British Journal for the History of Science最新文献_第10页

Transnational scientific advising: occupied Japan, the United States National Academy of Sciences and the establishment of the Science Council of Japan. 跨国科学咨询：被占领的日本、美国国家科学院和日本科学理事会的成立。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000031

Kenji Ito

{"title":"Transnational scientific advising: occupied Japan, the United States National Academy of Sciences and the establishment of the Science Council of Japan.","authors":"Kenji Ito","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000031","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423000031","url":null,"abstract":"Given that the practices and institutions of knowledge production commonly referred to as 'science' are believed to have 'Western' origins, their apparent proliferation entails negotiations and power dynamics that shape both science and diplomacy in specific locales. This paper investigates a facet of this co-production of science and diplomacy in the emergence of knowledge infrastructure in Japan during the Allied Occupation. It focuses on the 1947 delegation from the United States National Academy of Sciences to Japan and its role in creating the Science Council of Japan (SCJ). While historians view this mission as having been dispatched to provide advice on the foundation of the SCJ, it was in fact an unintentional outcome. The original plan was to recruit long-term scientific advisers on science policy to Douglas MacArthur's headquarters. The creation of the SCJ was not the brainchild of any individual but the result of an unforeseen alteration of the original idea through negotiations among various actors. By examining the transnational aspects of this process and the complex social process underlying it, and drawing on Manuel DeLanda's assemblage theory, this paper proposes the concept of 'techno-diplomatic assemblage' for understanding the transnational construction of knowledge infrastructure such as the emergence of the SCJ.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10837963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

'Impossible to provide an accurate estimate': the interested calculation of the Ottoman public debt, 1875-1881. 不可能提供准确的估算"：1875-1881 年奥斯曼帝国公共债务的计算。

IF 0.7 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087421000637

Daniel A Stolz

引用次数: 0

Malinowski and malacology: global value systems and the issue of duplicates. 马林诺夫斯基与malacology:全球价值体系与重复问题。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000255

Dániel Margócsy

{"title":"Malinowski and malacology: global value systems and the issue of duplicates.","authors":"Dániel Margócsy","doi":"10.1017/S0007087422000255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087422000255","url":null,"abstract":"This article situates the collecting practices of museums of natural history in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in dialogue with similar practices amongst societies in the Pacific by focusing on how European curators, dealers in natural history and Pacific Islanders shared a common fascination with Spondylus shells. In particular, this article examines the processes for turning Spondylus shells into unique or duplicate specimens. Spondylus shells were crucial for regulating gift and commercial exchanges in the societies of both regions. Famously, the anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski claimed that these shells were an essential element of the gift-based kula exchange, which helped him distinguish Western capitalist society from less developed societies without commercial trade. Yet Spondylus shells were also collected and exchanged as gifts amongst British and European naturalists in this period, performing the same roles as in Melanesia. In addition, such gift exchanges could only come into being thanks to the actions of commercially motivated dealers, located both in the Pacific and in Europe, who were the suppliers of these shells both to Melanesian participants in the kula and to Western natural historians and collectors. These observations call into question earlier arguments that equate modernity with the rise of commercial capitalism. It is instead claimed that commercial and gift exchanges were intricately connected and reliant on each other throughout the period, whether in the worlds of Western museums or in Pacific archipelagos. The act of turning Spondylus shells into unique or duplicate specimens was the key tool for regulating these exchanges.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"389-409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39999544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contested duplicates: disputed negotiations surrounding ethnographic doppelgängers in German New Guinea, 1898-1914. 有争议的副本:围绕德属新几内亚的人种学doppelgängers的有争议的谈判，1898-1914。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000243

Rainer F Buschmann

{"title":"Contested duplicates: disputed negotiations surrounding ethnographic doppelgängers in German New Guinea, 1898-1914.","authors":"Rainer F Buschmann","doi":"10.1017/S0007087422000243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087422000243","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of duplicates and duplication in ethnographic collection is frequently regarded as a process that begins and ends in the museum as a fundamental act of the process of curating. In contrast, this article maintains, this practice occurred all along the chain of collecting, where indigenous artefacts operated as items of exchange in the context of the colonial encounter. Using the example of German New Guinea, the article maintains that epistemological concerns, as symbolic currency both in terms of inter-museum exchange and in terms of contributing to individual and institutional prestige, guiding ethnographic intuitions had little influence on colonial resident collectors. Colonial residents, who resented the heavy hand of colonial and museum officials in Berlin, infused duplication with their own desires, which included commercial gain or the conferment of the many German state decorations. The colonized indigenous population benefited from the increasing demand for their material culture, which provided valuable items and bargaining chips in the emerging colonial exchange. Duplicates are identified as doppelgängers to explore the political tensions that emerged in connection with duplication among museum officials and European and indigenous colonial residents.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"297-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40058599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introduction: the issue of duplicates. 简介:副本的问题。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000267

Ina Heumann, Anne Greenwood MacKinney, Rainer Buschmann

引用次数: 1

Visual duplication: specimens, works of art and photographs at the Musée d'ethnographie du Trocadéro (1928-1935). 视觉复制:标本、艺术品和照片，收藏于trocad<s:1>民族志博物馆(1928-1935)。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000309

Anaïs Mauuarin

引用次数: 0

Caribou crossings: the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, conservation, and stakeholdership in the Anthropocene. 驯鹿穿越:跨阿拉斯加管道系统、保护和人类世的利益相关者。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000048

Simone Schleper

{"title":"Caribou crossings: the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, conservation, and stakeholdership in the Anthropocene.","authors":"Simone Schleper","doi":"10.1017/S0007087422000048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087422000048","url":null,"abstract":"This article engages with notions of conservation in the Anthropocene from a history-of-science perspective. It does so by looking at an iconic case of infrastructure development that since the 1970s continues to cause controversies amongst wildlife experts: the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). I examine how, from the 1970s onwards, the TAPS functioned as an experimental device for ecologists to test the adaptability of migratory caribou to changed environments and their dependency on unaltered ranges. Based on archival research, published reports and interviews, I show that arguments about animal learning, despite assigning a more active role to caribou in the conservation process, did not result in more inclusive forms of development that respected ecological processes and the various stakes of the caribou. In fact, a focus on caribou crossings as an easily observable, yet sole, indicator of the pipeline's impact resulted in a simplified representation of environmental relationships, that was used by the oil industry to argue for additional extraction projects. Arguments based on the material interdependencies of caribou with their environment, though seemingly similar to traditional arguments about range preservation, emerged as part of conservationists' attempts to account for the ecological stakes of caribou, other animals and people.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"127-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40326306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Medicine and the heavens in Padua's Faculty of Arts, 1570-1630. 帕多瓦艺术学院的医学与天堂，1570-1630年。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087422000152

Craig Martin

{"title":"Medicine and the heavens in Padua's Faculty of Arts, 1570-1630.","authors":"Craig Martin","doi":"10.1017/S0007087422000152","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087422000152","url":null,"abstract":"In the faculty of arts at the University of Padua in the years around 1600 professors debated the reliability of astrology, the existence of occult celestial influences, and the idea that celestial heat is present in living bodies. From the 1570s to the 1620s many professors in the faculty of arts pushed back against astrology and Jean Fernel's theories surrounding astral body. Girolamo Mercuriale, Alessandro Massaria and Eustachio Rudio thought that some forms of astral causation and Fernel's ideas were incompatible with their observations of disease, Aristotle's philosophy and Hippocratic theories. Later, Santorio Santorio and Cesare Cremonini, who were allied to the political circle of Paolo Sarpi, polemicized against astrology. Their writings show that at Padua medical theory was linked to Aristotelian cosmology, which emphasized the incommensurability between celestial and terrestrial elements. Their rejection of astrology, however, did not lead to the complete marginalization of astrology at Padua. By the middle of the 1620s, as the political climate changed in Venice, the University of Padua hired professors who promoted astrology and Fernel's theories about the celestial nature of innate heat. The diversity of opinions about astrology reflected Venice's divided politics and multiple approaches to interpreting Aristotle and other authorities.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42379856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

'Not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation': the life of a quotation in biology. “不是出生、婚姻或死亡，而是原肠胚形成”:这是生物学中的一句名言。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087421000790

Nick Hopwood

{"title":"'Not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation': the life of a quotation in biology.","authors":"Nick Hopwood","doi":"10.1017/S0007087421000790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087421000790","url":null,"abstract":"This history of a statement attributed to the developmental biologist Lewis Wolpert exemplifies the making and uses of quotations in recent science. Wolpert's dictum, 'It is not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation which is truly the most important time in your life', was produced in a series of international shifts of medium and scale. It originated in his vivid declaration in conversation with a non-specialist at a workshop dinner, gained its canonical form in a colleague's monograph, and was amplified as a quotation on a poster derived from an undergraduate project. Although it drew on Wolpert's authority and he accepted his authorship, it thus represents a collective sifting of earlier claims for the significance of prenatal existence through the values of 1980s developmental biology. Juxtaposing a technical term with major life events has let teachers engage students, and researchers entice journalists, while sharing an in-joke that came to mark community identity. Serious applications include arguing for an extension of the fourteen-day limit on human-embryo research. On this evidence, quotations have been kept busy addressing every audience of specialized knowledge.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":"55 1","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39834298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

'The troubles of collecting': William Henry Harvey and the practicalities of natural-history collecting in Britain's nineteenth-century world. 收藏的烦恼"：威廉-亨利-哈维与十九世纪英国世界自然历史收藏的实用性。

IF 0.8 1区哲学

British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2021-12-17 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087421000704

John McAleer

{"title":"'The troubles of collecting': William Henry Harvey and the practicalities of natural-history collecting in Britain's nineteenth-century world.","authors":"John McAleer","doi":"10.1017/S0007087421000704","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087421000704","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, historians have become increasingly interested in the logistical challenges and difficulties encountered by those responsible for the collection, preservation and safe transport of specimens from the field to the museum or laboratory. This article builds on this trend by looking beyond apparent successes to consider the practices and practicalities of shipboard travel and maritime and coastal collecting activities. The discussion focuses on the example of William Henry Harvey, who travelled to Australia in pursuit of cryptogams - non-flowering plants like mosses, lichens and algae - in 1853. In his private correspondence to family and friends, Harvey offered insights into the challenges and obstacles faced by all collectors in the period. His experiences were fundamentally shaped by the material culture, embodied knowledge and physical constraints he encountered on the way. On one level, shipboard and onshore collecting activities were facilitated by the connections forged by new technologies and Britain's global empire. But they also depended on specific contexts and relied on local agents and actors, as well as on the physical and technical facilities (and limitations) of those doing the collecting. The examples of Harvey and others shed light on the real, 'lived' experiences of individual collectors, the difficulties and challenges they encountered in amassing their collections, and the networks of people on which they relied.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39733252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0