N = 996), we assessed these symptoms before and after participating in trauma-focused interviews. Results showed that the mean levels of self-reported distress and harm impulses were significantly decreased among adults and children rather than increased immediately after the interviews. Once measures to safeguard cases at risk are carefully implemented in research, the potential benefits of participating in trauma-focused interviews outweigh the risk for individuals. Potential implications of the results for ethical review boards evaluating trauma-focused studies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"551 - 567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41846214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}