Pierre-Yves Méchin, Anastasia Borras, Vincent Keryvin
{"title":"Influence of Microstructure Randomness on the Shear Behaviour and Compressive Strength of Continuous Carbon Fibre Composites","authors":"Pierre-Yves Méchin, Anastasia Borras, Vincent Keryvin","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10230-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10230-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Axial compressive strength is a key design parameter for CFRP structures. One of its limiting factors is the non-linear shear behaviour of the unidirectional ply. We investigate the estimation of this behaviour from those of its constituents by computational homogenisation with an hexagonal unit cell and different random microstructures with smooth and clustered fibre distributions. A random microstructure without clusterings predicts the shear modulus most closely. However, the modelled shear responses converge at higher loadings so that an hexagonal model is sufficient to estimate the non-linear shear behaviour and in turn give accurate estimations of measured compressive strength.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 4","pages":"1173 - 1189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clemens Schmidt-Eisenlohr, Heinz Voggenreiter, Michael Kupke
{"title":"Experimental Method to Determine the Draping Behavior of Auxiliary Materials for the Vacuum Bagging of CFRP Parts on Doubled-Curved Surfaces","authors":"Clemens Schmidt-Eisenlohr, Heinz Voggenreiter, Michael Kupke","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10229-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10229-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The production costs of aircraft primary structures made of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) are significantly higher than for comparable metal-based structures. Today substantial effort is made to achieve a sufficient reproducibility and parts’ quality in manufacturing processes of CFRP structures. Especially the sub process vacuum bagging for infusion processes is still expensive. One of the reasons is the complex positioning of the flexible auxiliary materials which have to be stacked on the preform. During the positioning on doubled-curved surfaces these materials tend to form wrinkles, which can lead to defects of the composite part. Yet, a defined description of the wrinkling behavior of the auxiliary materials on doubled-curved surfaces does not exist. In this work a characterization of the wrinkling behavior on doubled-curved surfaces is investigated for the auxiliary materials of the Vacuum Assisted infusion Process (VAP<sup>®</sup>): release film, perforated peel ply, flow media, membrane and vacuum foil. Therefore, an experimental test method is derived similar to established hemisphere deformation test methods. The wrinkling behavior for the specific VAP auxiliary materials is empirically determined on differently curved surface geometries. It is shown that the draping behavior can be characterized by partial wrinkle-free surfaces between the wrinkles. A material specific threshold is derived to determine the appearance of wrinkles. The work shows that a characterization of the draping behavior of auxiliary materials on doubled-curved surfaces is possible. With the gained knowledge the potential for an increase of the vacuum bagging reproducibility is given.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 4","pages":"1219 - 1235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10443-024-10229-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of New Composite Materials for Marine Applications","authors":"Peter Davies","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10232-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10232-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fibre reinforced composites are widely used in marine structures, from small boats to tidal turbines. However, there are some specific features of the marine environment, notably continuous contact with seawater and hydrostatic pressure loading, which require special attention during material selection and design. This paper first describes test procedures developed over the last 30 years to address these conditions in order to identify and validate lifetime prediction models. Surface vessels and underwater applications are discussed. Then, considerations for future applications are described, with particular emphasis on sustainability and environmental impact.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 6","pages":"1933 - 1954"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10443-024-10232-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140827782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changzi Wang, Xiaofei Cui, Yufeng Jiang, Lingjun Xie, Wentao He
{"title":"Mechanical Response and Failure Mechanism of AFRP-repaired Corroded CHS Tubes Under Axial Compression","authors":"Changzi Wang, Xiaofei Cui, Yufeng Jiang, Lingjun Xie, Wentao He","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10222-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10222-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Corrosion-induced defects, extensive and unavoidable in marine structures, pose significant threats to structural integrity and safety. This study aims to assess mechanical response and investigate the failure mechanism of composite-repaired circular hollow section (CHS) steel tubes. A feasibility analysis is conducted through verifying the axial compression performance of a uniformly corroded tube and an Aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP) strengthened perfect tube. Subsequently, mechanical responses of the corroded and AFRP-repaired tubes are studied, accompanied by parametric studies to comprehensively evaluate the influence of corrosion region, and the depths and densities of corrosion pits. Consequently, critical damage modes of the AFRP patches are explored using a user-defined material subroutine developed based on Hashin failure and Yeh delamination damage criteria. Numerical predictions indicate that composite patches improve the structural residual strength, but not necessarily enhance the structural ductility under diverse failure patterns. In addition, AFRP patches contribute to improving the overall structural load-bearing capacity by alleviating local buckling or regional collapse. Moreover, fiber compression damage emerges as the dominant mode. Premature failure of putty agent initiates stress concentration, intensifies subcritical damage, aggravates critical damage, and expedites final failure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 4","pages":"1413 - 1440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140655084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mengyuan Li, Chris Stokes-Griffin, John Holmes, Silvano Sommacal, Paul Compston
{"title":"A Comparison of Internal Mandrel Designs for Rotary Draw Bend Forming of Carbon-fibre/Thermoplastic (PA6) Tubular Structures","authors":"Mengyuan Li, Chris Stokes-Griffin, John Holmes, Silvano Sommacal, Paul Compston","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10234-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10234-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic tubular structures can be post-formed into desired curvatures via rotary draw bending (RDB) at elevated temperatures. During this process, a rigid internal mandrel is required to support the walls of the tubes to maintain their ovality and minimise unwanted geometrical distortions. This paper investigates four internal mandrel designs for post-forming carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (CF/PA6) thermoplastic tubes. Mandrel designs include silicone rod, bullet, wire, and coil spring, were evaluated through RDB-forming experiments with [± 60°]<sub>4</sub> CF/PA6 tubes formed to 90° bends. The designs were evaluated for their effectiveness on minimising distortions resulted from induced stresses during post-forming by measuring the post-formed tube diameter and extrados strains. The mandrel designs were also evaluated for their usability when integrated into the RDB process. Results from optical measurements and micro-computed tomography showed the spring mandrel outperformed others, producing tubes with the least geometrical distortions and no defects during the forming process. As compared to other designs, the spring mandrel is a reusable unibody design that is easy to assemble and remove from the tubes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 4","pages":"1259 - 1273"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10443-024-10234-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140657555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance Optimization of Sol-Derived C/Mullite Composites by Reducing the Sintering Shrinkage of Mullite Matrix","authors":"Wei Zhang, Qingsong Ma, Kuanhong Zeng, Weiguo Mao","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10227-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10227-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>C/Mullite composites were fabricated through sol impregnation-drying-heating (SIDH) route using the sol with a high solid content in our previous work, and the composites showed desirable performance. However, it was found that thermal stress caused by sintering shrinkage of mullite matrix is one of the main factors leading to the performance regression of the composites. In present study, the sintering characteristic of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub> sol was modified to reduce the thermal stress caused by the sintering shrinkage of mullite matrix, optimizing the performance of the composites. The results showed that the sintering shrinkage of mullite matrix was reduced about 25% after heat treatment at 1600ºC by modifying the sintering characteristic of sol, resulting in that the thermal stress caused by sintering shrinkage of mullite matrix was reduced effectively. Therefore, the strength, modulus and fracture work of the composites were increased by about 19.4%, 24.5% and 24.9% to 318.4 MPa, 62.0 GPa and 6958 J/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Furthermore, thermal stability of the composites was also improved obviously in Ar and vacuum environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 4","pages":"1441 - 1455"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shadab Anwar Shaikh, M. F. N. Taufique, Kranthi Balusu, Shank S. Kulkarni, Forrest Hale, Jonathan Oleson, Ram Devanathan, Ayoub Soulami
{"title":"Correction: Finite Element Analysis and Machine Learning Guided Design of Carbon Fiber Organosheet-Based Battery Enclosures for Crashworthiness","authors":"Shadab Anwar Shaikh, M. F. N. Taufique, Kranthi Balusu, Shank S. Kulkarni, Forrest Hale, Jonathan Oleson, Ram Devanathan, Ayoub Soulami","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10228-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10228-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 5","pages":"1495 - 1495"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140681637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tensile Creep Performance of PVC Flexible Composites Reinforced With Aramid Warp-Knitted Fabrics From Various Architectures","authors":"Wenya Yin, Ziyu Zhao, Lifeng Wang, Pibo Ma","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10226-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10226-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper aims to investigate the tensile creep behavior of PVC flexible composites reinforced with various aramid warp-knitted fabrics (PCRAWF). The tensile creep test of PCRAWF was conducted and the impact of various tissue structure reinforcements on the viscoelastic behavior of PCRAWF was also discussed. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests were conducted on PCRAWF to explore the effect of temperature on the creep strain and creep recovery properties of PCRAWF. The variation in viscoelastic properties of PCRAWF with temperature was analyzed. The decomposition behavior of aramid fibers and PVC resins in a nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) atmosphere was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The experimental results showed that as the density of the reinforcing fabric increases, the creep strain of the corresponding PCRAWF decreases. The amount of creep strain increases as the loading force increases, and the rate of increase gradually decreases. The creep strain of PCRAWF increases as the temperature rises, and the creep recovery decreases with increasing temperature. The creep strain increases by approximately 0.4–1.6% as the temperature rises from 30 °C to 60 °C, and by about 0.2–0.6% as the temperature increases from 60 °C to 90 °C. The TGA results analyzed the thermal degradation temperatures of aramid fiber and PVC composites in N<sub>2</sub> to reach 680 °C and 480 °C, respectively. The characterization of tensile creep behavior has significant potential for predicting the long-term performance of fabric-reinforced polyvinyl chloride flexible composites. Based on the experimental results of the creep of PCRAWF, the constitutive Kelvin-Maxwell model was used to establish the constitutive equations with the experimental data for numerical simulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 4","pages":"1343 - 1368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing the Robustness of Hybrid Metal-Composite Connections Through 3D Printed Micro Penetrative Anchors","authors":"Luca Raimondi, Luca Tomesani, Andrea Zucchelli","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10224-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10224-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work proposes a novel solution for manufacturing hybrid metal-composite joints, in which different pin shapes are evaluated for their capability to penetrate long carbon fiber epoxy composites successfully and for the mechanical behavior determined by each configuration. On the metal side, pins are manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), downsizing the currently adopted solutions and, at the same time, developing new blocking features aimed at enhancing the mechanical properties of the joint. The different configurations were evaluated in two distinct experiments: the first to evaluate the induced defects in the composite substrate and the second to characterize the mechanical behavior of the joint. It emerges that smaller pins produce much less damage and misalignments in the composite structure with respect to the conventional pin solution, whereas the new “blocking features” configurations consistently increase maximum pullout load and energy with respect to the conventional pin solution, with the same level of fiber damage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 4","pages":"1275 - 1293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10443-024-10224-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. A. Brooks, J. Liu, Z. E. C. Hall, A. M. Joesbury, L. T. Harper, H. Liu, A. J. Kinloch, J. P. Dear
{"title":"The Relationship Between the Extent of Indentation and Impact Damage in Carbon-Fibre Reinforced-Plastic Composites after a Low-Velocity Impact","authors":"R. A. Brooks, J. Liu, Z. E. C. Hall, A. M. Joesbury, L. T. Harper, H. Liu, A. J. Kinloch, J. P. Dear","doi":"10.1007/s10443-024-10223-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-024-10223-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present paper investigates the low-velocity impact behaviour of carbon-fibre reinforced-plastic (CFRP) composite panels and the damage incurred when they are subjected to a single impact. The relationship between the depth of permanent surface indentation that results and the associated area of interlaminar delamination damage is investigated for two different thicknesses of composite panels. In particular, the delamination damage area increases with impact energy for both thicknesses of composite panel that were studied. Likewise, the indentation depth also increases with increasing impact energy, again for both thicknesses of CFRP panels. It is shown that the indentation depth, at the centre of the indentation, may be used to provide an indication of the extent of delamination damage within the CFRP panel after impact. Indeed, from plotting the indentation depth versus the interlaminar delamination normalised by the thickness of the panel area there is shown to be a unique ‘master’ relationship, with a positive intercept indicating that the indentation damage seems to result before delamination damage initiates. Thus, for both thicknesses of CFRP panels, it is suggested that the indentation process is a precursor to interlaminar delamination damage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"31 6","pages":"1869 - 1888"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10443-024-10223-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}