Journal of Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of corneal reconstruction between CASIA2 and Pentacam: Impact on IOL power calculation","authors":"Iñaki Blanco-Martínez ,&nbsp;Juan Queiruga-Piñeiro ,&nbsp;Ignacio Rodríguez-Uña ,&nbsp;Miguel Faria-Ribeiro ,&nbsp;José Manuel González-Méijome","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This research aims to comprehensively compare the outcomes of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (CASIA2) and Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam) for computational reconstruction of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces. A secondary objective is to evaluate their clinical relevance in estimating intraocular lens (IOL) power. Through this analysis, the distinct advantages of each technology are highlighted, providing insights into their complementary roles in enhancing ophthalmic modelling capabilities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 65 right eyes of 65 subjects (52 females and 13 males) with a mean age of 34 ± 8 years were studied across two separate sessions. Geometric parameters were extracted by fitting a biconic surface to the elevation maps obtained from both devices. Intra- and inter-session variability, as well as inter-device variability, were analyzed. Additionally, IOL power calculations were performed to evaluate the clinical applicability of each imaging system.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For the anterior corneal surface, CASIA2 showed greater intra-session variability compared to Pentacam, whereas Pentacam demonstrated higher variability for the posterior surface. However, inter-session variability was similar for both devices on both surfaces.</div><div>Inter-device variability revealed close agreement for the anterior surface, while the posterior surface exhibited more variability. On the other hand, while IOL power calculations showed statistically significant differences (Δ = 0.35 D; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), these were not clinically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Pentacam may offer greater precision in reconstructing the anterior corneal surface. However, its clinical impact on both anterior and posterior corneal surface reconstruction appears minimal, with both devices providing comparable results for IOL power calculations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 4","pages":"Article 100573"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of a progressive multifocal soft contact lens in myopia management in Caucasian children: A two-year follow-up","authors":"Sergio Díaz-Gómez ,&nbsp;Amaia Urkia-Solorzano ,&nbsp;José A. López-Garrido ,&nbsp;Mercedes Burgos-Martínez ,&nbsp;Jesús Carballo-Álvarez","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate myopia progression as assessed by changes in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) from baseline in Caucasian children wearing multifocal soft contact lenses (MCL) compared to single-vision distance spectacles. Methods: Forty progressing (at least -0.75D increase in previous 12 months) myopic children (7–12 years old) with SE ranging from -0.75 to -4.50 D were recruited in a longitudinal prospective non-randomized study. 20 were fitted with MCL (+2.50D add), whereas 20 wore single-vision distance spectacles. Cycloplegic refraction was measured with an auto-refractometer (Topcon TRK-2P, Japan) and AL with IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss, Germany). Subjective responses related to vision and comfort of MCL wear were determined with a questionnaire scaled from 0 (very poor) to 10 (excellent). Results: After 2 years, mean change in SE/AL in the MCL group was - 0.82±0.25D/0.51±0.02 mm and -1.12±0.14D/0.66±0.03 mm in the spectacles group (all <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Cumulative Absolute Reduction in Axial Elongation (CARE) was 0.15 mm. Difference in SE change was 0.30D. 97.5 % of children in the spectacles group showed an AL increase of between 0.61 and 0.70, and 70 % of eyes showed an SE increase of −1.00 D. In the MCL group, there was no case with an elongation &gt;0.60 mm, with 67.5 % of eyes being between 0.51 and 0.60 mm. In contrast, over half of the MCL group exhibited lower SE progression, from 0.50 to 0.75 D. Conclusion: A slower myopia progression rate was achieved with a centre distance MCL with +2.50D addition after two years of wear compared with the spectacles group.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 3","pages":"Article 100567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of gradient-index lenses on the optical performance of SyntEyes","authors":"Veronica Lockett-Ruiz ,&nbsp;Rafael Navarro ,&nbsp;Jos Rozema","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes the effect of two different gradient index (GRIN) crystalline lens models on ocular optical performance compared to that of a homogeneous lens. Using the biometric data of 200 SyntEyes (synthetically generated eyes), we implemented three lens models: homogeneous, GRIN, and GRINCU (gradient index and gradient curvature of the isoindicial surfaces). Using the three lens models, we conducted finite ray tracing on the SyntEyes samples, incorporating five different curvature gradients into the GRINCU setup. We calculated the average cardinal points and Zernike aberration coefficients for each SyntEyes sample, along with the cardinal points for each lens model. GRINCU lens configurations with increased IIS curvature toward the center result in an average forward shift of the lens principal planes, leading to increased ocular power relative to the homogeneous lens model. Steeper curvature gradients of the IIS towards the lens center result in reduced astigmatism, defocus, lateral coma, and primary spherical aberration. The interplay between the lens’s gradient index and IIS curvature gradient alters the optical properties of the eye as a whole, highlighting the crucial role of the lens’s internal properties in optical performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 3","pages":"Article 100568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence on the parameters of oculomotor skills and normative values: A systematic review","authors":"Mario Cantó-Cerdán ,&nbsp;Carlos Javier Hernández-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Antonio Martínez-Abad","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the current evidence on oculomotor measurement parameters and their normative values through a systematic review.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A search of primary studies was conducted using a search equation with free language. Original articles analyzing normal oculomotor function parameters in healthy populations of any age, studies that included a clearly differentiated healthy control group, and articles using any oculomotor measurement test were included. The QUADAS-2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias, applicability, and quality of the studies. The review was conducted independently by the authors and then pooled to determine the final inclusion.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 915 articles were identified, of which 750 were excluded after the first review of the title and abstract. In the second step, 133 out of 165 investigations were discarded. Ultimately, 32 articles from the initial search were included, along with 10 additional articles identified through a manual search. The findings revealed variations in how oculomotor skills are measured, including differences in stimuli, measurement distances, and parameters assessed. A high risk of bias was observed (≥50 % in the areas of “flow and timing”, “reference standard” and “patient selection”) along with poor applicability (≥50 % in all aspects).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There is no clear evidence on normative values for oculomotor skills, nor is there a consensus on the measurement methods, stimulus used, or working distance. Furthermore, there is no agreement on which aspects of oculomotor skills should be assessed. To enhance reliability and applicability, measurement criteria should be standardized, and normative values should be established.<!--> </div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 3","pages":"Article 100570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status of continuation of spectacle use among school children in selected districts of eastern Nepal: A retrospective study","authors":"Ranjan Shah ,&nbsp;Anil Paudel ,&nbsp;Sailesh Kumar Mishra ,&nbsp;Pathiyil Ravi Shankar ,&nbsp;Pankaj Ray Adhikari ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Anup Subedi ,&nbsp;Rishi Raj Borah ,&nbsp;Sabina Shrestha ,&nbsp;Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota ,&nbsp;Radha Devi Ghimire","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Many school-going children experience physical, social, and academic challenges due to uncorrected refractive errors. This study aims to uncover the prevalence of spectacle compliance, identify factors that encourage regular use, and explore the barriers that lead to non-compliance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective exploratory study assessed compliance with free spectacles provided through the REACH project after three months of spectacles being dispensed. Unannounced visits were conducted across schools to check the compliances of the spectacles. Additional variables influencing compliance were assessed through digitized questionnaires administered. The project targeted students of grade 1–12, ranging from 6 to 18 years of age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the 18,205 children diagnosed with significant refractive error, most of them were myopic, 16,634 were provided with free spectacles, while the remaining children were advised to continue the same spectacles. A total of 10,469 children were present in the school, 62.8 % were compliant with spectacle use. Compliance was notably higher among students with purchased spectacles (77.8 %) compared to those provided free spectacles (55.6 %). Bivariate analysis showed that younger children (ages 6–10 years), private school students, and those with severe refractive errors (high myopia and hypermetropia) had significantly higher compliance rates (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Key barriers included broken lenses/frames (27.7 %), wearing spectacles occasionally (27.1 %), discomfort (10.7 %), forgetfulness (7.5 %), loss (5 %), disliking spectacles (4.1 %), teasing (2.1 %), and parental disapproval (1.7 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings underscore the need for durable, comfortable, and appealing spectacles, as well as targeted awareness programs for parents and students to address stigma and improve compliance, maximizing the benefits of vision correction for children’s educational and personal development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 3","pages":"Article 100564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes in randomized controlled trials on slowing myopia: A systematic review.","authors":"Yiyang Xu, Nan Chen, Fei Zhang, Xuanling Zeng, Tianlin Wang, Wanying Xia, Xingyue Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2025.100562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This review aims to analyse the application of the measure methods and measure contents of the outcomes reported in studies on slowing myopia, and the associations between outcomes and study characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Publications were identified by a search of seven electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine, Wanfang database, CQVIP database, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Excerpta Medica Database, for relevant terms like myopia and randomized controlled trial from construction to Sept. 15th, 2023. The basic information of studies was extracted, including publishing time, region, intervention duration, sample size, intervention and outcome. Additionally, the measurements of outcomes were explored. The risk of bias of all studies included were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Altogether, 599 randomized controlled trials were included, including vision (52.75 %), refraction (64.94 %), eye axial length (47.25 %) and response rate (38.23 %). Since 478 studies (79.80 %) were published in Chinese, the included studies were divided into subgroups according to the study language. The number of research published in Chinese was surged since 2005. The rate of refraction was gradually increased from 27.27 % before 2005 to 71.08 % in the past 2 years. 121 studies in English were included in this study. The usage frequency of refraction was ≥75 % in each period and that of eye axial length kept at more than half. In the studies lasting >6 months, the usage frequencies of refraction and axial length were >90 %. They accounted for 91.30 % and 82.61 % in the studies using contact lenses, and both 94.12 % in the studies using spectacles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>More and more attention is paid in slowing myopia, and the reported outcomes are diverse. Based on the analysis of the outcomes, there is a lack of an agreed-upon standardised set of outcomes in clinical trials for slowing myopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"100562"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary evaluation of smartphone-based addition measurement in a presbyopic population","authors":"Rosa M. Salmerón-Campillo ,&nbsp;Jose A. Diaz-Guirado ,&nbsp;Gines Martinez-Ros ,&nbsp;Mateusz Jaskulski ,&nbsp;Norberto López-Gil","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the viability and accuracy of a mobile application (app) for subjective measurement of presbyopic addition, comparing its performance with standard clinical methods.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty presbyopic subjects (aged 52 to 64) participated in the study. Clinical measurements of sphero-cylindrical refraction and its correction was achieved using trial lenses. Addition was also clinically measured using a standard and a tentative method. A set of 12 trial lenses ranging from 0 to 2.75 D were randomly put on top of the far distance correction, generating the correction addition correction or different levels of under/over correction of the addition. Participants then used a smartphone-based app to subjectively determine binocularly their near point (NP) using a push-up method while looking at a blue stimulus that rescaled as a function of the face-device distance measured using the front camera of the device. For each induced level of under/over correction of the addition, participants completed three measurements of their near point.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Linear regression analysis showed a strong correlation (R² = 0.82) between app-measured and clinical addition values. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a mean over estimation of -0.22± 0.38 D with a limit of agreement of ±0.74 D of the near correction. Cumulative error analysis indicated that 61.7 % of app measurements were within 0.25 D of clinical values, and 82.5 % within 0.50 D</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A smartphone-based subjective measurement of presbyopic addition can potentially be used to assess the addition needed to detect the under or over corrected addition in full presbyopic subjects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 3","pages":"Article 100561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach using a polarized nonius test to evaluate the near point of convergence","authors":"Cristina Rovira-Gay ,&nbsp;Marc Argilés ,&nbsp;Luis Pérez-Maña ,&nbsp;Bernat Sunyer-Grau","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a new method for measuring the near point of convergence (NPC) using a Nonius polarized target stimulus, comparing its sensitivity in detecting convergence ability to that of traditional approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this prospective study, 65 participants underwent near point of convergence (NPC) measurements using three methods: an accommodative target (NPC1), a penlight with a red filter (NPC2), and a Nonius polarized target (NPC3). Participants also completed the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS). Statistical analyses, including repeated-measures ANOVA and Spearman’s correlation, were conducted to assess differences among the methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The Nonius method demonstrated a median break point of 8.37 cm, significantly higher than the other methods, NPC1: 6.63 cm, and NPC2: 7.17 cm. Sensitivity for detecting CI symptoms was 92.6 % for the NPC3, which outperformed NPC1 (77.8 %) and NPC2 (74.1 %). NPC3 exhibited low specificity (7.4 %). Correlations between NPC measurements and CISS scores were weak and nonsignificant, though the strongest correlation was observed for NPC3</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The Nonius polarized target method shows benefits compared to traditional methods in measuring NPC. This study provides a more sensitive method to measure convergence ability, reducing variability across clinical settings, and enhancing the reliability of assessments in both research and practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 3","pages":"Article 100563"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful persistent strabismic amblyopia treatment using active therapy as an adjuvant to occlusion","authors":"Irene Sanchez ,&nbsp;Santiago Martin-Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Juan Antonio Portela-Camino","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>A novel protocol to improve long-term results in the treatment of amblyopia was proposed. The protocol combines active home-based therapy through perceptual learning activities (Gabor patch, dichoptic stimulation, and random dot stereograms) with conventional visual therapy in the clinic as an adjunct to patching occlusion in subjects with patch-resistant amblyopia</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Between 2018 and 2022, a group of patients received treatment for persistent strabismic and combined-mechanism amblyopia according to the novel treatment protocol, consisting of in-clinic orthoptics/visual therapy combined with the use of gamified PL software at home, as an adjunct to occlusion treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes was subsequently carried out for 53 patients aged 7.75±5.88. Eccentric fixation was present in 17 of the 53 subjects.</div><div>The distribution of patients presenting with combined-mechanism and strabismic amblyopia was 37 and 16, respectively. Eighteen patients (34 %) demonstrated measurable stereoacuity prior to treatment. Following treatment using the combined treatment protocol, forty-six (87 %) participants achieved a of logMAR 0.1 or better, mean BCVA was significantly improved, from logMAR 0.30±0.23 to logMAR 0.07±0.12 (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). Eleven subjects (65 %) of seventeen participants with eccentric fixation achieved central fixation. In addition, stereoacuity was measurable in 43 patients (81 %). Mean stereoacuity improved, from 1200.00±258.69 arc seconds to 539.62±518.69 arc seconds (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). These results remained stable six months after completion of the therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The outcomes of the proposed novel treatment protocol were reduced angle of deviation, and improved BCVA and stereoacuity in patients with persistent strabismic and combined-mechanism amblyopia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 3","pages":"Article 100557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144106891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of binocular vision and accommodation in myopic children wearing defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses for 24 months","authors":"Nur Adibah Yahaya ,&nbsp;Bariah Mohd-Ali ,&nbsp;Fatin Nur Najwa Norazman ,&nbsp;Syarifah Faiza Syed Mohd Dardin ,&nbsp;Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin ,&nbsp;Norliza Mohamad Fadzil","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to determine the changes in binocular vision (BV) and accommodation in Malay myopic children following long-term wear of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses for 24 months.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-three Malay myopic children aged 7–12 years were enrolled in this prospective, self-controlled study. DIMS spectacle lenses were prescribed, and analyses were conducted at baseline, 12, and 24 months. Assessments included stereopsis, near point of convergence (NPC), phoria, positive/negative fusional vergence (PFV/NFV), amplitude of accommodation (AA), accommodative lag, positive/negative relative accommodation (PRA/NRA), and accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratio. Visual acuity (VA), cycloplegic refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) were monitored. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) within-subject or the Friedman test, with Bonferroni correction applied. <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Statistically significant changes were observed after 24 months, including median changes in NPC (receded by 2 cm, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), AA (reduced by 1.67D, <em>p</em> = 0.002), distance PFV break (increased by 8Δ, <em>p</em> = 0.026) and recovery (increased by 6Δ, <em>p</em> = 0.033), distance NFV break (no change, <em>p</em> = 0.043), stereopsis (improved by 10″, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), accommodative lag (reduced by 0.25D, <em>p</em> = 0.002), and AC/A ratio (increased by 1Δ/D, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Additionally, distance and near VA improved (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), while SER and AL increased (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><strong>:</strong> Wearing DIMS spectacle lenses for 24 months resulted in changes in BV and accommodation while slowing myopia progression. Regular NPC monitoring is recommended to maintain optimal BV function and visual comfort in children wearing DIMS lenses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 3","pages":"Article 100558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}