{"title":"A Survey of Current Machine Learning Approaches to Student Free-Text Evaluation for Intelligent Tutoring.","authors":"Xiaoyu Bai, Manfred Stede","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00323-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40593-022-00323-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent years have seen increased interests in applying the latest technological innovations, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), to the field of education. One of the main areas of interest to researchers is the use of ML to assist teachers in assessing students' work on the one hand and to promote effective self-tutoring on the other hand. In this paper, we present a survey of the latest ML approaches to the automated evaluation of students' natural language free-text, including both short answers to questions and full essays. Existing systematic literature reviews on the subject often emphasise an exhaustive and methodical study selection process and do not provide much detail on individual studies or a technical background to the task. In contrast, we present an accessible survey of the current state-of-the-art in student free-text evaluation and target a wider audience that is not necessarily familiar with the task or with ML-based text analysis in natural language processing (NLP). We motivate and contextualise the task from an application perspective, illustrate popular feature-based and neural model architectures and present a selection of the latest work in the area. We also remark on trends and challenges in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":" ","pages":"1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9707071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9644494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Markel Sanz Ausin, Mehak Maniktala, T. Barnes, Min Chi
{"title":"The Impact of Batch Deep Reinforcement Learning on Student Performance: A Simple Act of Explanation Can Go A Long Way","authors":"Markel Sanz Ausin, Mehak Maniktala, T. Barnes, Min Chi","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00312-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00312-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44055140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing Teamwork Skills: Can a Computer Algorithm Match Human Experts?","authors":"Igor Kotlyar, Tina Sharifi, L. Fiksenbaum","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00318-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00318-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45264372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bellas, Sara Guerreiro-Santalla, Martin Naya, R. Duro
{"title":"AI Curriculum for European High Schools: An Embedded Intelligence Approach","authors":"F. Bellas, Sara Guerreiro-Santalla, Martin Naya, R. Duro","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00315-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00315-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":"33 1","pages":"399 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49224122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong Gao, Lisa Hasenbein, Efe Bozkir, Richard Göllner, Enkelejda Kasneci
{"title":"Exploring Gender Differences in Computational Thinking Learning in a VR Classroom: Developing Machine Learning Models Using Eye-Tracking Data and Explaining the Models","authors":"Hong Gao, Lisa Hasenbein, Efe Bozkir, Richard Göllner, Enkelejda Kasneci","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00316-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00316-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42606041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Touretzky, Christina Gardner-Mccune, Deborah W. Seehorn
{"title":"Machine Learning and the Five Big Ideas in AI","authors":"D. Touretzky, Christina Gardner-Mccune, Deborah W. Seehorn","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00314-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00314-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":"33 1","pages":"233 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48664801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Intertwined Histories of Artificial Intelligence and Education","authors":"Shayan Doroudi","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00313-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00313-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43177318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anne T. Ottenbreit-Leftwich, Krista D. Glazewski, Min-Kyung Jeon, Katie Jantaraweragul, C. Hmelo‐Silver, Adam Scribner, S. J. Lee, Bradford W. Mott, James Lester
{"title":"Lessons Learned for AI Education with Elementary Students and Teachers","authors":"Anne T. Ottenbreit-Leftwich, Krista D. Glazewski, Min-Kyung Jeon, Katie Jantaraweragul, C. Hmelo‐Silver, Adam Scribner, S. J. Lee, Bradford W. Mott, James Lester","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00304-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00304-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":"33 1","pages":"267 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48089026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Moving-Target Intelligent Tutoring System for Marksmanship Training","authors":"V. Zotov, Eric W. Kramkowski","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00308-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00308-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43636522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three Algorithms for Grouping Students: A Bridge Between Personalized Tutoring System Data and Classroom Pedagogy","authors":"Christopher G. Lechuga, Shayan Doroudi","doi":"10.1007/s40593-022-00309-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00309-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47960863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}