British Journal for the History of Science最新文献_第8页

How did a Lutheran astronomer get converted into a Catholic authority? The Jesuits and their reception of Tycho Brahe in Portugal. 一个路德教派的天文学家是如何转变成天主教权威的?耶稣会士和他们在葡萄牙接待第谷·布拉赫。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000092

Luís Miguel Carolino

{"title":"How did a Lutheran astronomer get converted into a Catholic authority? The Jesuits and their reception of Tycho Brahe in Portugal.","authors":"Luís Miguel Carolino","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087423000092","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the complex process of integrating Tycho Brahe's theories into the Jesuit intellectual framework through focusing on the international community of professors who taught mathematics at the College of Saint Anthony (Colégio de Santo Antão), Lisbon, during the first half of the seventeenth century. Historians have conceived the reception of the Tychonic system as a straightforward process motivated by the developments of early modern astronomy. Nevertheless, this paper argues that the cultural politics of the Counter-Reformation Church curbed the reception of Tycho Brahe within the Jesuit milieu. Despite supporting the Tychonic geo-heliocentric system, which they explicitly conceived of as a 'compromise' between the ancient Ptolemy and the modern Copernicus, and making recourse to some of the cosmological ideas produced in Tycho's Protestant milieu, the Jesuits strove to confine the authority of the Lutheran astronomer to the domain of mathematics. Philosophy was expected to remain the realm of Catholic orthodoxy. Thus, while Tycho Brahe entered the pantheon of 'Jesuit' authorities, he nonetheless was not granted the absolute status of intellectual authority. This case demonstrates how the impact of confessionalization reached well beyond the formal processes of science censorship.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9387674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The winter of raw computers: the history of the lunar and planetary reductions of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. 原始计算机的冬天：格林威治皇家天文台月球和行星测量的历史。

IF 0.7 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000018

Daniel Belteki

引用次数: 0

Commercial television and primate ethology: facial expressions between Granada and London Zoo. 商业电视与灵长类动物人种学：格拉纳达与伦敦动物园之间的面部表情。

IF 0.7 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000437

Miles Kempton

{"title":"Commercial television and primate ethology: facial expressions between Granada and London Zoo.","authors":"Miles Kempton","doi":"10.1017/S0007087422000437","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087422000437","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the significant relationship that existed between commercial British television and the study of animal behaviour. Ethological research provided important content for the new television channel, at the same time as that coverage played a substantial role in creating a new research specialism, the study of primate facial expressions, for this emergent scientific discipline. The key site in this was a television and film unit at London Zoo administered by the Zoological Society and Granada TV. The Granada unit produced 'Animal expressions', a twenty-five-minute television film based on research on monkeys and apes by the Dutch postgraduate student and soon-to-be-leading-authority Jan van Hooff. Recovering the production and multiple uses of 'Animal expressions', this paper offers the first sustained historical analysis of science on commercial television. I show how Granada patronage helped Van Hooff to support his argument that human expressions such as smiling and laughter shared common evolutionary origins with similar facial movements in nonhuman primates. Emphasizing the mutual shaping of science and ITV, I argue that 'Animal expressions' repurposed televisual conventions of framing talking heads, and blended serious science with the comedy of 'funny faces', thereby epitomizing Granada's public-service strategy at a time when commercial television was defending itself from criticism in the Pilkington report.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"83-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10380762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stratifying seamanship: sailors' knowledge and the mechanical arts in eighteenth-century Britain. 航海技术的分层：十八世纪英国水手的知识和机械艺术。

IF 0.7 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000425

Elin Jones

{"title":"Stratifying seamanship: sailors' knowledge and the mechanical arts in eighteenth-century Britain.","authors":"Elin Jones","doi":"10.1017/S0007087422000425","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087422000425","url":null,"abstract":"A new genre of treatises on practical seamanship emerged in eighteenth-century Britain. Authored by a group of seamen with decades of experience on the lower deck of merchant and naval vessels, these texts represented the ship as a machine, and seamanship as a form of mechanical experiment which could only be carried out by deep-sea sailors. However, as this article finds, this group of sailor-authors had only a brief moment of authoritative legitimacy before their ideas were repackaged and promoted by land-bound authors and naval officers, and the progenitors of the 'science of seamanship' were deemed unfit participants in its ongoing practice. This article explores this brief moment, taking seriously the ideas and influences of the maritime milieu which spawned it, and arguing that the codification and circulation of 'useful knowledge' in eighteenth-century Britain often hardened social hierarchies. Examining seamanship forces us to question the progressivist linear trajectory of an increasingly open scientific culture during this period, and to focus instead on a repeating pattern in which the working knowledge of labourers and artisans was appropriated and its original practitioners denigrated.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"45-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10781159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anti-voluntarism, natural providence and miracles in Thomas Burnet's Theory of the Earth. 托马斯-伯内特《地球论》中的反卷积论、自然天意和奇迹。

IF 0.7 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000462

Thomas Rossetter

{"title":"Anti-voluntarism, natural providence and miracles in Thomas Burnet's Theory of the Earth.","authors":"Thomas Rossetter","doi":"10.1017/S0007087422000462","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087422000462","url":null,"abstract":"In his Telluris Theoria Sacra and its English translation The Theory of the Earth (1681-90), the English clergyman and schoolmaster Thomas Burnet (c.1635-1715) constructed a geological history from the Creation to the Final Consummation, positing predominantly natural causes to explain biblical events and their effects on the Earth and life on it. Burnet's insistence on appealing primarily to natural rather than miraculous causes has been interpreted both by his contemporaries and by some historians as an essentially Cartesian principle. On this reading, Burnet adhered to a Cartesian style of explanation in which there was no place for miracles. In this paper, I propose a different interpretation. Burnet's commitment to natural over miraculous causes, I argue, was grounded in an anti-voluntarist theology which he inherited from the Cambridge Platonists and Latitudinarians. This anti-voluntarism, moreover, also dictated the kind of miracles to which he did appeal. This reading of Burnet contrasts with the view that he was simply following Cartesian principles. First, Descartes had espoused a radical form of theological voluntarism. Second, Burnet's and Descartes's views of providence were based on distinct attributes of God, and these attributes had quite different implications regarding the place of miracles in the providential order.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10380760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Colouring flowers: books, art, and experiment in the household of Margery and Henry Power. 花朵着色：玛格丽和亨利-鲍尔家中的书籍、艺术和实验。

IF 0.7 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000474

Christoffer Basse Eriksen, Xinyi Wen

{"title":"Colouring flowers: books, art, and experiment in the household of Margery and Henry Power.","authors":"Christoffer Basse Eriksen, Xinyi Wen","doi":"10.1017/S0007087422000474","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087422000474","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the early modern household's importance for producing experimental knowledge through an examination of the Halifax household of Margery and Henry Power. While Henry Power has been studied as a natural philosopher within the male-dominated intellectual circles of Cambridge and London, the epistemic labour of his wife, Margery Power, has hitherto been overlooked. From the 1650s, this couple worked in tandem to enhance their understanding of the vegetable world through various paper technologies, from books, paper slips and recipe notebooks to Margery's drawing album and Henry's published Experimental Philosophy. Focusing on Margery's practice of hand-colouring flower books, her copied and original drawings of flowers and her experimental production of ink, we argue that Margery's sensibility towards colour was crucial to Henry's microscopic observations of plants. Even if Margery's sophisticated knowledge of plants never left the household, we argue that her contribution was nevertheless crucial to the observation and representation of plants within the community of experimental philosophy. In this way, our article highlights the importance of female artists within the history of scientific observation, the use of books and paperwork in the botanical disciplines, and the relationship between household science and experimental philosophy.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"21-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9537543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transnational scientific advising: occupied Japan, the United States National Academy of Sciences and the establishment of the Science Council of Japan. 跨国科学咨询：被占领的日本、美国国家科学院和日本科学理事会的成立。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000031

Kenji Ito

{"title":"Transnational scientific advising: occupied Japan, the United States National Academy of Sciences and the establishment of the Science Council of Japan.","authors":"Kenji Ito","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000031","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423000031","url":null,"abstract":"Given that the practices and institutions of knowledge production commonly referred to as 'science' are believed to have 'Western' origins, their apparent proliferation entails negotiations and power dynamics that shape both science and diplomacy in specific locales. This paper investigates a facet of this co-production of science and diplomacy in the emergence of knowledge infrastructure in Japan during the Allied Occupation. It focuses on the 1947 delegation from the United States National Academy of Sciences to Japan and its role in creating the Science Council of Japan (SCJ). While historians view this mission as having been dispatched to provide advice on the foundation of the SCJ, it was in fact an unintentional outcome. The original plan was to recruit long-term scientific advisers on science policy to Douglas MacArthur's headquarters. The creation of the SCJ was not the brainchild of any individual but the result of an unforeseen alteration of the original idea through negotiations among various actors. By examining the transnational aspects of this process and the complex social process underlying it, and drawing on Manuel DeLanda's assemblage theory, this paper proposes the concept of 'techno-diplomatic assemblage' for understanding the transnational construction of knowledge infrastructure such as the emergence of the SCJ.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10837963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

'Impossible to provide an accurate estimate': the interested calculation of the Ottoman public debt, 1875-1881. 不可能提供准确的估算"：1875-1881 年奥斯曼帝国公共债务的计算。

IF 0.7 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087421000637

Daniel A Stolz

引用次数: 0

Medicine and the heavens in Padua's Faculty of Arts, 1570-1630. 帕多瓦艺术学院的医学与天堂，1570-1630年。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000152

Craig Martin

{"title":"Medicine and the heavens in Padua's Faculty of Arts, 1570-1630.","authors":"Craig Martin","doi":"10.1017/S0007087422000152","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087422000152","url":null,"abstract":"In the faculty of arts at the University of Padua in the years around 1600 professors debated the reliability of astrology, the existence of occult celestial influences, and the idea that celestial heat is present in living bodies. From the 1570s to the 1620s many professors in the faculty of arts pushed back against astrology and Jean Fernel's theories surrounding astral body. Girolamo Mercuriale, Alessandro Massaria and Eustachio Rudio thought that some forms of astral causation and Fernel's ideas were incompatible with their observations of disease, Aristotle's philosophy and Hippocratic theories. Later, Santorio Santorio and Cesare Cremonini, who were allied to the political circle of Paolo Sarpi, polemicized against astrology. Their writings show that at Padua medical theory was linked to Aristotelian cosmology, which emphasized the incommensurability between celestial and terrestrial elements. Their rejection of astrology, however, did not lead to the complete marginalization of astrology at Padua. By the middle of the 1620s, as the political climate changed in Venice, the University of Padua hired professors who promoted astrology and Fernel's theories about the celestial nature of innate heat. The diversity of opinions about astrology reflected Venice's divided politics and multiple approaches to interpreting Aristotle and other authorities.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42379856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

'Not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation': the life of a quotation in biology. “不是出生、婚姻或死亡，而是原肠胚形成”:这是生物学中的一句名言。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087421000790

Nick Hopwood

{"title":"'Not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation': the life of a quotation in biology.","authors":"Nick Hopwood","doi":"10.1017/S0007087421000790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087421000790","url":null,"abstract":"This history of a statement attributed to the developmental biologist Lewis Wolpert exemplifies the making and uses of quotations in recent science. Wolpert's dictum, 'It is not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation which is truly the most important time in your life', was produced in a series of international shifts of medium and scale. It originated in his vivid declaration in conversation with a non-specialist at a workshop dinner, gained its canonical form in a colleague's monograph, and was amplified as a quotation on a poster derived from an undergraduate project. Although it drew on Wolpert's authority and he accepted his authorship, it thus represents a collective sifting of earlier claims for the significance of prenatal existence through the values of 1980s developmental biology. Juxtaposing a technical term with major life events has let teachers engage students, and researchers entice journalists, while sharing an in-joke that came to mark community identity. Serious applications include arguing for an extension of the fourteen-day limit on human-embryo research. On this evidence, quotations have been kept busy addressing every audience of specialized knowledge.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"55 1","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39834298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4