Journal of Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of binocular summation ratio before and after vision training in patients with intermittent exotropia: A pilot prospective cohort study","authors":"Masoud Rostami ,&nbsp;Mohammad Yaser Kiarudi ,&nbsp;Mehdi Sharifi ,&nbsp;Samira Hassanzadeh ,&nbsp;Kasra Jafari","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate the binocular summation ratio (BSR) in intermittent exotropia (IXT) before and after vision training under varying light conditions, and to evaluate its association with the control of deviation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty IXT patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups based on their control of deviation: poor, fair, and good control. Contrast sensitivity was assessed using the CSV1000-HGT chart at four spatial frequencies, evaluated both monocularly and binocularly from a distance of 2.5 meters. This evaluation occurred under both photopic and mesopic lighting conditions, with and without glare. Additionally, the BSR for each patient was calculated before and after the vision training process.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mesopic BSR under glare-free conditions demonstrated a significant increase following vision training. In the presence of glare, the mesopic BSR significantly increased across all spatial frequencies: 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles/degree. Additionally, after vision training, the photopic BSR in glare-free conditions also showed an increase at all frequencies. However, under glare conditions, the photopic BSR only increased at the frequencies of 3, 12, and 18 cycles/degree, but this increase was not statistically significant. A significant increase in the BSR was observed only at the frequency of 6 cycles/degree. Furthermore, following vision training, the degree of control over deviation improved significantly.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The BSR and deviation control scores in patients diagnosed with IXT demonstrated significant improvement following vision training, underscoring the efficacy of this treatment method in the management of IXT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 2","pages":"Article 100542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based segmentation of OCT images for choroidal thickness","authors":"Raman Prasad Sah,&nbsp;Nimesh B. Patel,&nbsp;Hope M. Queener,&nbsp;Pavan K. Narra,&nbsp;Lisa A. Ostrin","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To develop and validate a custom deep learning-based automated segmentation for choroidal thickness of optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An in-house automated algorithm was trained on a Deeplabv3+ network, based on ResNet50, using a training set of 10,798 manually segmented OCT scans (accuracy 99.25% and loss 0.0229). A test set of 130 unique scans was segmented using manual and in-house automated methods. For manual segmentation, the choroid-sclera border was delineated by the user. For in-house automated segmentation, all borders were automatically detected by the program and manually inspected. Bland-Altman analysis, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Deming regression compared the central 1-mm diameter and 3-mm and 6-mm annuli for the two methods. The in-house method was also compared with an open-source algorithm for the test set of 130 scans.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean choroidal thicknesses obtained with manual and in-house automated methods were not significantly different for the three regions (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05 for all). The fixed bias between methods ranged from -2.41 to 3.49 µm. Proportional bias ranged from -0.04 to -0.12 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05 for all). The two methods demonstrated excellent agreement across regions (ICC: 0.96 to 0.98, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001 for all). The open-source automated method consistently resulted in thinner choroidal thickness compared to manual and in-house automated methods.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Custom in-house deep learning automated choroid segmentation demonstrated excellent agreement and strong positive linear relationship with manual segmentation. The automated approach holds distinct advantages for estimating choroidal thickness, being more objective and efficient than the manual approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 2","pages":"Article 100556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing IOL calculation in triple-DMEK: Data from a real-life cohort","authors":"Natalia Lorenzana-Blanco,&nbsp;Gonzalo Velarde-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Sofía Corte-Alonso,&nbsp;Blanca García-Sandoval,&nbsp;Ignacio Jiménez-Alfaro,&nbsp;Nicolás Alejandre-Alba","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To enhance the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in patients with Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) undergoing simultaneous cataract surgery and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (triple-DMEK) by predicting corneal power changes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Observational ambispective monocentric cohort study. A linear corneal change model (LCCM) was developed to predict corneal change from the preoperative corneal ratio (anterior/posterior radius). LCCM was validated by comparing prediction errors with the traditional IOL optimization method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>97 eyes of 69 patients were analyzed. Preoperative keratometry was biometrically unmeasurable in 9 eyes, so manually entered autorefractometer data were used for IOL calculations and were analyzed separately. Mean absolute error (MAE) in the manual group (1.35 D (-1.04, 3.75)) was higher than the measured group (0.75 D (-0.62, 2.12)). The median change in simulated keratometry (SimK) was -0.21 ± 0.68 D and in total keratometry (TK) was -0.62 ± 1.09 D (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). SRKT outperformed the rest with constant optimization (0.60 D (-0.53, 1.74)). LCCM showed similar MAE to the constant optimization method (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). However, MAE for the optimization method was higher (2.08 D (1.77, 2.39)) than LCCM method (1.87 D (1.62, 2.12)).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SimK and TK change significantly after Triple-DMEK. The LCCM could reduce extreme refractive surprises by assisting surgeons in the individualized selection of the best IOL for each eye based on the expected corneal change. Study limitations include variability in FECD severity and the inherent limitations of biometric formulas applied to non-standard eyes. Further studies are recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 2","pages":"Article 100551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of optical performances of intraocular lenses with different depth of field","authors":"Federico Tommasi ,&nbsp;Alessio Giorgetti ,&nbsp;Caterina Monnetti ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Fini ,&nbsp;Giovanni Romualdi ,&nbsp;Rita Mencucci ,&nbsp;Massimo Gurioli ,&nbsp;Stefano Cavalieri","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study presents a detailed optical characterization of three intraocular lenses (IOLs) comparing two so called “enhanced range of field”, Evolux IOL and Tecnis Eyhance IOL and one so called “narrow range of field”, a standard monofocal IOL Acrysof IQ.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The measurements are performed using the PMTF optical bench, basing on the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) to evaluate the optical performance of each lens. The MTFa, representing the area under the MTF curve, is utilized as a key and synthetic metric to quantify performance across different spatial frequencies, providing insights into the IOLs’ behavior as defocus varies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results highlight the strengths and the weaknesses of the IOLs, with the Evolux showing a broadest depth of focus. The USAF resolution target is used to qualitatively assess the image reproduction at far, intermediate, and near distances, offering a visual representation of the IOLs’ capabilities.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings provide valuable information for selecting IOLs based on patient-specific visual requirements in cataract and refractive surgery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 2","pages":"Article 100546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A virtual approach: Systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality-based therapies for convergence insufficiency","authors":"Torikul Islam ,&nbsp;Amit Dutta Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision disorder that significantly impacts visual comfort and quality of life. It has been hypothesized that CI therapy can also be provided effectively with Virtual reality (VR). Recently, a few studies were conducted on virtual reality-based CI therapy. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no systematic review and meta-analysis has been performed on the effectiveness of VR-based CI therapy. Therefore, this study aims to fill this critical gap and investigate the effectiveness of VR-based CI therapy. Consequently, it may be helpful to the clinicians, patients, and researchers to choose therapy, and develop future research studies. A systematic search was conducted on Google scholar, Scopus, PubMed and Science Direct until October 1, 2024. A total of 649 studies were screened, of which 3 studies were eligible to be included. We evaluated the quality and risk of bias for the included studies. Using the random-effects model, we found an overall mean difference of 3.38 (95% CI: 1.61, 5.16) before and after VR-based therapy. I² was 54.82% in our study, which indicates moderate heterogeneity. Then, we performed a Q test and found Q (df = 2) = 4.3593 and p-value = 0.1131, which indicates that albeit some heterogeneity observed in our analysis, it was not statistically significant. We also performed Leave-One-Out sensitivity analysis, which indicates that the overall findings of our analysis were relatively stable and not excessively dependent on any single selected study. No significant evidence of publication bias was found by using a funnel plot, Begg's test (Kendall's Tau = 1, p-value = 0.33), and Egger's test (intercept = 2.45, p-value = 0.40). Although we found VR based CI therapy has a positive effect, small sample size and variability in study methodologies make the current evidence insufficient to draw definitive conclusions regarding its effectiveness. Further studies are required to have more robust and reliable data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 2","pages":"Article 100540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time assessment of eye movements during reading in individuals with central vision loss using eye-tracking technology: A pilot study","authors":"Leonela González-Vides ,&nbsp;Pilar Cañadas ,&nbsp;José Antonio Gómez-Pedrero ,&nbsp;Jose Luis Hernández-Verdejo","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To assess eye movements during reading in individuals with central vision loss using eye-tracking technology and an ad-hoc calibration method.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This pilot case control study included 17 participants (61.7 ± 8.8 years), 12 women and 5 men) and 17 controls, matched for age and sex. Two ad hoc computer-based tests were administered to analyze eye movements during a single-letter reading task and continuous reading task, measured using a 60 Hz eye-tracking device.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Individuals with central vision loss showed differences from the control group, with an increase in the number of fixations, saccadic movements, and regressions, whereas the amplitude and speed of saccades were lower. This resulted in longer reading times in the study group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results revealed lower performance in eye movements skills during reading tasks in patients with central vision loss. Eye-tracking devices allow the objective binocular assessment of eye movements during reading tasks. Our ad-hoc calibration method ensured minimal data loss and high validity, enhancing the reliability of the assessments. This information can be used to develop optimal and personalized functional and visual rehabilitation programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 2","pages":"Article 100544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finnish optometrists’ competence to recognize, assess, and manage trochlear nerve palsy: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Anna Pietilä ,&nbsp;Seija Säynäjäkangas ,&nbsp;Arja Rantala","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate both Finnish optometrists’ self-assessed competence in trochlear nerve palsy care and needs for development.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 196 Finnish optometrists or opticians participated in the study. The data were collected during April–May 2024 using an online questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The Finnish optometrists and opticians rated their total competence in trochlear nerve palsy as moderate (mean 2.05 ± SD 0.53) using a Likert scale ranging from 1(poor) to 4 (excellent). Taking an anamnesis received the highest rating (mean 2.65 ± 0.61) among the subareas of competencies, while knowing test methods was perceived as the weakest subarea (mean 1.58 ± 0.51). The results indicate that educational level (all <em>p</em> ≤ 0.003, except management), working place (all <em>p</em> ≤ 0.005), additional training (all <em>p</em> ≤ 0.001), cooperation with ophthalmologists (all <em>p</em> ≤ 0.029, except assessment/test methods), and available time (all <em>p</em> ≤ 0.031, except test methods) had a statistically significant difference compared to the responders’ self-assessed competence in almost all subareas of competencies. A master's degree was associated with higher competence and showed a significant difference compared with a bachelor's degree or college-level opticians (both <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The results underscore the significance of continuous competence development and higher education in trochlear nerve palsy care. With additional training, recognizing and examining ocular nerve palsies would become easier and more familiar, lowering the threshold for examining ocular nerve damage or reacting to it. This first study on optometrists' competencies in Finland can help identify clinical competencies and target educational resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 2","pages":"Article 100541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retinal simulation study on the influence of spherical aberration, astigmatism and optotype on the Jackson cross cylinder test","authors":"Diana Gargallo,&nbsp;Esther García,&nbsp;Sara Perches,&nbsp;Laura Remón,&nbsp;Jorge Ares","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To study how spherical High-Order Aberration (HOA), astigmatism levels (-0.75 D and -1.25 D), and optotype type (dot pattern vs. letter row) influence patients’ responses in identifying the cylinder axis orientation with the Jackson Cross Cylinder Technique (JCCT).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Numerical simulations of retinal images corresponding to JCCT procedures were conducted and evaluated by 40 subjects. In order to do this, synthetic aberrometric profiles with and without HOAs (4th-order and 6th-order spherical aberrations) and two different astigmatism levels were generated from different Jackson Cross Cylinder axis positions and flips. The variable under study was the percentage of correct responses (hits) during each flip of the cross-cylinder lens. Statistical significance was assessed through confidence intervals overlapping evaluation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>To achieve 90 % accuracy, the JCCT should begin by deviating &gt;7.5° from the subject's astigmatism axis without spherical HOA and by &gt;15° with them. The magnitude of astigmatism had minor relevance. The dot pattern was more accurate than the letters without HOAs; however, 72.5 % of observers considered that letter optotypes simplify the blur discrimination task.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>According to our simulation experiment for astigmatic axis selection with JCCT, the presence of spherical HOAs significantly impacts the accuracy of patient responses. The type of optotype and the magnitude of astigmatism did not exhibit a clear relationship with accuracy, except in the case of the dot pattern optotype in the absence of HOAs. Under these conditions, the dot pattern achieved the highest rate of accurate responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 2","pages":"Article 100543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective measurements of digital habits in a university population and their relationship with refraction and axial length","authors":"Félix Tomás Varona-Gómez ,&nbsp;Rosa María Salmerón-Campillo ,&nbsp;Vicente Fernández-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Mateusz Jaskulski ,&nbsp;Ginés Martínez-Ros ,&nbsp;José Ángel Díaz-Guirado ,&nbsp;Norberto López-Gil","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the relationship between myopia and potential \"myopiagenic\" digital habits (excessive screen time, near face-device distance or low ambient light level).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>82 university students (21 ± 3 years) underwent a comprehensive optometric examination, including subjective refraction and axial length (AL) measurements. Digital habits were objectively measured using a mobile application (app) capturing screen time, face-device distance, ambient light level and number of interruptions larger than 20″ per day (called \"events\").</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The collection of 40 M data points showed mean values: 57 ± 40 min of daily screen time, 355 ± 67 mm of face-device distance, 305 ± 215 lux of ambient light level and 52 ± 32 events. No correlation was found between spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and digital habits. Particularly, SER was more negative for greater screen times, nearer face-device distances, lower light levels or more events. AL was inversely correlated with SER decrease. Correlation coefficients were very weak (<em>R</em> &lt; 0.14) in all cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The app quantified smartphone-based digital habits in a university population. The study revealed weak correlations between digital habits and myopia, indicating that longer-duration studies in a greater population are needed to obtain powerful correlation coefficients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 1","pages":"Article 100536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143242389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real–world outcomes on myopia management efficacy of diverse segmented defocus optics (DSDO) and defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses in Chinese children: An initial 12–month prospective clinical study","authors":"Yuzhuo Fan ,&nbsp;Huihui Chu ,&nbsp;Zisu Peng ,&nbsp;Jingwei Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiahui Ma ,&nbsp;Yuchang Lu ,&nbsp;Chenxu Zhao ,&nbsp;Yanyan Wang ,&nbsp;Qiulin Deng ,&nbsp;Jifeng Yu ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Mingwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purposes</h3><div>To investigate the 12–month effectiveness of Diverse Segmented Defocus Optics (DSDO) and Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses in a real–world clinical population in myopic and pre–myopic Chinese children.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>About 364 subjects prescribed DSDO or DIMS were enrolled. Axial length (AL) and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) changes over 12 months were measured. The subjects were further divided into age sub–group (6–9; 10–14) and SER sub–group (+0.75D≤SER&lt;–0.50D; –0.50D≤SER&lt;–2.00D; –2.00D≤SER&lt;–4.00D; SER≤–4.0D). Contrast sensitivity and visual experience were also reported. The rate of myopia progression was compared with historical single–vision spectacles (SVS) lenses data to evaluate the effectiveness of the regime.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>317 subjects were analyzed. At 12–month, AL changes in the DSDO and DIMS group were 0.16±0.16 mm and 0.21±0.22 mm, respectively (<em>P</em> = 0.0202). DSDO spectacle lenses had better control effect in +0.75D≤SER&lt;–0.50D and SER≤–2.0D sub–groups. The proportion of participants had no greater than 0.20 mm AL elongation was 65.00% and 55.41% of in DSDO and DIMS group separately. Myopia control effect in DSDO group was 47%–69% and 33%–62% in DIMS group compared to historical SVS lenses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Both DSDO and DIMS spectacle lenses retarded AL elongation. DSDO showed more stable myopia control effect comparing to DIMS, especially in groups of SER≤–2.0D sub–groups and older patients. DSDO showed initial potential myopia prevention effect in pre–myopic children compared with historical SVS lenses data. However, the small sample and no control group in pre–myopes of this study are key limitations. Further research is needed to confirm and understand DSDO's role for pre–myopic children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 1","pages":"Article 100533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142972732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}