Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy最新文献

{"title":"Dehumanization in the United States carceral system: Pathways to policy reform","authors":"Kevin R. Carriere,&nbsp;Maria Ravn","doi":"10.1111/asap.12420","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asap.12420","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This narrative review examines the cumulative dehumanization process within the United States carceral system, highlighting how current policies perpetuate harm and undermine the well-being of incarcerated individuals. Through a narrative review of interdisciplinary research, we explore the psychological, sociological, and legal dimensions of life within prison walls. We argue that the cumulative dehumanization inherent in these practices not only risks the safety and futures of prisoners but also creates environments that increase the likelihood of rule infractions and extended sentences. We identify and highlight the process of dehumanization across individual, interpersonal, institutional, and systemic levels. Our analysis focuses on three critical policy areas: the goals and directives of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the use of subminimum wages and forced labor, and the impact of fees on prisoners’ access to healthcare. By prioritizing respect, fairness, and humane treatment, we can dismantle the structures perpetuating dehumanization and harm.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Public Significance Statement</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper reviews the research surrounding cumulative dehumanization in prison life. It provides three policy recommendations in order to combat the dehumanization of prisoners, including changing the directive of the Bureau of Prisons, ending the use of subminimal wages, and removing fees from prisoners seeking medical treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"803-831"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How trust in the government's flood response influences perception of flood hazard risk: Experimental evidences in China","authors":"Kai Li,&nbsp;Feng Yu,&nbsp;Shenlong Yang,&nbsp;Yongyu Guo","doi":"10.1111/asap.12421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12421","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many studies have found that trust is a vital factor that influences risk perception. However, previous studies in this field have used surveys that provide limited information about causality. Therefore, experimental studies to explore the causality between trust and risk perceptions are needed. We conducted three studies to examine the relationship and mechanism of trust in the government's flood response and flood hazard risk perception. In Study 1, we found that people's risk perception and trust in the government's flood response were significantly negatively correlated. In Studies 2 and 3, using correlational and experimental methods, we found that the higher the public's trust in the government's flood response, the more they used heuristics to process risk information, and their risk perception was lower than that of the group with low trust in the government's flood response. Our research provides evidence of causality between trust and risk perceptions, suggesting that trust in the government's flood response can influence risk perception via heuristics in China, which provides a better understanding of the importance of trust in risk perception. These conclusions have policy implications for government responses to flood disasters, emphasizing the need for public participation and timely, transparent communication of accurate information and preventive strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"1174-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expectancy violations after moral transgressions: Exploring the role of moral disengagement on online vindictive word of mouth","authors":"Enis Yakut,&nbsp;Ramazan Gökbunar","doi":"10.1111/asap.12418","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asap.12418","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the complex relationship between Transgression type (for-profit vs. non-profit) and individual-level variables in shaping moral perceptions and online victimization of wrongdoer organizations (OVWOM) following transgressions by conducting two experimental studies (<i>N</i>₁ = 111, <i>N</i>₂ = 164). Study 1 utilizes real-world organizations to investigate the impact of transgression type (for-profit vs. non-profit), whereas Study 2 employs fictitious entities to alleviate potential response bias and focuses on moral disengagement as a moderating factor. Findings reveal a decrease in perceived morality post-transgression across both transgression types, with non-profits not eliciting significantly higher OVWOM. However, the influence of transgression type on perceived morality is found to be contingent upon individual moral disengagement, affecting OVWOM in Study 2. Moreover, factors such as desire for revenge, social desirability bias, gender, and educational background emerge as significant predictors of perceived morality and OVWOM. These results highlight the nuanced nature of public responses to organizational transgressions, emphasizing the complex interplay between organizational characteristics and individual psychological mechanisms. The study underscores the necessity of integrating moral disengagement and individual-level factors into crisis management strategies for organizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"1057-1088"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coping with the stigma of mental illness: An interpretive descriptive study of out-patients in a public mental health hospital in Ghana","authors":"Sebastian Gyamfi,&nbsp;Ebenezer Martin-Yeboah,&nbsp;Mark Fordjour Owusu,&nbsp;Joseph Adu","doi":"10.1111/asap.12419","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asap.12419","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stigma reduces the status of individuals from full social acceptance, motivating the stigmatized person to find ways to cope with the perceived threat as much as possible. The present study explored the experience of dealing with a mental illness daily within the public space. We applied an interpretive description method using a semi-structured interview guide to elicit subjective responses from 12 purposefully recruited outpatients. Study participants described various ways through which individuals coped with their illness, including secrecy, avoidance/withdrawal, relaxation techniques, confrontation, ignoring the stigmatizing agent, ingroup comparisons, and engaging in diversion activities. The participants' observations suggest they were unhappy about how society perceived and treated them. To deal with stigma, multifaceted approaches of active engagement with the public, healthcare providers, policymakers, and government are needed to mitigate the phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"1208-1225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/asap.12419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How much do we need college admission tests?","authors":"Geoffrey Maruyama,&nbsp;Miguel A. Ovies-Bocanegra,&nbsp;Tai Do,&nbsp;Marisa C. Peczuh,&nbsp;Shelby Weisen","doi":"10.1111/asap.12417","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asap.12417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scrutiny about and controversy regarding the use of college admissions tests have increased since COVID-19 eliminated mass face-to-face testing. At that time, many selective colleges chose to make their admissions decisions without using such tests. More recently, the controversy has been sustained as some selective colleges and universities have reinstated requiring test scores. These tests, primarily the ACT and SAT, have received empirical support but also have faced substantial criticism from test critics and researchers. This paper examines contributions of admissions tests for predicting college outcomes in the presence of additional information available for making college decisions. We investigate relations of ACT tests with academic outcomes for four successive (2011–2014) first-year cohorts at a large, moderately selective Midwestern Research 1 university. Analyses examine how strongly ACT college admissions tests are related to short- and long-term college success for students controlling for their backgrounds (citizenship, race/ethnicity, first-generation, sex, socio-economic status). ACT tests contributed modestly to the prediction of first-year performance. However, with first year college GPA included, ACT tests failed to add to the prediction of GPA in years 2, 3, and 4, and to prediction of dropout and graduation. These findings inform conversations about the use of college admissions tests post-COVID.</p>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"1288-1308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/asap.12417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"That's my autocrat: Self-uncertainty elevates support for autocratic leadership during Canada's Freedom Convoy","authors":"Kathryn M. Kincaid,&nbsp;Angela C. Ma,&nbsp;David E. Rast III,&nbsp;Michael A. Hogg","doi":"10.1111/asap.12414","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asap.12414","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Canada's 2022 Freedom Convoy protests and blockades caused significant disruption, and many Canadians advocated for strong, forceful, and even autocratic responses from their government. In democratic nations, autocratic leadership is typically seen as undesirable and receives less support than democratic leadership. However, when group members experience significant identity-related self-uncertainty, they may have an accentuated desire for strong, directive leadership to help manage the uncertainty. Canadian participants (<i>N</i> = 406) reported their level of self-uncertainty, rated how autocratic they perceived Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to be, reported their level of support for Justin Trudeau, and reported their support for strong responses to the Freedom Convoy. Self-uncertainty moderated the relationship between leadership style and leader support. Perceived autocratic leadership style predicted significantly less leader support, but this relationship was weakened among participants high in self-uncertainty, who reported increased support for an autocratic leader. Further, self-uncertainty predicted a greater desire for a strong leader, willingness to restrict civil liberties, and support for expanded government powers. These results suggest that the typical preference for democratic leadership weakens when self-uncertainty is elevated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Public significance statement</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Uncertainty about one's identity lays the groundwork for autocratic leadership to emerge. Elevated self-uncertainty was associated with a greater desire for a strong leader who is willing to challenge democratic values and practices, a greater willingness to restrict civil liberties, greater support for expanded government powers in response to a national crisis, and greater support for a national leader perceived as autocratic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"645-665"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/asap.12414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When political elites talk, citizens reply. Affective polarization through temporal orientation and intergroup emotions","authors":"Diana Camila Garzón-Velandia,&nbsp;María Idaly Barreto-Galeano,&nbsp;José Manuel Sabucedo-Cameselle","doi":"10.1111/asap.12416","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asap.12416","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Political polarization on social media, particularly during electoral campaigns, has become a growing concern. This study aimed to assess levels of affective polarization in political communication, considering temporal orientation, delegitimizing beliefs, and intergroup emotions. Two studies were conducted: one during the Andalusian elections in Spain, and another during the Colombian presidential campaign. Tweets from candidates and X users were analyzed in both studies. Linguistic analysis was used to develop an index for measuring affective polarization in linguistic pieces. This index offers an alternative to the lack of linguistic measurement tools for psychological processes regarding political polarization. Findings showed that communicative strategies often exhibited high indicators of ingroup bias in contexts without political violence, resulting in lower polarization that increased with positive emotions and a forward-looking perspective. Conversely, in contexts of political violence, strategies shifted towards outgroup discrimination and delegitimization. Positive emotions decreased polarization in these situations, while a past focus intensified it. The study concluded that affective polarization could indicate the willingness to pursue reconciliation in violent contexts. Consequently, this research provides a map of emotions associated with polarization.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Public significance statement</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two studies conducted in Spain and Colombia analyzed how political figures and users of the social network X communicate during elections. It was identified that the use of emotions can contribute to political polarization in both populations. Positive emotions can exacerbate polarization by glorifying one's group, while negative emotions can fuel polarization through attacks on opponents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"621-644"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/asap.12416","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141885282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why are socioeconomic health inequalities unacceptable? Studying the influence of explanatory framings on cognitive appraisals","authors":"Emma K. Bridger,&nbsp;Angela Tufte-Hewett,&nbsp;David Comerford,&nbsp;Daniel Nettle","doi":"10.1111/asap.12415","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asap.12415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Studies of aversion to health inequality have found that this is often greater when health outcomes are presented as varying with socioeconomic conditions. We sought to understand better why this is by studying the cognitive appraisals made about health inequality when presented with distinct explanatory framings. Across two pre-registered studies (<i>N</i> = 1321), UK and US participants judged the acceptability of life expectancy differences attributed to distinct framings: income, education, social class, neighborhood, lifestyle choices, and genetics. Health inequality was least acceptable when attributed to the four socioeconomic framings, and most acceptable for lifestyle choices and genetics. Six appraisal dimensions—complexity, malleability, inevitability, and extent driven by biological, psychological, and sociocultural causes—varied with framing and predicted views on health inequality. These dimensions could explain most of the drop in acceptability for health inequality attributed to socioeconomic factors relative to a condition with no framing. This work illustrates for the first time the cognitive appraisals and causal intuitions that link different explanatory framings to views on health inequality. These framings are viewed as least acceptable because they reduce the perceived involvement of biological causes while increasing the perception that sociocultural and psychological factors contribute to health inequality.</p><p><b>Public significance statement</b>: Academics use different socioeconomic variables to describe health inequalities. We show that different explanatory framings change appraisals about the causes, malleability, and inevitability of health inequalities. Socioeconomic explanations (income, education, social class, and neighborhood) reduce acceptability because they reduce the perception that health is biologically caused and increase the perceived role of socio-cultural factors. Public support for intervention on health inequalities will be best served by framings that emphasize these differences</p>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"710-733"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/asap.12415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141865415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polarizing effects of the coronavirus pandemic on system justification: A natural experiment involving New York City college students","authors":"Eduardo J. Rivera Pichardo,&nbsp;Sushmeena A. Parihar,&nbsp;John T. Jost","doi":"10.1111/asap.12412","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asap.12412","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous research suggests that societal threats often increase ideological support for the social system, but the attitudinal effects of COVID-19 seem to have varied greatly. Here we present the results of a natural experiment involving New York City college students (Total <i>N</i> = 1300 observations). One group (<i>n</i> = 835) completed questionnaires before the onset of COVID-19, while another completed them afterward (<i>n</i> = 465). Shortly after COVID (within 3 months of the outbreak), students scored higher on general system justification than before; this effect was driven by political conservatives. At the same time, students scored lower on economic system justification and right-wing authoritarianism after COVID (vs. before); these effects emerged later (4–5 months after the outbreak) and were driven by liberals. A subsample completed the same questionnaires both before and after COVID-19 (<i>n</i> = 107), enabling us to investigate intraindividual change. The within-participants analysis revealed that students exhibited an increase in general system justification and a decrease in economic system justification, which was driven by those who exhibited a liberal shift. Together, these results indicate that the ideological effects of the pandemic and the governmental response to it were complex and polarizing, with liberals and conservatives moving in opposite directions at different times and on different attitudinal dimensions.</p>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"589-620"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141769591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How are first-generation students doing throughout their college years? An examination of academic success, retention, and completion rates","authors":"Shelby Weisen,&nbsp;Tai Do,&nbsp;Marisa C. Peczuh,&nbsp;Ashley S. Hufnagle,&nbsp;Geoffrey Maruyama","doi":"10.1111/asap.12413","DOIUrl":"10.1111/asap.12413","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Previous research suggests that first-generation (first-gen) students may be at risk for lower academic performance, higher dropout rates, and lower graduation rates compared to their continuing-generation (continuing-gen) peers. The current study analyzes academic success (average yearly GPA) and retention/completion rates (cumulative dropouts and graduates) for four successive (2011–2014) entering first-year cohorts at a large Midwestern Research 1 University. Across all cohorts, academic success varied by first-gen status, with continuing-gen students having significantly higher GPAs each year. A significantly greater percentage of first-gen students dropped out each year. First-gen status was also negatively related to graduation rates at 4, 5, and 6 years after college entry. Additional analyses disaggregated the data by seven colleges of admission with semi-independent admissions policies. First-gen status was more strongly related to academic success and retention for students in the following colleges: education, biological sciences, liberal arts, and science and engineering. Overall, findings suggest that first-gen students are at higher risk of low performance and completion than their continuing-gen peers. Institutions need to examine why and how they are contributing to less successful outcomes for first-gen students, and if programming could lessen these group differences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Public significance statement</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current study finds that first-generation undergraduate students are at higher risk of low academic performance and dropout compared to their continuing-generation peers. Differences were also seen by college of admission, with some colleges having larger gaps between these groups than others. Institutions need to examine why and how they are contributing to these outcomes for first-generation students, and if programming could lessen these group differences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46799,"journal":{"name":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy","volume":"24 3","pages":"1274-1287"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/asap.12413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}