Saudi Dental Journal最新文献

{"title":"Accuracy of seven three-dimensional facial scanning systems compared with cone-beam computed tomography: a pilot study.","authors":"Anna Dovhan, Dmytro Filonenko, Roman Palyvoda","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00223-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00223-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate three-dimensional (3D) reproduction of facial soft-tissue geometry is a prerequisite for planning and fabricating maxillofacial epitheses. This single-subject pilot study compared the surface agreement of seven 3D facial scanning configurations available on the Ukrainian market against a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-derived reference surface, reporting trueness-related surface-deviation metrics and acquisition time. Because only one participant was examined and no repeated acquisitions were obtained, the work is exploratory and does not establish device precision (repeatability) or population-level accuracy. A prospective comparative pilot acquisition was performed on one healthy adult volunteer at rest on a single day. Three radiopaque fiducial markers were placed over low-mobility sites (glabella, both temporal regions). A CBCT volume (Planmeca ProMax 3D Mid) was segmented in 3D Slicer (v5.10.0) to yield the reference soft-tissue surface. Seven configurations were assessed: Shining 3D MetiSmile, Creality CR-Scan Raptor Pro, Revopoint Miraco Pro, RAYFace Facial Scanner, Planmeca ProMax 3D ProFace, and Qlone Dental App (iPad and iPhone). In CloudCompare (v2.14.alpha), fiducial-based Point-Pairs registration was followed by Iterative Closest Point (ICP) alignment, and cloud-to-mesh (C2M) surface-deviation distances were computed. Only descriptive statistics were used. Across the evaluated low-mobility region, the structured-light devices showed sub-millimetre surface deviation, with Shining 3D MetiSmile and Creality CR-Scan Raptor Pro showing the smallest dispersion (RMSE 0.288 and 0.328 mm). RAYFace recorded the highest proportion of points within ≤ 2 mm (98.74%) and the shortest acquisition time (5 s). Revopoint Miraco Pro and Planmeca ProMax 3D ProFace showed larger but still sub-millimetre deviations. Qlone deviated markedly (iPad and iPhone), with its upper error range approaching the fixed computation limit, so its tail is under-represented. In this single volunteer and over rigid, low-mobility regions only, structured-light scanners showed closer agreement with the CBCT-derived surface than the smartphone photogrammetry application. Differences among the leading structured-light devices were within the expected uncertainty of the reference surface and should not be over-interpreted as a device ranking. These preliminary observations require confirmation in multi-subject, repeated-measures studies before any clinical recommendation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13473036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148725509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric assessment of the greater palatine foramen in a Saudi patient sample: a CBCT study.","authors":"Hussam M Alqahtani, Nasser M Almofarij, Raed Alsomali, Hani S AlMoharib, Wajdi A Mohammed","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00220-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00220-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The greater palatine foramen (GPF) is a critical anatomical landmark for palatal nerve block anesthesia, periodontal surgery, and soft tissue graft harvesting. Population-specific morphometric data are needed for safe clinical practice. However, standardized CBCT-based GPF morphometric data with reliability analysis are lacking for the Saudi population. This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated 68 CBCT scans of adult Saudi patients (18-65 years) from King Saud Dental University Hospital. Three primary variables were measured using Planmeca Romexis software: the distance from the GPF to the midline maxillary suture (GPF-MMS), the anteroposterior (AP) diameter, and the lateromedial (LM) diameter. Data were analyzed using R (version 4.5.3). Descriptive statistics, normality testing, and sex-based comparisons were performed. The mean GPF-MMS distance was 15.25 ± 1.26 mm (95% CI: 14.95-15.56). The mean AP diameter was 5.34 ± 0.97 mm (95% CI: 5.11-5.58), and the mean LM diameter was 2.43 ± 0.54 mm (95% CI: 2.30-2.56). All three measurements were significantly larger in males than females (GPF-MMS: p=0.003, d=0.820; AP: p=0.006, d=0.742; LM: p=0.005, r=0.341). Inter-rater reliability was excellent for GPF-MMS (ICC=0.920) and good for AP and LM diameters (ICC=0.808 and 0.873, respectively). GPF-MMS distance, AP diameter, and LM diameter in Saudi adults were 15.25 mm, 5.34 mm, and 2.43 mm, respectively. Males had significantly larger measurements across all three variables. Population-specific and sex-adjusted reference values should be applied when planning palatal nerve block anesthesia and soft tissue graft harvesting in Saudi patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13457822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148702327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional influences and clinical implications of psychological factors and oral health during orthodontic treatment.","authors":"Yuexin Guo, Boya Wang, Chaochao Ren, Shuzi Xin, Han Gao, Xiaohui Liu, Rongxuan Hua, Hongli Wang, Jiatong Zhao, Yi Wang, Weikai Shi, Xin Lu, Lei Gao, Song Li, Jingdong Xu","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00212-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00212-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Psychological factors such as anxiety and stress frequently affect orthodontic treatment outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To review evidence on how psychological factors influence orthodontic outcomes and to describe the biological pathways involved.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a narrative review of Web of Science and PubMed up to January 2025, including 102 peer-reviewed studies on orthodontics, psychology, oral microbiota, taste, and inflammatory markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Psychological factors affect orthodontic treatment through three pathways: First, nervous system activation (HPA axis and autonomic nervous system); Second, alterations in oral microbiota and salivary biomarkers (cortisol, α-amylase, s-IgA), and third, modulation of alveolar bone remodeling via pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8). Taste changes under stress may indirectly alter dietary habits and oral microbial ecology. Most evidence is cross-sectional, limiting causal inference.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Psychological factors significantly influence orthodontic outcomes via measurable biological mechanisms. Routine psychological assessment and patient education should be integrated into orthodontic practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13457837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148702231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color stability of CAD/CAM and additively manufactured resin materials: influence of surface treatment and layer thickness - an in vitro study.","authors":"Tina Willmen, Merle Lankenau, Meike Stiesch, Philipp-Cornelius Pott","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00217-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00217-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing establishment of digital workflows in dentistry has brought both subtractive CAD/CAM processes and additive manufacturing techniques for fixed dental restorations into focus. This in vitro study aimed to compare the color stability of a CAD/CAM nanohybrid composite with a ceramic-filled, additively manufactured resin and to investigate how surface treatment and layer thickness influence this stability. Each thirty rectangular specimens in two different thicknesses (0.5 and 1.0 mm) were fabricated from two materials: a CAD/CAM nanohybrid composite (Grandio blocs) and a ceramic-filled 3D-printing resin (Permanent Crown Resin). Specimens of each material were assigned to three surface conditions: untreated, polished, or glazed. To simulate clinically relevant discoloration, specimens were stored for 28 days with one half immersed in coffee. Spectrophotometric measurements were performed daily during the first week and on days 14, 21, and 28. Changes in color (ΔE) were calculated. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was performed. All experimental groups showed a time-dependent increase in color change relative to baseline during coffee storage, with the greatest increase occurring during the initial days. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the CAD/CAM nanohybrid composite showed more favorable color stability than the additively manufactured resin. Surface treatment generally improved color stability, with more consistent effects in the additively manufactured material than in the CAD/CAM composite. In addition, specimens with reduced layer thickness showed greater color changes than thicker specimens.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148632178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and user-centric evaluation of a clinical decision support website application for esthetic crown lengthening planning.","authors":"Mohamed Omar Elboraey, Mostafa I Fayad, Mohammed H AbdElaziz, Rayan Mohammedfarooq Meer, Abdullah Alqhtani","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00218-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00218-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A gummy smile and altered passive tooth eruption pose a facial aesthetic challenge. Esthetic Crown Lengthening [ECL] requires the precise integration of aesthetic principles [Golden Proportion] and periodontal diagnosis [Coslet Classification] to achieve optimal outcomes. The complexity of manual planning necessitates a standardized, objective approach. This study describes the development of a web-based Clinical Decision Support System [CDSS] for ECL planning. It evaluates user satisfaction and the perceived clinical utility of its diagnostic logic among dental professionals. A client-side web application, the \"Crown Lengthening Assistant,\" was developed using JavaScript to automate ECL planning based on five clinical inputs and Coslet 4 classes of altered tooth passive eruption (1 A, 2 A, 1B, and 2B). A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted among a convenience sample of dental professionals to evaluate user satisfaction and perceived accuracy using a 5-point Likert scale. A total of 63 dental professionals participated, with General Dentists [41.3%] and Periodontists [23.8%] forming the largest groups. The application received exceptionally high mean scores for design and presentation (4.78 ± 0.42) and high scores for clinical logical consistency and perceived analysis reliability (4.92 ± 0.27). Overall user satisfaction regarding the application's accuracy was documented at 92.1%. The developed CDSS effectively automates complex aesthetic and periodontal algorithms into a user-friendly digital tool. The high user satisfaction and perceived clinical utility among dental professionals suggest its potential as an effective aid for standardizing and improving the consistency of the planning process for esthetic crown lengthening.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148622148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical note: clinical observations of a modified BOPT protocol with advanced surface refinement.","authors":"Radan Kassab, Amal Hasan","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00216-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00216-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This uncontrolled prospective case series evaluated the 12-month biological and periodontal outcomes of a novel modified Biologically Oriented Preparation Technique (BOPT). This protocol specifically integrated piezoelectric subgingival finish-line refinement, subgingival mechanical polishing, and four-step ultra-polished zirconia restorations to optimize gingival thickness (GT), marginal positional stability, and peri-restorative tissue health. Four patients requiring fixed prostheses (totaling 35 teeth) were treated using this integrated modified BOPT framework. Following bulk tooth reduction, finish lines were refined using specialized piezoelectric ultrasonic tips and smoothed subgingivally with silicone points. The subgingival emergence profiles of definitive zirconia crowns were managed through a strict four-step ultra-polishing protocol. Periodontal variables-including GT changes across different baseline phenotypes, gingival margin stability, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and gingival stippling-were recorded at baseline, 1 week, 3, 6, and 12 months. At 12 months, stable gingival margins were maintained with no observable tissue recession across all monitored sites. A notable descriptive increase in GT occurred, particularly within the baseline thin phenotype group, which shifted from 0.59 ± 0.09 mm to 1.14 ± 0.23 mm. Furthermore, favorable soft-tissue responses were observed, characterized by minimal bleeding scores and a widespread clinical reappearance of gingival stippling at the 1-year follow-up interval. Within the study's limitations, this modified BOPT protocol demonstrated promising trends regarding soft-tissue thickening and short-term marginal stability. Integrating piezoelectric refinement with rigorous clinical and laboratory zirconia polishing protocols exhibits excellent biological integration and soft-tissue maturation. Incorporating piezoelectric finishing tools, subgingival silicone polishing, and meticulous zirconia ultra-polishing within a BOPT philosophy offers a tissue-friendly, biologically guided approach that effectively supports peri-restorative tissue harmony and phenotype stability around fixed restorations.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13415412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148608540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of patient characteristics and surgical techniques on short-to-mid-term outcomes of dental implant treatment: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Mohammed AlSarhan, Abdulrahman Ibrahim Alhilal, Abdulmohsen Abdulrahman Alhizam, Manal Eidan AlKenani","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00200-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00200-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This retrospective cohort study aimed to explore the relationships between patient characteristics and surgical techniques and radiographic marginal bone loss (MBL) and postoperative complications in individuals receiving dental implants. Electronic medical records (EMR) of adults (age ≥ 18 years) who received at least one dental implant between January 2015 and October 2023 and underwent radiographic evaluation at least 6 months after prosthesis insertion were reviewed. Patient-level variables included demographic, systemic, behavioral, and oral-hygiene characteristics, whereas implant-level variables included implant type, location, and grafting status. Analyses were primarily conducted at the implant level. The oral-hygiene status was retrospectively categorized based on EMR data. MBL was recorded dichotomously based on radiographic evidence of implant thread exposure. Descriptive statistics and exploratory bivariate analyses were performed using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, respectively. This study included 218 implants from 109 patients. Most implants were bone-level and placed in the native bone. Grafting was more frequently performed at caries-related sites and in patients with good oral hygiene. Older age was associated with poorer oral hygiene, whereas the education level and smoking status were not significantly associated with the oral-hygiene status. Radiographic MBL and postoperative complications were infrequent. Grafting status was not significantly associated with radiographic MBL. Within the limitations of this retrospective cohort study, good oral hygiene and surgical techniques were associated with favorable short-to-mid-term outcomes of implant treatment. Prospective studies with standardized follow-ups and calibrated radiographic assessments are required to clarify these relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13415707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148608610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital behavior management in pediatric dentistry: a bibliometric analysis (2000-2025).","authors":"Hülya Çerçi Akçay, Eda Sır","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00186-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00186-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to analyze global scientific trends in digital behavior management strategies in pediatric dentistry between 2000 and 2025. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection, including English-language articles and reviews published between 2000 and 2025. Performance indicators, collaboration networks, Bradford's Law, Lotka's Law, keyword co-occurrence, and thematic mapping were evaluated using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer. A total of 150 publications were identified, with scientific output increasing markedly after 2018. Audiovisual distraction, anxiety, and pain emerged as central themes, while virtual reality was identified as a motor theme with high centrality and density. India, the United States, and Saudi Arabia were the most productive countries. Research output was concentrated in leading pediatric dentistry journals, and author productivity suggested a fragmented but growing field. Overall, digital behavior management research has expanded substantially, with immersive technologies such as virtual reality becoming increasingly prominent. Future multicenter collaborations and standardized outcome measures may facilitate clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13385308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quercus persica lozenges versus placebo for reducing gag reflex severity in adult dental patients: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.","authors":"Atefeh Mohammadi, Mohsen Taghizadeh, Reza Hosseiniara, Hossien Akbari, Ameneh Taghdisi Kashani","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00207-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00207-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gag reflex is a common challenge during dental procedures, often impairing clinical performance and causing patient discomfort. While pharmacological interventions are commonly employed, they can lead to adverse effects or be poorly tolerated. Herbal alternatives with local mucosal activity have gained increasing attention as potentially safer adjuncts. Quercus persica (Persian oak), rich in tannins, exhibits astringent and mucosal-desensitizing properties that may contribute to reducing gag reflex sensitivity. To evaluate the efficacy of a Quercus persica extract lozenge in reducing gag reflex severity in adult dental patients. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 80 adult patients with a documented history of gag reflex were enrolled and equally allocated (1:1) into intervention and placebo groups (n = 40 each). Participants received either a 1-gram lozenge containing 200 mg of Quercus persica extract or an identical placebo. Gag reflex severity was assessed before and after intervention using a standardized 4-point ordinal scale across five intraoral regions. The primary outcome was the change in overall gag reflex score. Baseline demographic characteristics were comparable between the two groups. The Quercus persica group exhibited a significant reduction in overall gag reflex score (from 5.98 ± 2.26 to 1.38 ± 1.72; p = 0.001), in the placebo group (from 5.83 ± 2.01 to 5.10 ± 2.10; p = 0.002). Between-group comparison confirmed a significantly greater reduction in the intervention group (p < 0.001). Region-specific analysis revealed the greatest improvements in the soft palate and tonsillar regions, with mean reductions of 1.75 and 1.73 points, respectively (p < 0.001). Quercus persica lozenges were associated with a statistically significant reduction in gag reflex severity compared to placebo, particularly in highly sensitive intraoral regions. These findings suggest that Quercus persica may serve as a potential adjunctive approach for gag reflex management; however, conclusions should be interpreted with caution given the short-term assessment, and further studies are required to evaluate long-term efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13385299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of tobacco use with periodontal status and salivary biomarkers (thiocyanate and pH) among construction workers: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Praneetha Rani, Shivaprasad, Abhijith Shetty, Shilpa Levingston","doi":"10.1007/s44445-026-00215-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-026-00215-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to assess and compare the periodontal status, salivary thiocyanate levels and salivary pH among non-tobacco users, smoked tobacco users and smokeless tobacco users. A cross-sectional investigation was carried out on 75 construction workers from active construction sites in Mangalore, Karnataka, India, aged 20-60 years. Participants were categorized into three groups: individuals with no tobacco habit, those consuming smoked tobacco, and those using smokeless tobacco. The periodontal condition of all subjects was evaluated with the WHO Oral Health Assessment Form (2013). Salivary thiocyanate concentration was estimated with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 447 nm, whereas salivary pH was measured using a digital pH meter. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 19.0). To compare variations among the groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, followed by Tukey's post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Gingival bleeding scores were elevated in smokeless tobacco users (100%) compared to smoked tobacco users (88%) and non-users (48%). Periodontal pockets > 6 mm were found in 84% of smoked tobacco users and 76% of smokeless tobacco users, while non-users had none. Mean salivary thiocyanate levels were significantly higher in smoked tobacco users (11.28 ± 1.23) than in smokeless users (7.67 ± 1.08) and non-users (4.26 ± 1.15) (p < 0.001). Salivary pH was lowest in smokeless tobacco users (6.18 ± 0.49), indicating a more acidic environment compared to smoked tobacco users (6.35 ± 0.54) and non-users (7.76 ± 0.45). Both smoked and smokeless tobacco use were associated with poorer periodontal parameters and altered salivary biomarkers among construction workers. Smoked tobacco users demonstrated higher salivary thiocyanate levels, while smokeless tobacco users exhibited lower salivary pH. These findings suggest that salivary biomarkers may reflect tobacco exposure and warrant further investigation regarding their relationship with periodontal disease severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13385283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}