Saudi Dental Journal最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the effect of different infant formulas on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation: an in-vitro study.","authors":"Homa Baninajarian, Arezoo Tahmourespour, Amirhossein Vedaei, Davood Ghasemi","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00014-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-025-00014-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Considering the increase in the prevalence of early childhood caries, the effect of various types of frequently consumed infant milk formulas on the development of Streptococcus mutans biofilm was examined. Three samples of cow's milk-based formula (Aptamil, Bebelac, Nan), two samples of soy-based formula (Biomil soy and Isomil soy), and three samples of formulas containing hydrolyzed proteins (Aptamil HA, Bebelac HA, Nan HA) were selected. After adding the formulas to the Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668) culture media, the degree of bacterial biofilm formation was explored by assessing the optical density (OD) of the Cristal Violet dye in the decolorizing solution using an ELISA reader device. The analysis of the data was conducted using independent sample T-tests, ANOVA, and subsequently Fisher's LSD test using SPSS 22 software. A statistically significant difference was observed in the average levels of biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans for the three types of understudy formulas (P < 0.001). In the presence of cow's milk-based formulas, the mean amount of biofilm formation was significantly greater than that of the soy-based (P = 0.003) and protein hydrolysate (P < 0.0001) formulas. However, no significant statistical difference was detected between the soy-based and protein hydrolysate formulas (P = 0.42). Aptamil exhibited the highest amount of biofilm formation with a mean OD of 1.81 whereas Aptamil HA showed the lowest amount of biofilm formation (OD = 0.61). The level of biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans when exposed to cow's milk-based formula was noted to be greater than that observed with the soy-based and protein hydrolysate formulas.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 4-6","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12126414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of fitting procedures on the marginal gap of all-ceramic crowns: an in vitro study.","authors":"Khalid A Alwazzan, Adeeb M Almotairi, Abdullah K Alwazzan, Faisal A Albesher, Feras E Tawhari, Nawaf A Alhumizi","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00015-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-025-00015-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marginal adaptation is a crucial determinant of dental restoration success, directly influencing longevity and clinical outcomes. This study investigated the impact of fitting procedures on the marginal adaptation of CAD/CAM-fabricated all-ceramic crowns. Eight extracted human molars were prepared for crown fabrication using standardized techniques. An impression was carried out for each specimen and poured with type IV dental stone, followed by the CAD/CAM-based design and fabrication of the crowns. Marginal gaps were measured at eight designated points on each specimen using a Hirox Digital Microscope, both before and after fitting procedures. Findings revealed a significant reduction in marginal gaps post-adjustment, with values ranging from 270.55 μm to 9.64 μm before the fitting procedure and 124.4 μm to 3.81 μm after fitting procedures. These results emphasize the efficacy and importance of fitting procedures in enhancing marginal fit, reducing gaps to clinically acceptable levels, and minimizing potential complications such as microleakage and secondary caries. The study highlights the critical role of fitting procedures in optimizing the marginal fit of CAD/CAM crowns, thereby improving their clinical performance and longevity.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 4-6","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12126432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silver diamine fluoride versus sodium fluoride varnish in the treatment of proximal caries in primary molars: A randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Afsoon Motallebi, Ali Karimi, Fatemeh Mazhari, Melika Hoseinzadeh","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00012-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-025-00012-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present randomized clinical trial with a split-mouth design investigated the effectiveness of 30% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) compared to 5% sodium flouride varnish (NaD) in arresting proximal caries in the primary molars of preschool-aged children. Forty-three children with contralateral initial proximal carious lesions on primary molars were included. Caries status at the baseline was recorded using clinical and radiographic indices. Lesions restricted to the enamel or the exterior third of dentin were included. A sufficient space was created between the contacts using elastic separators. Then, 5% NaF varnish and 30% SDF were randomly applied to either side of the mouth. Six months later, bitewing radiographs were obtained, and the post-intervention caries scores were compared with the baseline radiographs. Children's oral hygiene was recorded via a questionnaire. The findings indicated that the baseline and post-intervention caries status were comparable between the groups. The success rate of the SDF treatment (74.4%) and the NaF varnish (67.5%) was comparable. Baseline radiographic caries status was significantly related to the treatment result in the NaF group (p = 0.047). Dental flossing was significantly associated with the treatment result when SDF was used (p = 0.027). In conclusion, both fluoride-containing materials exhibited comparable efficacy in arresting early proximal caries lesions in primary molars. SDF 30% showed a higher but insignificant success rate in arresting initial proximal lesions of the primary molar compared to NaF 5% varnish.Trial registration: IRCT, IRCT20220425054647N1. Registered on 24 September 2022, https://en.irct.ir/trial/63168 .</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 4-6","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12089539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural nanoparticles versus the gold standard in direct pulp capping: a randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Dalia M Elasser, Sabah M Sobhy, Rania Rashad Omar Taha, Nevin A Gad, Dina M Abdel-Ghany","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00009-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44445-025-00009-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study compared the efficacy of nanopropolis and nanocurcumin as direct pulp-capping agents to that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in recently erupted permanent molars, assessing the clinical and radiographic outcomes over six months. Thirty six permanent molars were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 12 each): MTA (control), nanopropolis and nanocurcumin. The study followed a double-blind design. Clinical and radiological evaluations assessed pain, percussion sensitivity and swelling preoperatively and one week, three months and six months afterwards. At one week, the nanocurcumin group showed significantly higher pain levels than the MTA and nanopropolis groups. The pain scores equalised by three months and remained stable until six months in all groups. Percussion sensitivity and swelling occurred in 8.3% of cases in the MTA group, 25% in the nanopropolis group and 16.7% in the nanocurcumin group. Nanopropolis and nanocurcumin provided clinical and radiographic outcomes comparable to MTA in direct pulp capping of recently erupted permanent molars. While MTA showed slightly superior attributes, the natural nanomaterials present viable alternatives. This study supports the potential use of bioactive nanomaterials derived from natural sources in vital pulp therapy, though longer-term investigations are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 4-6","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rubric system for the evaluation of root canal treatment of single canal tooth performed by preclinical dental students: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Ahmad Jabali, Riyadh Alroomy, Mohammed Mashyakhy, Hashim Bajawi, Ahmed Abdullah Al Malwi, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00008-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-025-00008-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study aims to investigate the utilization of an analytic rubric system to assess the performance of preclinical dental students in executing root canal treatment for a single canal maxillary anterior tooth. An analytic rubric comprising three parameters was developed for the preparation of root canal treatment of single canal maxillary anterior tooth by 34 fourth-year dental students (17 males and 17 females) in a preclinical endodontic course. Three examiners independently assessed the students' performance on access cavities, cleaning and shaping, and obturation using a 5-point scale. The total scores were calculated out of 15 points. The reliability of the rubric was confirmed using the ICC (intraclass correlation coefficient). Pearson correlation analysis was employed to measure the association between grade point average (GPA) and gender with the outcome of single canal root canal treatment and overall rubric scores from different examiners. All the students received an excellent (4/5) rating on all parameters, with no significant differences in overall rubric grading between genders (p-value 0.797). The interexaminer reliability assessed using the Kappa test revealed good to high reliability for access cavity and obturation but low reliability for cleaning and shaping. Meanwhile, the intraexaminer reliability evaluated using ICC was excellent, with values of over 0.60 for all the measured parameters. A significant correlation was observed between the GPA and the overall rubric scores from two examiners. This study found no significant gender differences in performance for root canal treatment of a single canal tooth during the preclinical endodontic phase, with an excellent rating achieved for all the parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 1-3","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the trends of Peer-reviewed Research on Osseodensification.","authors":"Hussam M Alqahtani, Ikram Haq, Nasser Almofarej","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00004-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-025-00004-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An innovative biomechanical procedure for preparing bone for dental implant placement is called osseodensification. The current study evaluated the bibliometric attributes of the research performance on osseodensification. We utilized the osseodensification database that we obtained from the Scopus, Web of science, PubMed, ScienceDriect, and Cochrane Library databases to perform retrospective bibliometric study. The data was searched during April 16, 2024, with the search term \"Versah\" OR \"Densah\" OR \"Osseodensification\". We identified 114 records on the Scopus database, 88 records on Web of Science, 90, 54 and 62 records on PubMed, ScienceDirect and Cochrane Library, respectively. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, removed the duplicate and irrelevant records (n = 286), and 122 articles were considered for analysis. The year of publications with citations, publishing channels, top contributing countries, institutions, authors, authorship patterns and the attributes of top-10 most cited articles were quantified from the bibliometric parameters of the articles. For the data analysis, Microsoft Excel (v.16) software (Redmond, Washington) was applied. A bibliometric analysis of 122 osseodensification research articles published between 2016 and 2024 revealed key trends. The United States was the leading contributor, followed by Brazil and Italy. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants (n = 9) and Implant Dentistry (n = 74.20 citations/article) were the most prolific journals. While the United States had the highest number of articles (n = 46), Romania demonstrated the highest citation impact per article (27.80 citations/article). Collaboration between institutions, particularly between two, was associated with the highest citations. Most authors contributed to a single article, with an average of nearly five authors (4.79) per article. Rodrigo Neiva was identified as the most prolific author. The top 10 most-cited articles accounted for almost half (48.56%) of all citations. Osseodensification is a potential procedure in implant dentistry with promising prospects for improving implant success rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 1-3","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial effects of rosella petal extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in mouthwash formulation against Streptococcus sanguinis and Porphyromonas gingivalis Biofilms: An in vitro study.","authors":"Trijani Suwandi, Mikha Sundjojo, Caesary Cloudya Panjaitan, Evangelista Rachel Hepziba, Tirza Oktarina Setiabudi","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00007-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-025-00007-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Periodontal disease is an oral health problem, a global concern according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2016 indicates that severe periodontal disease ranks 11^th in global prevalence and is expected to rise. Periodontal disease, caused by bacterial plaque, is a leading cause of tooth loss, impacting mastication, aesthetics, and quality of life. Plaque, a biofilm of microorganisms, triggers a chronic inflammatory response leading to dysbiosis and clinical disease. Microorganisms like Streptococcus sanguinis and Porphyromonas gingivalis play a crucial role in forming periodontal biofilm, with virulence factors that damage tissues. While chlorhexidine gluconate is effective in removing biofilm, it has long-term side effects. Therefore, natural ingredient-based mouthwashes are being researched. Rosella flower petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) have antibacterial properties inhibiting S. sanguinis and P. gingivalis. They also exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Previous studies found Rosella extract effective in inhibiting biofilm formation of these bacteria compared to chlorhexidine, but its effects in mouthwash formulations are unstudied. The phytochemical, organoleptic, pH, viscosity, antibiofilm activity of various mouthwash formulations containing Rosella petals extract has been evaluated. Rosella extract showed significant antibiofilm activity against both bacteria. The formulations maintained acceptable organoleptic properties, stable pH levels, and consistent viscosity. Higher Rosella concentrations correlated with increased effectiveness. Rosella extract is a promising natural ingredient for mouthwash, providing effective therapeutic antibiofilm activity against periodontal pathogens better than chlorhexidine. Further research is recommended to optimize formulation and assess long-term benefits and safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 1-3","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of shear bond strength and debonding characteristics of bioactive versus conventional orthodontic adhesives: An in-vitro study.","authors":"Kawthar Bukhari, Rawan Alaydaa, Rana Alhazmi, Abdulaziz Alharbi, Omar Alahmadi, Muhammad Zafar, Asim Almarhoumi","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00002-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-025-00002-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adhesives are essential for attaching orthodontic brackets to the tooth surface and ensuring safe removal during debonding. ACTIVA™ BioACTIVE-Restorative (ABR) is a bioactive composite with potential advantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of ACTIVA™ BioACTIVE-Restorative (ABR) with conventional adhesives, including Transbond XT™ (TXT) and Orthocem™ (OC). A total of 51 human maxillary premolars were distributed randomly into three groups (n = 17). Each group was bonded with one adhesive following the manufacturer's protocols. Then were subjected to 5000 thermocycles to simulate oral conditions. SBS was measured using a universal testing machine, and ARI scores were visually analysed under magnification. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and chi-squared tests, with a 0.05 level of significance. Mean SBS values were 11.26 MPa, 12.52 MPa, and 12.96 MPa for ABR, TXT, and OC, respectively, with no significant differences (p = 0.513). ARI analysis revealed significant differences (p = 0.009) as ABR predominantly exhibited ARI 3 scores, indicating no adhesive remnants on enamel. In contrast, TXT and OC groups showed higher adhesive retention. ABR demonstrated shear bond strength comparable to conventional adhesives, meeting the clinical thresholds for orthodontic use. But demonstrated more complete adhesive failure in the enamel-adhesive interface rather than cohesive failure within the adhesive material like in TXT and OC.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 1-3","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolvin E1 and calvarial defects in rats: a comprehensive histological analysis.","authors":"Sara Alrumaih, Nouf Alshibani, Rita Khounganian, Fahad A Alshehri, Eman Allam, Reem Alkattan","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00003-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-025-00003-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone loss, linked with numerous oral conditions such as periodontal diseases and periimplantitis, poses a significant challenge for dental clinicians. The current study evaluated the in vivo effects of local application of Resolvin E1 (RvE1) on bone regeneration in critical size calvarial defects in rats. Thirty female Wistar rats with 5 mm induced calvarial defects were randomly allocated into four groups: no treatment (negative control, n = 5), treatment using bovine bone grafts (positive control, n = 5), treatment using local delivery of RvE1 (n = 11) and treatment using RvE1 mixed with bovine bone graft (n = 9). After 12 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the calvarial defects with the adjacent tissues were sectioned en-bloc and prepared for histological examination. A comprehensive qualitative and quantitative histological examination was performed to assess bone regeneration and its relation to the defect, the presence of remnant bone and RvE1 particles, the integration of the native bone with the newly formed bone, bone density and bony trabeculae, the inflammatory reaction, the connective tissue bridging in the defect, and the encapsulating fibrous tissue. Signs of neovascularization, increased cellularity, lack of the organized lamellated appearance of mature bone, disorganized arrangement of osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts were also assessed. Comparisons of the quantitative values between all studied groups indicated statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in all parameters except for the increased cellularity and granulation tissue. Histological findings indicate that RvE1 with adjunct bone graft significantly enhanced the bone formation compared to RvE1 or bovine graft alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 1-3","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microcracks induced by XP-endo retreatment system in root canals filled with bioceramic sealer: A micro-computed tomographic analysis.","authors":"Sarah M Alkahtany","doi":"10.1007/s44445-025-00001-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44445-025-00001-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Limited research has explored the impact of retreatment on dentinal microcracks in root canals filled with bioceramic (BC) sealer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare microcrack formation during the removal of BC sealer using the XP-endo Retreatment (XPER) and ProTaper Universal Retreatment (PTUR) systems, employing micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for detailed analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty human mandibular premolars with single roots were selected, cleaned, shaped, and obturated with gutta-percha and TotalFill BC sealer using the single-cone technique. After random assignment into Group 1 (PTUR system) and Group 2 (XPER system), pre-treatment micro-CT scans were done. Post-retreatment micro-CT scans were then obtained. Microcracks were quantified before and after retreatment, and statistical analysis was done using Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests (p ≤ 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Insignificant differences in microcrack formation were observed between the XPER and PTUR groups. While the PTUR system showed a 15% increase in microcrack formation, this change was insignificant. In contrast, after retreatment, the XPER system demonstrated a significant 45% increase in microcracks. This increase was consistent across all root levels, with the middle third showing a significantly higher number of microcracks than the apical third. Most microcracks result from the propagation of pre-existing cracks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The XPER system resulted in more microcracks than the PTUR system, although the difference was not statistically significant. Most microcracks observed after retreatment were propagated from pre-existing cracks, indicating that retreatment primarily exacerbates existing microcracks rather than creating new ones.</p>","PeriodicalId":47246,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Dental Journal","volume":"37 1-3","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}