Marcos Lazaro Batista, Felipe Palato, Geovani Rodrigues, Anthonin Demarbaix, Yohan Ali Diaz Méndez, Sebastião Simoes Cunha Jr
{"title":"A Review on Optimization and Damage Simulation in Cylinders for Green Hydrogen Storage","authors":"Marcos Lazaro Batista, Felipe Palato, Geovani Rodrigues, Anthonin Demarbaix, Yohan Ali Diaz Méndez, Sebastião Simoes Cunha Jr","doi":"10.1007/s10443-026-10449-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-026-10449-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review article addresses the optimization and damage simulation in Type III and IV composite cylinders for the safe and efficient storage of green hydrogen, a promising energy alternative. The text details the multiple failure modes that can compromise the structural integrity of these high-pressure tanks, such as manufacturing defects, hydrogen embrittlement, permeation, cracks, and delamination. To mitigate these risks, the study highlights the importance of design optimization thru advanced computational simulations, using software such as ANSYS and ABAQUS and failure criteria like Tsai-Wu and Hashin, which allow predicting the burst pressure and identifying critical points in the structure. The integration of experimental tests with these numerical simulations is, therefore, fundamental to developing lighter and more reliable cylinders, ensuring the safety of hydrogen storage systems, especially in risk scenarios such as fires.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10443-026-10449-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147342218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed Sahbi Loukil, Rodrigo T. S. Freire, Janis Varna
{"title":"Thermo-Elastic Constants of Symmetric Laminates with Cracks and Local Delaminations in Off-Axis Ply","authors":"Mohamed Sahbi Loukil, Rodrigo T. S. Freire, Janis Varna","doi":"10.1007/s10443-025-10432-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-025-10432-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analytical expressions for in-plane thermo-elastic constants of symmetric laminates containing intralaminar cracks in off-axis plies and local delaminations at ply interfaces are presented. Exact relationships called GLOB-LOCdel model that links laminate stiffness to characteristics of cracks with delaminations were presented in Varna et al., 2025. The effect of a crack is described by normalized average opening (COD) and sliding displacements (CSD) of its faces, which are larger in the presence of local delaminations. The CSD dependence on delamination length was analyzed in the paper cited above, where simple fitting functions were presented. In the present paper, FEM is used to analyze the COD dependence on delamination length and crack density for different material systems in balanced laminates with cracked 90-ply, revealing the most significant parameters. Then, the obtained approximate COD and CSD expressions are used in the GLOB-LOCdel model to predict thermo-elastic constants of multidirectional laminates. The results are in good agreement with direct FEM calculations in the literature. When calculating COD and CSD, homogenization over adjacent plies to estimate the constraint on the damaged ply is suggested and validated with FEM data from literature.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10443-025-10432-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147341283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Damage Tolerance and Energy Absorption of Plain-Woven Directional Composites Via Coupled DIC and Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Muqaddas Iqbal, Wintana Selemun, Bohong Gu","doi":"10.1007/s10443-025-10435-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-025-10435-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Predicting the off-axis response of directional woven composites is challenging due to their inherent anisotropy. Which is essential for designing reliable structures under multiaxial loading. This study combines mechanical testing with 3D meso-scale modeling and 2D-DIC to characterize plain-woven carbon/epoxy laminates. Specimens were fabricated via VARTM and then cut at warp, weft, 30°, and 60° orientations. On-axis specimens exhibited high modulus (~ 39 GPa) and strength (~ 890 MPa), providing high total energy absorption. While off-axis orientations retained only ~ 40% of the modulus and ~ 20% of the strength. But they ultimately exhibited a 133–150% higher failure strain, confirming a trade-off where superior damage tolerance is achieved. DIC and microscopy revealed brittle fiber failure on-axis versus progressive yarn rotation and matrix shear at off-axis orientations. A multi-scale finite element model, incorporating Hashin’s damage criteria, was developed and validated against these findings. The proposed model successfully predicts both mechanical properties and damage progression. The results provide a validated predictive framework for designing application-specific composites, enabling the strategic selection of orientation to achieve targeted stiffness or enhanced damage tolerance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147340152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhijiang Xu, Yuequan Wang, Pengyu Wang, Zehui Hu, Xinyu Luo
{"title":"Multi-Objective Process Optimization for Laser-Assisted Automated Fiber Placement of CF/PEEK Thermoplastic Composites","authors":"Zhijiang Xu, Yuequan Wang, Pengyu Wang, Zehui Hu, Xinyu Luo","doi":"10.1007/s10443-025-10431-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-025-10431-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the interfacial bonding quality and forming stability of carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone (CF/PEEK) thermoplastic composites during laser-assisted automated fiber placement (LAFP). Single-factor experiments on layup temperature, compaction force, and placement speed were conducted to evaluate their effects on laminate short-beam shear strength (SBSS). A quadratic model was developed using response surface methodology (RSM) to correlate the process parameters with the SBSS and warpage. The model was then integrated with grey relational analysis (GRA) and principal component analysis (PCA) for multi-objective optimization. The optimal process parameters were determined as follows: a layup temperature of 416 °C, a compaction force of 355 N, and a placement speed of 0.09 m/s. Under these conditions, the laminates exhibited an experimental SBSS of 70.02 MPa and a warpage of 0.2118%. The model predictions were 68.61 MPa (2.06% error) for SBSS and 0.1977% (7.13% error) for warpage. These results indicate that the constructed models are reliable and applicable to optimizing the LAFP process for CF/PEEK composites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147340049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In-Situ Observations of Tensile Damage in C/SiC Composites at Elevated Temperature","authors":"Ruisi Xing, Chuantao Hou, Xingyue Sun, Long Wang, Junbai Song, Yueping Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10443-026-10446-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-026-10446-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are widely used in the aerospace industry owing to their excellent physical properties, such as low density, high specific strength, and high-temperature resistance. As multiphase inhomogeneous materials, CMCs exhibit varied damage modes and failure patterns during high-temperature service, which have important implications for structural safety. To clarify the damage mechanism of CMCs, the mesostructural evolution of carbon fiber reinforced carbon and silicon carbide ceramic composites was observed in-situ using synchrotron radiation computed tomography (SR-CT) at both 25℃ and 1200℃. In addition, digital volume correlation (DVC) was employed to measure the deformations. The results indicate that a large number of matrix cracks exist in the initial state of the material. However, these matrix cracks are not the dominant factor governing failure. At 25 °C, interfacial debonding is the primary failure mechanism, whereas at 1200 °C, with increasing load, the main crack initiates at the edge of the specimen and propagates inward due to fiber breakage and crack coalescence, eventually leading to specimen failure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147340078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Smart Compliant Composites for Impact Protection Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Doped Shear Thickening Fluid","authors":"Ying Chen, Jiajia He, Shengnan Min, Jiamin Lin, Zeyue Yan, Xinru Xian, Fang An, Mengru Shi, Xiaogang Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10443-026-10448-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-026-10448-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The relationship between the viscosity and impact resistance of M-STF (Multi-walled carbon nanotubes doped shear thickening fluid) as well as its sensing mechanisms remains unclear. The synergistic effect of SiO<sub>2</sub> and MCNT (Multi-walled carbon nanotubes) content on the electrical resistance and rheological behaviour of M-STFs was studied. A novel design of using M-STF/TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethane tube with M-STF injected in) tubes as weft yarns to construct an impact-resistant smart 3D fabric was evaluated. The results revealed that the shear thickening effect of STF was enhanced with the increase of MCNT. The peak viscosity of M-STF70-0.5 (the mass ratio of SiO<sub>2</sub> and MCNT are 70% and 0.5%) was 16,400 Pa·s with a lowest critical shear rate of 3.4 s<sup>− 1</sup>. A positive correlation between the viscosity and electric resistance was witnessed in low viscosity M-STF systems. Among them, the resistance change rates of M-STF65-1.7/TPU and M-STF65-0.9/TPU systems were the most significant, and the sensing performance was stable and repeatable, which can effectively and stably feedback the waist motion signals. The peak force of M-STF/TPU/PPTA (para-aramid fabrics with M-STF/TPU tube as one of the weft yarns) composite was 19.51% higher than that of pure PPTA fabrics upon low-velocity impacts. The M-STF/TPU/PPTA composite is also highly sensitive to impact energy, with a sensitivity exceeding 9.12 J<sup>− 1</sup>. Therefore, as an impact protective, smart in motion sensing compliant composite, M-STF/TPU/PPTA was successfully designed, which will broaden the applications of impact protective textiles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147340046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Daniyal Hassan, Muhammad Inam Khan, Saad Nauman
{"title":"Centrifugal Spun Nanoparticle Doped Sensor for Strain and Impact Monitoring Applications","authors":"Muhammad Daniyal Hassan, Muhammad Inam Khan, Saad Nauman","doi":"10.1007/s10443-026-10438-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-026-10438-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work details the development of smart composites comprising of nanoparticle infused centrifugally spun piezoresistive composite sensors intended for their Structural Health Monitoring. The thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) solution in dimethyl formamide (DMF) was spun in the form of fibrous webs using custom-built centrifugal spinner. A solution of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) dispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) was then used to dip-coat TPU fibers with CNPs after they had been fabricated through centrifugal spinning. The solution had a concentration of 25% w/v CNPs which led to the formation of piezoresistive fibers with strain-sensing capabilities. The fibers were spun into yarns using a manual twisting tool that imparted 2–3 twists per inch, improving fiber compaction and strain-transfer stability. The sensors were characterized and attached to different composite specimens having widely varying configurations for mechanical testing including tensile testing, three-point flexural testing, and impact testing. The sensor’s exceptional sensitivity enabled it to detect the loads exerted on the composite structures and trace the overall deflection trajectory. The findings indicate that the newly designed composite strain sensors are appropriate for Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147340048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction: Hygrothermal Aging and Penetration Failure Behaviors of Carbon/Kevlar Hybrid Fiber Composites with Different Hybrid Ratio and Stacking Sequence","authors":"Sijia Yu, Hongyong Jiang, Yihao Wang, Kaijin Guo","doi":"10.1007/s10443-026-10451-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-026-10451-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147339084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Investigation and Finite Element Modeling of Hybrid-Formed Steel/Long-Fiber-Thermoplastic Hybrid Components","authors":"Daniel Heidrich, Xiangfan Fang","doi":"10.1007/s10443-025-10433-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-025-10433-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hybrid structures made of metal sheets and FRP offer high lightweight potential and can contribute to lower CO<sub>2</sub> emissions resulting from automotive structural parts. To realize intrinsic hybrids, a hybrid forming method was introduced that combines LFT compression molding and sheet metal stamping, as well as adhesive bonding, in one manufacturing process step. Stiffness-based design and simulation approaches for hybrid parts are already state-of-the-art. However, plasticity and failure are rarely considered which is the topic of this work. For this material modeling, first, a long fiber-reinforced PA6 GF40 material (LFT) suitable for hybrid forming was mechanically characterized, and the joining properties between steel and LFT, realized by a bonding agent, were determined. The hybrid-formed steel–LFT U-profile showed up to 92% higher specific energy absorption in comparison to mono-material profiles under bending. In addition, pure PA6 GF40 designs showed brittle behavior and rapid failure propagation under bending load, whereas steel–LFT hybrid structures showed fail-safe behavior. The corresponding FE modeling for hybrid forming, which does not need complex integrative simulation but offers sufficient accuracy to predict failure of hybrid formed structures was developed. This strategy involves LFT with failure by considering the stress state dependent Johnson-Cook failure criterion, and use LAW83 along with the corresponding SN-Connect failure model for the bonding zones between steel and LFT. The study found that the failure and force-displacement/torque-torsion angle curves in a hybrid-formed U-profile can be predicted with acceptable accuracy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10443-025-10433-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147338590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vishista Kaushik, Suresh Kurra, Ramesh B. Adusumalli
{"title":"Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Flexural Behavior of 3D Printed Short and Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites","authors":"Vishista Kaushik, Suresh Kurra, Ramesh B. Adusumalli","doi":"10.1007/s10443-025-10430-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10443-025-10430-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the flexural behavior of 3D printed thermoplastic composites reinforced with short and long carbon fibers under varying environmental conditions. Three composite configurations: Nylon reinforced with random short fibers(RSC), and RSC reinforced with continuous fibers oriented at 0°(CF_0) and RSC with 90°(CF_90) were fabricated via fused deposition modeling. The samples were subjected to salt spray for 42 days followed by drying for seven days. After saline-humid exposure the flexural properties were evaluated at room temperature. Further, to understand the temperature effects on flexural performance of the composites the tests were conducted at -20 °C, 27 °C, 65 °C, 75 °C. CF_0 exhibited the highest flexural strength (281.3 MPa) and modulus (14.94 GPa), while RSC showed significant deformation and the highest deflection recovery (93.3%). Increasing temperature and salt exposure led to notable performance degradation, particularly in long-fiber composites. Fractographic analysis revealed brittle failure at sub-zero temperatures and ductile matrix-dominated behavior at elevated temperatures. The novelty of this work lies in systematically examining the combined influence of fiber length, fiber orientation, and environmental degradation (temperature and saline-humid exposure) on the flexural behavior of 3D printed thermoplastic composites, and the insights from this study give a new path for the adaptation of 3D printed composites in real-life applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147338280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}