Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica最新文献

{"title":"ABA-based teacher training reduces emotional and behavioral problems in Brazilian children.","authors":"Rayra Santos de Souza, Patrícia Moraes Cabral, Carolina Kulcsar Caravieri, Maria Clara Souza Neder, Maria Cristina Triguero Veloz Teixeira","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00385-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-026-00385-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: COVID-19 containment measures have led to an increase in emotional and behavioral problems (EBP) in children. Studies show positive effects of interventions with teacher training in reducing EBP in children. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to implement and verify the effects of an online ABA-based teacher training program on prosocial behaviors and EBP in students returning to in-person classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Participants included 345 parents/caregivers of 2nd and 3rd grade elementary school students and their 37 teachers, divided into a control group (CG) and an intervention group (IG). Teachers in the IG received online ABA-based training focused on EBP and prosocial behaviors contents, while those in the CG were exposed to reading strategies contents. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (parents and teachers), sociodemographic and socioeconomic questionnaires, and checklists to monitor strategies used by teachers were used. RESULTS: The results showed that parents in the IG perceived a decrease in EBP, with statistically significant results in conduct problems (p=0.046) and hyperactivity (p=0.039), while teachers perceived a reduction in hyperactivity (p=0.007) and emotional problems (p=0.043) in the post-intervention (Time 2). The greater the use of ABA-based strategies by teachers, the lower the occurrence of EBPs among students (r=-0.31). No significant reductions in EBP were observed in the CG. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that online ABA-based teacher training is a low-cost intervention that has produced positive effects in promoting students' mental health, including reducing EBP and improving students' prosocial behavior. </p>","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social support and life-threatening behavior in online psychotherapy patients: a possible \"pulling-together effect\" during COVID-19.","authors":"Cleonice Zatti, Neusa Sica da Rocha","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00384-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-026-00384-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: The “pulling-together effect” has been widely studied in the context of large-scale crises, such as wars, natural disasters, epidemics, and pandemics. This study was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021 and suggests a possible association with this effect, as this period may represent one of the most intense phases of the pulling-together effect ever studied in the context of global catastrophes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association between life-threatening behavior and satisfaction with social relationships in online psychotherapy patients, which may be related to the pulling-together effect and the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: The clinical sample was composed mostly of females (80%), aged from 21 to 30 years. Patients were selected from the psychotherapy services of five major hospitals in Porto Alegre, a state capital in southern Brazil. RESULTS: Preliminary results indicated that 41 individuals (44%) had some form of life-threatening behavior, and 62 (66%) rated their satisfaction with personal relationships as satisfactory or indifferent. After adjustment for other variables—gender, skin-color, and marital status—satisfaction with social relationships showed a protective effect, reducing life-threatening behavior by 29% (95%CI: 0.59–0.86, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that satisfaction with social relationships was protective against suicidal behavior in the early stages of the pandemic. In this sample, we identified a possible association with the pulling-together effect. </p>","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13057070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Men's social representations of the body across age groups.","authors":"Ariane Franco Lopes Da Silva","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00386-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-026-00386-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: This study looks at how men of different ages represent their bodies through verbal and visual modalities and explores their aspirations for their bodies in the future. Drawing on the perspective of social representations, it highlights how culture, tradition, and personal experience shape perceptions of the body. Understanding these representations is important, as they influence how people think about and relate to their bodies. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to map out everyday beliefs and social representations about the body produced by young and middle-aged men and observe their connections with health and well-being. The study also examines how men anticipate bodily changes over the life course, and which physical attributes are considered most ideal and valued. METHODS: Using a mixed-method approach, the study explores bodily representations through word associations, and drawing techniques. A total of 112 men from Brazil aged 18 to 50 participated in this study. Group 1 consists of 68 men aged 18 to 25 and Group 2 consists of 44 men aged 26 to 50. The software Evoc (2000) was used to analyse data from the word association, while content and image analysis techniques were applied to examine textual and visual data from the image-based tasks. RESULTS: The results show patterns in body-representations as well as unique and diverse perspectives on body, well-being, and health. They also highlight both adherence to norms and conventions and ongoing shifts in traditional views about the male body. CONCLUSION: Different age groups integrate cultural norms and personal life experiences in distinct ways. The study contributes to the literature on age-related differences in men’s body-representations and explores their possible implications for health related behaviour, and body maintenance protocols. </p>","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13013879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intercultural Scale on Conceptions of Disability: a cross-cultural validation.","authors":"Lúcia Pereira Leite, Gisele Magarotto Machado","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00379-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-026-00379-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>OBJECTIVE: Our study investigates the cross-cultural validation of the Intercultural Scale on Conceptions of Disability (ISCD), which measures how disability is perceived across three dimensions: biological, social, and metaphysical. METHODS: The research involved 5,544 undergraduate and graduate students from Brazil, Portugal, and Spain. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the scale’s three-factor structure in each country. Measurement invariance was also tested to ensure that the scale measures conceptions of disability equivalently across all cultural contexts. RESULTS: The dates showed that the ISCD's three-factor structure demonstrated a good fit in all locations, confirming the multidimensional nature of disability conceptions. Additionally, measurement invariance was established, indicating that the instrument's parameters were consistent across countries. Significant differences were found between countries in all three conceptions. The study also provides normative data for interpreting the ISCD scores, which is crucial for future research and applications in diverse contexts. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the ISCD is a valid instrument for assessing disability conceptions across different cultures, offering valuable insights for developing inclusive policies and interventions that consider the social and cultural dimensions of disability. </p>","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13038782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147460559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of artificial intelligence-generated self-images on children's body image development: a cross-sectional study in Mexico.","authors":"Francisco López López, Karen Jiménez Arriaga, David Aaron Miranda García","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00378-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-026-00378-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Generative artificial intelligence (G-AI) has transformed children’s digital environments through tools that alter self-image using idealized filters and avatars. Early exposure to these technologies poses psychological risks, particularly regarding body perception during sensitive developmental stages. Objective To analyze the psychological effects of exposure to Generative Artificial Intelligence self-images on the body image development of Mexican children aged 6 to 12 years. Methods A quantitative, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 302 children. Standardized scales were used to assess body satisfaction, G-AI exposure, and parental mediation. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and multiple linear regression were performed. Results A significant negative correlation was found between G-AI use and body satisfaction (r = -0.42, p < .001), while parental mediation showed a positive association (r = 0.31, p < .01). Multiple regression analysis confirmed both G-AI exposure and parental mediation as significant predictors of body satisfaction (adjusted R2 = 0.18). Three user profiles were identified based on exposure level, body esteem, and adult supervision. Conclusion Frequent use of G-AI can negatively impact children's body image, especially without parental mediation, highlighting the need for preventive educational and family-based strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13018490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147356906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reassessing Baumrind's framework: a systematic review of cultural adaptations and emerging parenting patterns in diverse societies.","authors":"Ajeng Ayu Widiastuti, Adi Atmoko, Nur Eva, Domingos Soares","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00382-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-026-00382-5","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Diana Baumrind's parenting style framework, based on the dimensions of responsiveness and demandingness, has long served as a cornerstone in developmental psychology. However, its assumed universality is increasingly questioned in light of cross-cultural evidence showing that cultural, socioeconomic, and contextual factors profoundly shape parenting practices and outcomes. In collectivistic societies such as Javanese culture, values like rukun (harmony), nrimo (acceptance), and tut wuri handayani (guiding from behind) foster parenting approaches that integrate authority with care in ways that challenge Western categorizations, particularly the idealization of authoritative parenting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This systematic literature review aims to critically evaluate the limitations of Baumrind's parenting typology in diverse cultural contexts and to explore emerging, culturally responsive models that better capture the complexity and adaptability of parenting across societies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A comprehensive synthesis was conducted of 37 peer-reviewed studies published between 1966 and 2025, identified through systematic searches in databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Studies were selected based on relevance to cross-cultural parenting, methodological rigor, and theoretical contribution. Thematic analysis and critical appraisal were employed to identify patterns, discrepancies, and innovations in parenting research.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Findings reveal that Baumrind's four-category model-authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful-fails to account for the contextual adaptability and cultural specificity of parenting behaviors. In collectivistic settings such as African American, Asian, Arab, and Latin American communities, authoritarian and indulgent parenting styles are often associated with positive child outcomes, contradicting Western-centric assumptions. Latent profile analysis has further uncovered novel parenting patterns-such as controlling-indulgent, absent, and ambiguous styles-that fall outside the traditional typology. Emerging frameworks grounded in Self-Determination Theory, emotion coaching, positive discipline, and gentle parenting emphasize autonomy support, emotional attunement, and non-coercive guidance, offering more dynamic and culturally sensitive alternatives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Parenting is not a fixed set of behaviors but a fluid, reciprocal, and contextually embedded process. This review calls for a paradigmatic shift from rigid typologies to dynamic, universalist models toward ecologically valid, culturally grounded approaches or models that recognize the diversity of family systems and developmental goals. Future research must prioritize the development of culturally adaptive instruments and theories, especially in underrepresented regions like Java, to advance a more inclusive, equita","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13000038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147318443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and initial validation of the toxic personality scale: exploring reliability, structure, and convergent validity.","authors":"Abdulselami Sarigül, Mehmet Emin Turan, Abdulmohsen Mohammed Abdullah Alkhulayfi, Juan Gómez-Salgado, Murat Yıldırım","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00383-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-026-00383-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Toxic personality traits, which encompass behaviours and attitudes that negatively impact interpersonal relationships and personal well-being, have gained increasing attention in psychological research. However, a significant gap remains in developing reliable and culturally relevant measures to assess these traits. OBJECTIVE: This study addressed a research gap by developing a new measure for determining toxic personality traits, the Toxic Personality Scale (TPS), and evaluating its reliability and validity across two samples of young Turkish adults. METHODS: To develop the scale, two studies were conducted. Study 1 included 389 undergraduate students (78.66% male, 21.34% female) aged 18 to 48 years (M = 21.45, SD = 4.16). Study 2 involved 158 participants (72.78% female, 27.22% male) aged 18 to 35 years (M = 21.28, SD = 2.62). Participants completed the TPS and the Short Dark Triad through an online survey. RESULTS: The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the TPS scale was unidimensional, with six items demonstrating a good internal consistency reliability estimate. The TPS also showed a significant positive relationship with the measure of narcissism. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the TPS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing toxic personality traits. These results support the TPS as a valuable instrument for use in both research and clinical settings to better understand and identify toxic personality traits in individuals. </p>","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12992778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146229021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screen exposure and social cognition: examining the relationships between screen time, smartphone addiction, internet addiction, and theory of mind components in adolescents.","authors":"Didem Sain, Hasan Demirci, Yıldız Bilge","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00381-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-026-00381-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AIM: Although there are a limited number of studies investigating the relationship between smartphones, internet addiction, and theory of mind (ToM) in adolescents, the effect of screen exposure on ToM is not well understood. This study aims to examine whether the components of ToM in adolescents are affected by screen exposure. METHODS: The study sample comprised 293 students (164 females and 129 males) aged between 14 and 17 years. Data collection instruments included a Sociodemographic Data Form and an 11-item screen exposure instrument designed by the researchers. Additionally, the students were administered valid and reliable Turkish adaptations of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Young Internet Addiction Test-Short Form (YIAT-SF), the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), and the Dokuz-Eylül Theory of Mind Scale (DEToMS). Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 software package. The statistical analyses employed included independent samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and mediation analysis using Model 4 of the PROCESS macro. RESULTS: A significant but weak negative relationships was found between screen exposure and ToM components (for RMET r = -0.14, for DEToMS r = -0.19). There was a significant negative relationship between smartphone addiction and internet addiction and the ability to read minds from eyes (r = -0.017 and r = -0.015, respectively), but no significant relationship was found with other ToM skills. Screen time was found to mediate the relationship between social cognition and both smartphone and internet addiction. However, the indirect effect of screen time on smartphone addiction (18%) was found to be stronger than its effect on internet addiction (10%). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that excessive screen exposure has a detrimental impact on social cognition. The observed association between smartphone and internet addiction and deficits in emotion recognition underscores the importance of interventions to enhance adolescents’ social interactions and mitigate the negative impact on ToM abilities. In this context, structured strategies, such as limiting screen time and implementing social skills training to improve emotion recognition, may be considered feasible interventions for educators and mental health professionals. </p>","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12963562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146214475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial risk and protective factors in school victimization: an explanatory model in adolescents.","authors":"Esperanza Vargas Jiménez, Sara Paola Pérez-Ramos, Remberto Castro Castañeda","doi":"10.1186/s41155-025-00376-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-025-00376-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>School victimization during adolescence is a multidimensional phenomenon that affects psychological well-being and social development. Understanding its underlying factors is essential for designing effective preventive strategies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to analyze school victimization in adolescents from a psychosocial perspective, proposing an explanatory model that integrates individual variables (psychological distress, life satisfaction, and resilience) and social variables (community social support).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The total of participants was 1,687 adolescents (46% male, 54% female) aged 12-17 years (M = 13.65, SD = 1.14), from 13 schools in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Psychological distress is positively associated with school victimization, while life satisfaction is negatively associated. Furthermore, community social support and resilience were found to indirectly influence school victimization through life satisfaction and, negatively, through psychological distress. Multigroup analysis revealed differences in victimization dynamics by gender, although the model is invariant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings highlight the importance of adopting a multidimensional perspective in understanding and addressing school victimization. Promoting resilience and strengthening community social support could reduce the risk of victimization and improve students' psychological well-being. These results have practical implications for the development of comprehensive prevention and intervention strategies in school settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":"39 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12872993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146120450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Turkish version of the Phobic Stimuli Response Scales.","authors":"Esef Ercüment Yerlikaya, Meryem Dedeler","doi":"10.1186/s41155-026-00380-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41155-026-00380-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: The current literature lacks measurement tools that cover all subtypes of specific phobias. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to adapt the Phobic Stimuli Response Scales (PSRS) into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: 399 university students (308 females, 77.2%; 91 males, 22.8%) aged between 18 and 53 years (M = 21.80, SD = 3.93) filled out the PSRS, Fear Survey Schedule-II, and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) online. 108 participants took part in the test-retest study 15 days after the first application. RESULTS: According to confirmatory factor analysis, model fit indices (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.07, and SRMR = 0.07) showed that the Turkish form of the scale consisted of 46 items and five factors (Blood-Injection, Bodily Harm, Social, Animal, and Physical Confinement) as in the original. Its correlations with other scales showed its convergent and discriminant validity. The reliability analyses indicate that the scale demonstrates internal consistency (α = 0.78 for Bodily Harm, 0.85 for Physical Confinement, 0.88 for Social, 0.86 for Animal, 0.90 for Blood-Injection, and 0.94 for the total score) and test-retest reliability. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the Turkish PSRS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing responses to various fears in research and practical applications. </p>","PeriodicalId":46901,"journal":{"name":"Psicologia-Reflexao E Critica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12950129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146087504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}